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Summary Introduction Botulinum toxin injections are previously reported to be a noninvasive alternative method for treating masseteric hypertrophy. However, there is a debate on finding an ideal place for injection. The aim of this study is to document the anatomical landmarks for defining the motor nerve entry points (MNEPs) of the masseteric nerve in the masseter for effective botulinum toxin injections. Materials and methods Twelve sides from six adult fixed cadavers were used for this study. The MNEPs of the masseteric nerve were defined according to standard landmark lines including the orbitomeatal line (OML) and the line (VL), which intersects the mid-distance of the OML to the tip of the angle of the mandible. Results All MNEPs were located 4.4 cm inferior to the OML. In addition, the average anterior distance of the MNEPs to the VL was 1.4 cm and the average posterior distance was 0.6 cm. Conclusion The ideal site of Botox injection into the masseter is a rectangular area: 5 cm inferior to the OML, 1 cm anterior and posterior to the VL, and just above the periosteum. Based on the data of our study, injections to the parotid gland and branches of the facial nerve such as the marginal mandibular and buccal can be avoided. The masseteric nerve can easily be found approximately 1.0–1.5 cm inferior to the zygomatic arch, 1 cm medial to the temporomandibular joint capsule, and 1 cm superior to mandibular notch, which makes its use for facial reanimations more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many problems in mechanics can be solved by the use of the transfer matrix method. The use of this method in hydraulics engineering is not widespread and only limited studies are available. In this study, linearized St. Venant equations were used and the use of transfer matrix in ocean engineering was investigated for long waves in open channels, and numerical application was carried out. The results obtained through the transfer matrix method, which is quite easy to use, program and comprehend, showed similar results obtained from the characteristics method and finite differences method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the bond strengths of 2 types of dual-cured luting agents used for cementation of 4 different fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts by using a push-out test and to evaluate the failure modes of these systems. Study design: Eighty human maxillary central incisors were divided into 8 groups (n = 10), decoronated, and roots filled and restored with one of the following post systems: groups 1 to 4: translucent quartz FRC posts; groups 5 and 6: opaque glass FRC post; and groups 7 and 8: individually formed electrical glass fiber post. Cementation was performed with 2 types of dual-polymerizing resin luting agents: Variolink II (groups 1, 3, 5, and 7) and a new self-adhesive resin cement, RelyX Unicem (groups 2, 4, 6, and 8). Slices with a thickness of 1.00 ± 0.05 mm were prepared from the coronal third of each root by using a low-speed saw. Push-out tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min by using a universal testing machine, and the data was statistically analyzed (analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Duncan tests; P < .05). Fracture modes were evaluated at original magnification ×40. Results: Micro push-out bond strengths were significantly affected by the type of luting agent and the type of post (P < .05, 2-way ANOVA). A significant difference was found among the groups (1-way ANOVA, P < .05). Fiber-reinforced composite posts luted with Variolink II showed higher bond strengths, and the groups ordered as 5, 1, 3, 7, 6, 2, 4, and 8, with the values (MPa, mean ± SD): 13.80 ± 5.00, 13.77 ± 3.78, 12.20 ± 4.79, 9.39 ± 2.48, 9.21 ± 7.76, 7.25 ± 1.56, 3.89 ± 4.41, and 3.77 ± 1.20, respectively. Adhesive failures between dentin and cement were observed more than cohesive failures in cement or post. Conclusions: Push-out bond strengths can be affected by luting agent and post type. Variolink II and fiber post combinations resulted in high bond strength values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the presurgical orthopedic treatment protocol of newborn patients having cleft lip and palate (CLP) presented as neonatal maxillary orthopedics was performed in 6 infants born with CLP using nasoalveolar molding technique.

Objective The objective of this study is to determine the prevalance, indications, aid to the diagnosis and the treatment and the excessive and irrelevant use of the cranial computed tomography (CCT) in children with acute neurological complaints. Methods The records of the patients, who presented to Pediatric Emergency Department of Gazi University Medical Faculty between June 2012 to June 2013 with acute neurological complaints and had CCT, were reviewed retrospectively. Results During one year, 34.575 patients were admitted to our emergency department. Ranging in age from one month to eighteen years, 146 girls and 240 boys, 460 had CCT scan, 386 patients were included. The indications for CCT are trauma 78.4%, seizure 6.9%, unconsciousness 4.1%, headache 3.1% and the others 7.2% respectively. The results of CCT scans of 156 40.4% were reported abnormal (110 of these patients have significant findings such as brain edema, fractures and/or haemorrhage). MRI scan was performed to 27 of these patients who has normal CCT, 11 of them parenchymal haemorrhage, axonal damage, mass, sinusitis, ventricular dilatation and gliotic signal changes were reported. Only 120 (31%) patients were hospitalized and 11 (2.8%) of them had emergent neurosurgical intervention. Conclusion Although CCT is still commonly used in the evaluation of acute neurological conditions at pediatric emergency departments, the number of patients who have urgent neurosurgical intervention is very low. As a result, if CCT scan is not supported with clinical findings and neurological examination, the use of CCT scan can be excessive and irrelevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the sealing ability of gutta-percha and thermoplastic synthetic polymer-based systems along the root canals using a recently introduced glucose penetration model. Study design: Premolars (n = 156) instrumented to an apical size of .06/40 were divided into 12 experimental and 2 control groups. The root canals were filled with either gutta-percha (groups 1-6) or Resilon (groups 7-12) core materials combined with AH Plus (groups 1, 4, 7, 0), Ketac Endo (groups 1, 5, 8, 11), or Epiphany (groups 2, 6, 9, 12), using cold lateral compaction (groups 1-3, 7-9) or System B with Obtura II (groups 4-6, 10-12). The leaked glucose concentration was measured spectrophotometrically at 1, 8, 15, 22, and 30 days. Percentage leaking of each group was also calculated. Data were recorded as mmol/L and statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (P = .05). Results: Throughout the experimental period Resilon/Ketac-Endo/cold lateral compaction (group 8) showed the highest mean cumulative glucose penetration (mmol/L) (17.27 ± 10.32), whereas Resilon/AH Plus/cold lateral compaction (group 7) had the least (3.36 ± 4.65) (P < .05). At the 30th day, the least leaking percentage was observed in gutta-percha, Epiphany/cold lateral compaction (group 3). Glucose penetration was affected by the obturation technique in some groups. Ketac-Endo either with gutta-percha (group 2) or Resilon (group 8) indicated significantly less glucose penetration in warm technique, whereas gutta-percha/Epiphany (group 3) had significantly less glucose penetration in cold technique (P < .05). Conclusions: All material/technique combinations allowed glucose penetration. Gutta-percha/AH Plus combinations allowed similar patterns of glucose penetration to Resilon/Epiphany combinations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus sajur-caju mycelia immobilized in Ca-alginate beads were used for the removal of mercuric ions from aqueous solutions. The sorption of Hg(II) ions by alginate beads and both immobilized live and heat-killed fungal mycelia of T. versicolor and P. sajur-caju was studied in the concentration range of 0.150–3.00 mmol dm−3. The biosorption of Hg(II) increased as the initial concentration of Hg(II) ions increased in the medium. Maximum biosorption capacities for plain alginate beads were 0.144 ± 0.005 mmol Hg(II)/g; for immobilized live and heat-killed fungal mycelia of T. versicolor were 0.171 ± 0.007 mmol Hg(II)/g and 0.383 ± 0.012 mmol Hg(II)/g respectively; whereas for live and heat-killed P. sajur-caju, the values were 0.450 ± 0.014 mmol Hg(II)/g and 0.660 ± 0.019 mmol Hg(II)/g respectively. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 1 h and the equilibrium adsorption was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Between 15 and 45 °C the biosorption capacity was not affected and maximum adsorption was observed between pH 4.0 and 6.0. The alginate-fungus beads could be regenerated using 10 mmol dm−3 HCl solution, with up to 97% recovery. The biosorbents were reused in five biosorption–desorption cycles without a significant loss in biosorption capacity. Heat-killed T. versicolor and P. sajur-caju removed 73% and 81% of the Hg(II) ions, respectively, from synthetic wastewater samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]