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Abstract Background The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of infections caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Legionella pneumophila , and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among lung transplant recipients in the context of immunosuppression. Methods The study group consisted of 94 patients (37 women and 57 men; mean age 42.03 years) transplanted between 2009 and 2016 at the Silesia Center for Heart Diseases (SCCS). Immunosuppressive treatment (induction and maintenance therapy) was assessed. The immunofluorescence methods were used to detect the P. jiroveci , L. pneumophila , C. pneumoniae , and M. pneumoniae antigens in samples obtained from the respiratory tract. Results Thirty-two of 94 graft recipients developed atypical or opportunistic infection. The median time of its occurrence was 178 days after transplantation. P. jiroveci was responsible for 84.38% of first infections. Five patients developed infection with P. jiroveci and C. pneumoniae. None of the infections occurred during induction of immunosuppression. An opportunistic or atypical infection developed in 19.35% of the patients treated with a tacrolimus-based regimen, and in 43.33% of patients on a cyclosporine-based regimen. Conclusion Infection with P. jiroveci is a recognized problem after lung transplantation and should be monitored. The percentage of infected patients is higher in patients treated with a cyclosporine-based regimen in comparison to those treated with tacrolimus. Highlights • P. jiroveci is responsible for a significant number of infections. • Patients treated with cyclosporine develop P. jiroveci infection more frequently. • None of the studied infections developed in the first 21 days after transplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate serum concentration of visfatin, irisin, and omentin in patients diagnosed as having end-stage lung diseases who qualified for lung transplantation (LTx) and to find the relationship between adipokine levels and clinical status. Material and methods The study population consisted of 23 consecutive patients (10 patients diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis, 6 patients diagnosed as having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 7 patients diagnosed as having idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) who qualified for LTx. Patients performed pulmonary function tests; visfatin, irisin, and omentin serum levels were assessed using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results Mean visfatin serum level was 4.99 ± 3.83 pg/mL; mean irisin serum level was 2.82 ± 0.24 ng/mL; mean omentin serum level was 389.99 ± 320.85 ng/mL. Mean distance in 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was 310.62 ± 147.09 m. Average partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2) was 55.79 ± 10.33 mm Hg, forced expiratory volume (FEV1) was 26.25 ± 22.38%, and forced vital capacity (FVC) was 56.95 ± 21.91% of a due value. There was no statistically significant correlation between adipokine levels and 6MWT, pO 2 , FEV1, and FVC in patients waiting for LTx, regardless of underlying lung disease. Significant difference between patients was noted only in 6MWT, FEV1, and pO 2 in connection to lung disease. Conclusion Our findings indicate that adipokines may not have a statistically significant effect on parameters of pulmonary function. Results require further investigation on a larger study group, especially comparison of adipokine serum levels between groups of overweight patients, obese patients, and patients with normal weight who qualify for LTx. Highlights • Concentration of visfatin, irisin, and omentin was assessed amongn patients before LTx for the first time in Poland. • Relationship between adipokines and clinical status in patients before LTx was not statistically significant. • Correlation between adipokines and 6MWT, FEV1, and FVC in patients before LTx was not established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Although the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, cystic fibrosis, and interstitial lung disease is well documented, little is known about pulmonary rehabilitation in patients who are referred for lung transplantation. Nordic walking is a low-cost and accessible form of physical exercise with proven benefits. The purpose of this prospective study was to examine the effects of Nordic walking on lung function, perception of dyspnea, and health-related quality of life in patients referred for lung transplantation. Methods Twenty-two of 40 patients who was qualified for lung transplantation at the Department of Lung Diseases in Zabrze, Poland, completed a rehabilitation program consisting of 12 weeks of Nordic walking. Lung function tests, exercise tolerance, and perception of dyspnea and quality of life were assessed before and after completion of the program. Results No adverse events were observed during the rehabilitation program. After 12 weeks, there was a significant increase in mean 6-minute walk distance (374 meters vs 288 meters, P <.034) and a significant reduction in perception of dyspnea after completion of the rehabilitation program. Assessment of general health and quality of life showed significant improvement (P <.05). No significant changes in lung function tests were noted. Conclusion Nordic walking is a safe and feasible physical activity for pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with end-stage lung disease who are referred for lung transplantation. This rehabilitation technique results in significant improvements in patient mobility and quality of life. Highlights • Nordic walking (NW) is beneficial in patients referred for lung transplantation. • Improvement in the 6MWT distance was noted with the NW rehabilitation technique. • NW had a positive impact on quality of life and perception of dyspnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to assess the impact of bacterial infection during hospital stay on long-term follow-up. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective single-center study of 97 recipients of lung transplantations performed between December 2004 and June 2016 at a single center. Information about age, sex, underlying lung disease, and date and type of procedure was gathered from patients' charts. Immunosuppressive treatment has been analyzed individually among the cohort. Microbiological evaluation included the presence of infection, bacterial species in recipients and donors, as well as type of biological material. Results During a mean hospitalization time of 57 days (range 4–398 days), 67 patients (69%) were diagnosed with bacterial infection. There were 120 episodes of infection caused by 32 species of bacteria. The most common were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27%), Acinetobacter baumanii (21%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (11%). Analysis revealed that 39 patients developed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (43%). Patients with A baumanii had a lower probability of survival than the rest of the population (P <.05). Patients treated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors had a higher probability of survival. Conclusions Infection with A baumanii affects lung transplant recipients' survival. Incorporating sirolimus could be beneficial for the lung transplant recipients' survival. Highlights • A baumanii seems to be the important risk factor for long-term mortality. • Bacterial epidemiology analysis in single lung transplantation centre was performed. • Bacterial infection is frequent in low-volume lung transplantation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background After successful lung transplantation, patients are monitored for chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Pulmonary function tests and 6-minute-walk tests are commonly used for functional graft monitoring. As these methods require substantial effort, however, many patients are unable to complete testing fully. The impulse oscillometry system is a noninvasive method that requires minimal patient cooperation and is suitable for use for patients incapable of strenuous activity. We compared impulse oscillometry system with pulmonary function tests and 6-minute-walk tests to determine if impulse oscillometry system could serve as a substitute measure. Methods This prospective, observational study evaluated 25 consecutive patients (19 men, median age 54.5 years) admitted to a single institution from January to October 2016 (double-lung = 13, single-lung = 13). Patients were assessed using pulmonary function tests, impulse oscillometry system, and 6-minute-walk tests. Results Eighty-eight percent of patients reached high-resonance frequency (F res) and, in 84% of patients, the value of Ax (area of reactance) increased above the norm (N < 0.33 kPa/L) indicating peripheral airways obstruction. High resistance of small airways, measured with an R5 – R20 difference, followed higher Ax values. The increase of resistance at 5 Hz in 31% of patients (R5 >150% predicted value) also indicated small airway obstruction. Airway obturation in patients with elevated Ax and R5 was confirmed by decreased FEV 1 (<75% predictive value) and FEV 1 /FVC ratio in 38% of patients. Conclusions Study results confirm the impulse oscillometry system method could be a substitute for pulmonary function tests in determining the occurrence of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. 6-minute-walk tests showed neither strong correlations regarding impulse oscillometry system and pulmonary function tests nor any base for differentiation of results regarding main factor codes. Highlights • IOS parameters rule out the possibility of post-transplantation obstruction. • IOS helped to confirm that the lung allograft did not possess the correct elasticity. • IOS method may substitute PFTs in determining the occurrence of CLAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: This publication attempted to evaluate the frequency of mold colonization and infection and the procalcitonin serum concentrations (PCT) among lung transplant recipients. Methods and materials: We included 49 patients (36 males and 13 females) of mean age at transplantation of 47.1 ± 13.6 years. Molds were isolated using routine microbiologic methods. PCT (ng/mL) was measured using an immunoluminescence assay with values below 0.5 showing no probability of infection, 0.5 to 2.0, a moderate infection risk; 2.0 to 10, a high infection risk; and above 10 high sepsis risk. Results: Twenty-four (49%) patients revealed the presence of molds in material from the lower respiratory tract (sputum, tracheal, or tracheobronchial aspirate), mini-bronchoalveolar lavage. Aspergillus species was isolated in 14 (28.6%) patients, Penicillium in 7 (14.3%) patients, and Zygomycetes fungi in 9 (18.4%) patients. The average PCT value from 61 examinations of PCT during fungal isolation was 0.5 ± 0.7 ng/mL. However, when the studied group was categorized according to the PCT range, the rates for the groups were no infection (n = 30; 49.2%), moderate (n = 20; 32.8%), high (n = 9; 14.8%) and high sepsis risk (n = 2; 3.3%). Conclusions: The mold colonization of transplanted lung is a frequent complication and should be considered even in the case of proper prophylaxis. Procalcitonin might be the marker helpful in mold infection diagnosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess peripheral blood lymphocyte subtypes (CD3+, CD19+, CD16+CD56+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD3+HLA-DR+) obtained from thoracic organ recipients at various periods after transplantation. Material and Methods: Seventeen patients after lung transplantation (LT) and 5 patients after heart transplantation (HT) included 13 males (76.5%) and 4 females (23.5%) of overall mean age at the time of transplantation of 46.7 ± 11.55 years and mean body mass index of 21.1 ± 4. Lymphocyte phenotypes were estimated using Simultest IMK Plus. Results: A significant decrease in lymphocytes of the majority of subtypes was observed at 1 year posttransplantation compared with normal ranges: CD19+ B lymphocytes in 56% of patients, CD8+ T cells among 48% and CD16+CD56+ natural killer elements, 56%. In contrast, there were increased numbers of activated lymphocytes (CD3+HLA-DR+). Beyond the 1-year observation, we observed a trend to normalize parameters among the majority of subjects. Conclusion: A clear tendency to a decrease number of peripheral blood lymphocytes of various subtypes was observed among thoracic organ recipients in the first year posttransplantation with the exception of activated HLA-DR+ cells. After the first year, there was slow restoration of lymphocytes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]