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High incident rates of red tide have occurred off the coast of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary in summer, resulting from a magnified population growth discharging substantial nutrient loads into this vicinity. The presence of elevated Chlorophyll-a concentrations (≥36.3 μg/l), low suspended sediment concentrations in surface and mid-layers (<10 mg/l), a strong saline front and surface water temperature gradient, veering surface winds, and a bimodal shape to the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) revealed two red tide patches appearing between August 6–13, 2010. Two distinguishable hydrodynamic driving mechanisms, connected to these incidents, are diagnosed. Field observations and numerical simulations determined a red tide patch in the northeastern offshore area is caused by a northeast transport of the CDW truncated by a northwest intrusion of the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) as winds deviated. Red tide occurrence in the southern nearshore area originated from a plume front where CDW interfaces with the TWC. • Hydrodynamic environment variability determines the pattern of red tide incidents. • Southeast winds >8 m/s correlates with detachment event's timing and red tide events. • Plume front created by current mixing and presence of coastal upwelling region. • Light intensity and nutrient loads yield chlorophyll- a concentrations to >20 μg/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of environmental pollution and the shortage of resources, an efficient recovery of valuable metals in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is currently the most promising measure to achieve green sustainability of cathode materials. In this study, an choline chloride (ChCl)/ benzenesulfonic acid (BSA)/ ethanol ternary deep eutectic solvent (e.g., ChCl:BSA:Ethanol = 1:1:2 in molar ratio) was designed and applied to efficiently leach lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) from spent LIBs under mild conditions. The experimental results show that the leaching efficiencies of Li and Co can reach 99% and 98%, respectively, under the optimal conditions: (i) a reaction temperature of 90 °C, (ii) a Solid/Liquid ratio of 20 g L−1, (iii) ChCl:BSA:Ethanol with a molar ratio of 1:1:2 and (iv) a reaction time of 2 h. The kinetics of the leaching process shows that the leaching is controlled by a surface chemical reaction. Furthermore, the Co2+ in the leachate can be directly converted into Co 3 O 4 via precipitation of H 2 C 2 O 4 and NaOH and calcination. The recovered high-value product Co 3 O 4 can regenerate the LiCoO 2 cathode material. This study provides a new method for the green recovery of spent LIB cathode materials with high efficiency and low energy consumption. [Display omitted] • A choline chloride/benzene sulfonic acid/ethanol ternary DES for spent lithium-ion batteries recycling was synthesized for the first time. • Greater than 99% of Li and 98% of Co can be leached under mild conditions. • Regenerated cathode exhibits comparable performance to the commercially synthesized cathode. • A high-efficiency and closed-loop short-range spent Li 2 CoO 2 regeneration route was constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunomodulator FTY720 (FTY) is beneficial in models of graft-versus-host disease, solid organ transplantation, and autoimmunity and has been approved for use in patients with multiple sclerosis. FTY modifies the homing and migration of many cell types. We report that FTY has profound positive and negative effects on allogeneic bone marrow (BM) engraftment in sublethally irradiated recipients. FTY increased donor hematopoietic progenitors in the BM, resulting in high donor engraftment in the B cell, myeloid cell, and natural killer cell, but not T cell, lineages. Donor T cell progenitors within the thymus of FTY-treated recipients were dramatically reduced, resulting in a lack of donor T cell reconstitution. In addition to preventing the ingress of donor (and host) T cell progenitors, FTY prevented the egress of fully functional host CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8+ thymocytes that on cessation of FTY administration were able to exit from the thymus and contribute to a rapid and complete rejection of a well-established donor BM graft. When used in combination with anti-CD40L mAbs to block the CD40L:CD40 costimulatory pathway, FTY markedly enhanced anti-CD40L mAb-mediated alloengraftment promotion. In contrast to FTY alone, the combination of anti-CD40L mAb and FTY resulted in a surprisingly stable, multilineage, long-term donor chimerism. These data illustrate FTY''s profound migration modulating effects and suggest a use in combinatorial therapy in achieving stable alloengraftment under nonmyeloablative conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Phytochemical investigation of Aralia racemosa L. afforded three known diterpenoids and two known acetylenic lipids. The presence of these compounds is consistent with the compound classes reported from other members of genus Aralia. The structures of these compounds were determined by NMR, IR, and LC-MS spectroscopic methods. This is the first report of acanthoic acid from A. racemosa. We present corrected NMR data for (16R)-17-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-al, which is also reported from A. racemosa for the first time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Water temperature and food availability are two environmental factors that are widely considered to be likely determinants of recruitment success of fish stocks. However, marine environmental data are commonly of limited availability. Moreover, the mechanisms by which environmental variations may act to regulate fish recruitment remain incompletely understood, especially from the point of view of prey availability. Here we report a test of the feasibility of using simulated long-term hindcast of marine environmental data based on a physical and lower-trophic-level ecosystem data-assimilative model to investigate the impacts of water temperature and prey availability on recruitment fluctuations of the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in the Yellow Sea. Although observational data available for model validation were limited, the model reasonably reproduced inter-annual fluctuations of phytoplankton abundance. The model results for a 15-year period (1987–2001) indicated Japanese anchovy recruitment to have been negatively correlated with July sea surface temperature in the traditional spawning ground south of the Shandong Peninsula, while being positively correlated with near-surface biomass of small zooplankton (the predominant prey for anchovy larvae) in the central Yellow Sea during the summer period. These findings imply that the Japanese anchovy recruitment in the Yellow Sea is likely regulated during its early life stages by both water temperature and food availability. The negative temperature-recruitment relationship could be explained by the "spawning temperature optima" and "optimal growth temperature" hypotheses. Furthermore, model results indicated that inter-annual variation in the near-surface biomass of small zooplankton in the central Yellow Sea during summer is mainly regulated by nutrient supply, to which both vertical stratification and horizontal advection may make contributions. • A physical-ecological model (FVCOM-NEMURO) was developed. • FVCOM-NEMURO was used for Japanese anchovy recruitment studies in the Yellow Sea. • SST and food availability are two factors regulating anchovy recruitment. • The effect of environmental variation on anchovy recruitment was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]