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• This systematic review aimed to investigate the risk factors of pediatric OSA. • Tonsillar hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, obesity associated with paediatric OSA. • History of respiratory tract infection associated with paediatric OSA. • Family history of OSA associated with paediatric OSA. • White ethnicity protective for paediatric OSA. This review aimed to assess the risk factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in pediatric children, a common condition with serious long-term sequela. PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords "Apnea", "Obstructive Sleep" OR "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome" AND "Child" OR "Children" OR "Pediatrics". Data from 35 studies involving 497,688 pediatric patients diagnosed with OSA using polysomnography were reviewed. Risk factors examined included sex, obesity, neck circumference, tonsillar/adenoid hypertrophy, respiratory infections, nasal stenosis, parental OSA/smoking, ethnicity, preterm birth, and breastfeeding history. Relative Risk (RR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated, using Cochrane Q and I² statistics to estimate heterogeneity. Tonsillar hypertrophy (RR = 3.55), adenoid hypertrophy (RR = 1.63), respiratory tract infection (RR = 2.59), obesity (RR = 1.74), and family history of OSA (RR = 3.03) were significantly associated with pediatric OSA. White ethnicity was protective (RR = 0.77). Recognizing these risk factors aids in early diagnosis and treatment of pediatric OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Increased odds of coronavirus disease development amid proton pump inhibitors users. • Proton pump inhibitors use increased the risk of coronavirus disease mortality. • There was a significant increase in disease mortality compared to its development. • Cautious use of proton pump inhibitors is advised in diseased patients. The ongoing Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis that has had a magnanimous worldwide impact on all aspects of people's lives. Several observational studies investigated the relationship between Proton Pump Inhibitors use and the risk of COVID-19 development and mortality. The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the association between current PPIs use and the development of COVID-19 as well as its mortality. Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and medRxiv were searched until November 21, 2020 using the following keywords: proton pump inhibitors and COVID-19 as well as their related MESH terms. The studies considered in the meta-analysis were either cohort or case-control in design and adjusted for confounding factors. The quality of the studies included in this meta-analysis was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In addition, a random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled Odds Ratio (ORs) and the corresponding confidence interval (95% CI). Heterogeneity was evaluated using The Cochran's Q heterogeneity test and I2 statistic. Six observational studies with 195,230 participants were included. In this meta-analysis, current use of PPIs increased risk of COVID-19 development (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.62-2.28) and mortality (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.41-1.97). Our meta-analysis indicates that current PPIs use significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 mortality, but it did not reach a significant threshold in regards to the risk of COVID-19 development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]