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Kalanchoe species are characterized by asexual propagation in which plantlets live on leaf margins until they fall down and grow into new plants. Numerous studies have been performed to investigate Kalanchoe species tolerance to several environmental stresses. However, plant's developmental stages have not been correlated yet with plant's tolerance to such stresses. The aim of this work was to assess salt tolerance in Kalanchoe daigremontiana through morphological and physiological analysis performed on plants treated with two NaCl solutions (100 mM and 150 mM) during vegetative and asexual propagation. Plant growth and leaf morphological parameters were negatively affected by salt treatments. Yet, more severe effects were detected during vegetative propagation, especially when plants were treated with 150 mM NaCl. Conversely, two salinity treatments led to similar results during asexual propagation, without significant differences in biomass allocation, water status, photosynthetic pigments, and ions content. Likewise, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and ion distribution showed differences according to plant's development phase. The obtained results highlighted different salt stress responses in K. daigremontiana based on its developmental stage, especially showing an enhanced salt tolerance for plants with plantlets attached to leaf margins and thus suggesting that the developmental stage is an aspect to be taken into account when investigating plant organisms response to abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Selected plant extracts had activity against MDR Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates. • Kalanchoe gunniae was antibacterial with low cytotoxicity (selectivity index 25). • K. gunniae inhibited biofilm development but could not eradicate pre-formed biofilm. • K. gunniae had anti-quorum sensing activity and is a candidate for future studies. Mastitis is a painful inflammatory condition, commonly resulting from infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogens. In this study, antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities of selected plants were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical cases of bovine mastitis. Acetone and ethanol extracts of 15 plants were initially screened for their antimicrobial activities against the commercially available reference strain S. aureus ATCC 29213. Maytenus undata, Maurocenia frangula, Kalanchoe gunniae and Bryophyllum pinnatum had good activities and extracts were tested against six multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases. The four plants were further analysed for cytotoxicity and anti-quorum sensing activities. Two of the plants with good results were assessed further for anti-biofilm activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts against S. aureus isolates ranged from 0.02 to 0.63 mg/mL. Kalanchoe gunniae extracts were the least cytotoxic with extremely promising selectivity index (SI) values ranging from 12 to 25. Significant inhibition of biofilm development against S. aureus mastitis isolates was observed, but extracts were not able to eradicate pre-formed biofilms. Kalanchoe gunniae extracts had the best anti-quorum sensing activity with minimum quorum sensing inhibition concentration (MQSIC) and MIC values of 0.04 mg/mL and 0.63 mg/mL respectively against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472. Therefore, K. gunniae holds potential for development of a preventative treatment against bovine mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Zinc oxide nanoparticles were able to cause pulmonary dysfunction in Wistar rats. • Bryophyllum pinnatum increased antioxidant activities and upregulated the expression of antioxidant genes. • Bryophyllum pinnatum downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in zinc oxide nanoparticles-induced rats. • Bryophyllum pinnatum could reverse dysfunctional autophagy in rats' lungs as induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Lung inflammation as a result of exposure to toxicants is a major pathological problem. Autophagy (AP) is a process of cell self-digestion and can be disrupted by environmental toxicants, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation and cellular damage. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken has been used in folklore medicine to manage pathological abnormalities, including inflammation, but mechanisms remain unclear. This work investigated the effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum ethanol leaf extract (BP) on dysfunctional AP in the lungs of Wistar rats exposed to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs). The experimental rats were orally administered ZONPs for seven days (10 mg/kg). Some exposed rats were post-treated with BP (62.5 and 125 mg/kg) through oral gavage. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic and autophagic parameters were assessed using biochemical assay and gene expression methods. Several indices of pulmonary damage were also evaluated. PCR analysis suggested that ZONP downregulated the expression of pro-autophagy-related genes (Beclin 2, ATG5, DAPK, and FOXP3) and upregulated the expression of the TNF-alpha, NF-Kb, LC3 and Bcl2 genes. In contrast, BP significantly (p < 0.0001) reversed ZONP-induced pulmonary toxicity and oxidative stress. It reduced MDA levels and increased SOD, CAT, GSH and GPxD activities. BP significantly (p < 0.0001) downregulated the expressions of proinflammatory genes (IL-6 and JNK) and upregulated the expressions of IL-10, CAT and SOD genes in ZONP-exposed rats. BP restored the lung's histoarchitectural structure after ZNOP-induced distortion. The results suggested that BP has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and could effectively restore ZNOP-induced dysfunctional AP in the lungs of Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Kalanchoe comprises succulent plants commonly used as ornamental and medicinal purposes. A common fungal pathogen in this group is the causal agent of powdery mildew, including the Erysiphe species. In May 2022, K. laetivirens plants showing powdery mildew symptoms were observed in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study aimed to determine the etiology of this disease based on morphological and molecular analyses. The pathogen was identified as Erysiphe sedi. This species has a significant impact on Kalanchoe species and other ornamental plants of the family Crassulaceae, especially those grown in greenhouses with poor ventilation. This is the first report of E. sedi causing powdery mildew on K. laetivirens in Brazil. • Kalanchoe laetivirens showing symptoms of powdery mildew were observed in a commercial nursery in Viçosa-MG, Brazil. • Erydiphe sedi was identified as the causal agent of powdery mildew based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. • This is the first report of Erydiphe sedi causing powdery mildew in K. laetivirens in Brazil and South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of self-assembled Co-doped ZnO NPs forming porous microstructures. • Different concentrations of Co (2.5 %, 5.0 %, and 7.5 % at.%) in ZnO were explored. • Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract used as the stabilizing/capping agent during synthesis. • Photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MB) assessed, indicating highest activity with 5 % Co in ZnO. • 100 mL of 10 mg/L MB underwent 98.08 % degradation in 60 min with rate constant 0.0582 min−1. Cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Co-ZnO NPs) were synthesized using a phytoextract mediated technique with varying concentrations of Co (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 at.%), employing Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract as the stabilizing/capping agent. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized Co-ZnO crystallize in a wurtzite crystalline phase with P6 3 mc space group. FE-SEM imaging depicted the self-assembly of nanoparticles, forming porous microstructures. UV–Visible spectra analysis indicated a gradual decrease in the bandgap energy of the ZnO lattice with increasing Co concentration. Additionally, by examining the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MB), the photocatalytic activity of the Co-ZnO NPs was assessed. Results showed that Co-ZnO NPs with 5 % Co exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, suggesting an optimal Co dopant concentration that minimizes the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers compared to other samples. Under sunlight exposure, Co-ZnO NPs with 5 % Co demonstrated effective photocatalytic activity, achieving the degradation of 98.08 % of a 10 mg/L MB solution within 60 min using a 1.2 g/L dosage, with a rate constant of 0.0582 min−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phytoextract-mediated synthesis of MoS 2 /ZnO nanocomposite via Bryophyllum pinnatum. • Explored various concentrations of MoS 2 in ZnO (1–5 atomic percentage of Mo in ZnO). • Systematic analysis by XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, zeta potential & UV–visible spectroscopy. • 89.35 % degradation of methylene blue in 30 min with rate constant of 0.075 min−1. • Degradation of methyl orange, amoxicillin, and metronidazole was also explored. One of the primary problems of the twenty-first century is the removal or degradation of organic dyes and antibiotics from water systems since they both contribute significantly to water pollution. To address this issue, molybdenum disulfide and zinc oxide nanocomposite (MoS 2 /ZnO) were produced by simple, eco-friendly and low cost process using Bryophyllum pinnatum (leaf) phytoextract (BPP) as a reducing as well as capping agent. The prepared BPP-mediated MoS 2 /ZnO nanocomposite (BP-MoS 2 /ZnO NC) samples were characterized through various techniques including powder XRD, Rietveld refinement, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FESEM, DLS and FT-IR spectroscopy. The BP-MoS 2 /ZnO samples were further tested for their use in the sunlight-powered photocatalytic breakdown of methylene blue (MB) and their efficiency to break MB molecules was contrasted with the BPP-mediated ZnO (BP-ZnO), Chemical ZnO (Ch-ZnO) and pure MoS 2. The photocatalytic investigation reveals a remarkable enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of pristine ZnO when sensitized with MoS 2. These results underscore the synergistic effect achieved by combining ZnO and MoS 2. Notably, we found that the optimal catalytic performance is achieved at a Mo atomic percentage of 2 % relative to Zn, emphasizing the importance of precise control for maximizing efficacy. Under sun exposure, 0.5 g/L of BP-MoS 2 /ZnO resulted in 89.35 % photodegradation of a 20 mg/L MB solution with a rate constant of 0.07537 min-1, which was around 10.42 %, 28.51 %, and 51.86 % greater than BP-ZnO, Ch-ZnO, and pure MoS 2 , respectively. Further, the efficacy of the BP-MoS 2 /ZnO NC as solar-driven photocatalysts for removal of pharmaceutical drugs (Amoxicillin & Metronidazole) and textile dyes (Methyl orange) pollutants in sunlight was also investigated. These results show that Bryophyllum extract-mediated MoS 2 /ZnO is a promising material for solar-based photocatalytic applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • BrPi-P-G-NPs synthesized through green synthesis. • Research delves into BrPi-P-G-NPs, prepared using BrPi extract, offering novel insights. • Biogenic BrPi-P-G-NPs demonstrated notable anticancer efficacy against breast cancer cell lines. • Enhanced stability and reduced toxicity of NPs profiles showcased. Primary aim of the proposed study was to explore the green technique for synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles of platinum and gold metal by employing Bryophyllum pinnatum hydroalcoholic extract (BrPi-P-G-NPs) to explore their potential medicinal properties. Green synthesised bimetallic nanoparticles were characterized by techniques including UV spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, DSC, Particle size and Zeta Potential analysis. Experimental findings confirmed that BrPi-P-G-NPs demonstrate irregular shape, with an average size 34.5 nm. Zeta potential for BrPi and BrPi-P-G-NPs were found to be −8.1 and −24.1 mV, respectively. At a concentration of 75 µg mL−1, the MTT and trypan blue assays of the BrPi-P-G-NPs revealed a cell inhibition rate of 63.54 % and 60.23 %, respectively. In the MCF-7 cell line, the MTT and trypan blue assays recorded IC50 values of 153.54 and 158.04, respectively, for the BrPi-P-G-NPs at the same concentration. Thus, biologically synthesized BrPi-P-G-NPs demonstrated promising anti-cancer properties against human breast cancer cell lines, while showed no signs of toxicity. The enhanced biological activity of BrPi-P-G-NPs can be attributed to their distinctive properties at the nanoscale, as both exhibit lower polydispersity and nanoparticle size, which contribute to increased reactivity and interactions with biological systems. As a result, these BrPi-P-G-NPs nanoparticles synthesized through the biogenic approach using plant extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum have immense potential for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Calcrete Bontveld is a mosaic vegetation that occurs adjacent to Valley Thicket. • The mosaic consists of thicket-like bushclumps scattered throughout a matrix. • These two spatially separate, but adjacent, communities are compared. • Bushclumps share a compositional similarity and structure with Valley Thicket. • Bushclumps differ from Valley Thicket as it is less succulent and less diverse. Calcrete Bontveld is a mosaic vegetation that occurs on flat-topped calcareous ridges adjacent to solid Valley Thicket in the Albany Thicket biome of South Africa. It consists of thicket clumps (bushclumps) scattered in a grassy dwarf shrubland matrix. While the bushclumps of Calcrete Bontveld represent the thicket component in the mosaic the extent and nature of similarity between the bushclumps and adjacent solid Valley Thicket remains unresolved. This study considers the relationship between the thicket communities of these two spatially separate but proximal vegetation types. As expected, bushclumps share a substantive compositional similarity and structure with the nearby solid Valley Thicket but minimally so with the surrounding grassy dwarf shrubland matrix. The latter is made up of elements of other biomes with only a few thicket taxa. The Bushclump composition differs from the adjacent solid Valley Thicket in that it is less succulent and less diverse in the number of plant families. A total of 22 Thicket species were absent from the bushclumps – notably a few iconic ones: trees Portulacaria afra , shrubs Cotyledon velutina, Euphorbia mammilaris and Kalanchoe rotundifolia , as well as the geophyte, Gasteria bicolor. By contrast, only 8 taxa were found only in the bushclumps, but not in the local form of solid Valley Thicket (e.g. Ptaeroxylon obliquum and Scolopia zeyheri). Several of these have a Cape Thicket affinity – e.g. trees Colpoon compressum and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus and the shrub Diospyros dichrophylla. The absence of many adjacent thicket species from the bushclumps provides evidence for exchange exclusion of propagules of some Valley Thicket taxa from the bushclumps of Calcrete Bontveld. However, the unique bushclumps are a suitable habitat for establishment of the more distant Cape-affinity taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout humanity's development, the medicinal use of plants has evolved as an observational and empirical matter; Yorubá culture uses Kalanchoe sp. as universal antidotes. They are believed to be "ewé òdúndún" or plants of goodness and are traditionally and religiously used in preparations to treat diseases and physiological disorders. Our main goals were to determine the comparative phytochemical composition panel of two Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier aqueous extracts through UHPLC-MS metabolomic approaches and highlight the drug-likeness properties of the most abundant compounds in the complex mixture prepared according to its traditional uses. K. daigremontiana leaf aqueous extracts were prepared by cold water maceration (Kd1) or decoction (Kd2). The metabolomics analysis of the extracts was performed through UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS acquisition in positive and negative modes. An in-house database was built with molecules found in plants from the Crassulaceae family and was applied to the annotation step. Our analysis identified 132 compounds, showcasing variations between negative (ESI(−)) and positive (ESI(+)) ionization modes. Notably, flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, known for their potent antioxidant properties, were abundant in both extracts. Additionally, bufadienolides, associated with diverse biological activities, were present. Both extracts presented similar phytochemical compositions in terms of the number of compounds. Differential analysis revealed significantly higher intensities for specific molecules in both Kd1 and Kd2 extracts. Considering the relative abundance, Kd1 showed a significant amount of Fatty Acids and Steroids concerning Kd2. Additionally, the 15 most abundant compounds were analyzed using in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity algorithms (SwissADME, pkCSM, and LAZAR) to predict their drug-likeness profile. The fifteen most abundant molecules (Corchorifatty acid F; 9,12,13-TriHOME; Acetylsagittatin A; Apiin; Kaempferol; L-Malic acid; 19-Oxodesacetylcinobufagin; Lucyoside Q; (12 S,13 S)-Epoxylinolenic acid; Isocitric acid; 4''-O-Acetylafzelin; Hellebrigenin; Senedigitalene; Blumenol C and Sativoside R2) had their ADMET in silico profiles predicted using computational tools. Importantly, our in silico assessments pinpointed six promising compounds with favorable absorption, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness properties, suggesting their potential as bioactive agents. This finding underscores the significance of these traditional aqueous extracts in folk medicine. In conclusion, our study not only supports the traditional use of Kalanchoe spp. but also sheds light on the safety and pharmacological potential of these extracts. By exploring different extraction methods and employing metabolomics, we have gained valuable insights into the bioactivity and safety of plant extracts, which can guide future research in this field. [Display omitted] • A total of 132 metabolites were annotated in Kalanchoe daigremontiana extracts. • Cold (Kd1) and warm (Kd2) aqueous extracts presented similar metabolome composition. • Principal compound analysis shows differences in relative abundance of compounds. • The 15 most abundant compounds presented good drug-likeness/ADMET in silico profile. • Fatty acids and steroids were considered the most promising classes of compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Diagnosis of COD kidney stones was performed in the aqueous solution of B. pinnatum. • B. pinnatum powder was mixed in apple cider vinegar and lemon juice. • A considerable weight reduction of two surgically kidney stones was observed in the solution. • The COD was monitored by FTIR and Raman spectroscopic analysis. • Mixture of B. pinnatum powder and lemon juice is a best remedy to remove kidney stones. Urolithiasis is one of most common renal disorders, characterized by the formation of kidney stones (renal calculi) through the crystallization process within the urinary system. The frequently observed renal calculi are calcium oxalate renal calculi and treatment is done by shock wave method or lithotripsy which is harmful for other cells of the internal system. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro diagnosis of calcium oxalate kidney stones in the aqueous solution of Bryophyllum pinnatum. The B. pinnatum powder was mixed in apple cider vinegar and lemon juice separately to make solution 1 and 2 respectively. Apple cider vinegar and lemon juice were used as solvents due to their acidic and body compatible nature. Two surgically removed stones was dipped in solution 1 and 2. After two weeks, kidney stone of weight 2.7 g is completely dissolved in solution 2 while a considerable weight reduction of other kidney stone has been observed in solution 1. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results show the presence of two strong absorption peaks at 610 and 912 (cm−1) in both solutions after dissolution of urinary stones are related to calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD). Raman spectra further confirm the dissolution of COD in solution having Raman shifts at 504 and 910 (cm−1). Cluster formation and aggregation of particles has been observed in scanning electron microscopy images. This in vitro study proves that a mixture of Bryophyllum pinnatum powder and lemon juice is a best remedy to remove kidney stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles in a one-step using leaf extract of Kalanchoe Daigremontiana was performed. • Formation of Ag nanoflowers with different solvents was obtained. • Ag nanoflowers showed a high photocatalytic activity in the removal of methylene blue. • Ag nanoflowers showed high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The synthesis and applications of anisotropic nanostructures have attracted much attention in the last decade. The nanoflower-type structures are one of the nanomaterials with anisotropic structures most investigated because of owing to high densities of edges, corners, and stepped atoms present on their nano-petals. Here, silver nanoparticles obtained by a one-step green synthesis method using extract from Kalanchoe Daigremontiana´s leaves are reported. To identify the compounds responsible for reduction of silver ions, the functional groups present in plant extract were investigated by UV–vis and FTIR. Ag nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis, XPS, ζ-potential, XRD, and SEM-EDS. Different solvents were used to eliminate agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles. These solvents produced nanoflower-like morphology with abundant nano-petals. This is the first report of the synthesis of Ag nanoflowers formed by green synthesis method using Kalanchoe Daigremontiana extract. The synthesized Ag nanoflowers are faced center cubic structure in nature with a petal thickness approximately of 25 nm. Photocatalytic activity of the different Ag nanostructures was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue, where the degradation time as low as 1 min is reported. Furthermore these green synthesized Ag nanoflowers were found to show high antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosystem I (PSI) is the potential target of photodamage under fluctuating light in angiosperms. However, the response of PSI to fluctuating light in young leaves has not yet been clarified. Furthermore, the photosynthetic regulation under fluctuating light in crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants is little known. In this study, we measured PSI redox state and the electrochromic shift signal in the mature and young leaves of a CAM species Bryophyllum pinnatum. The mature leaves showed stronger capacity for photo-reduction of O 2 mediated by the alternative electron flow (probably the water-water cycle) when compared with the young leaves. After an increase in light intensity, both the mature and young leaves showed insufficient proton gradient (ΔpH) across the thylakoid membranes within the first seconds. Meanwhile, PSI was highly oxidized in the mature leaves but was in a more reduced state in the young leaves. Furthermore, young leaves were more susceptible to PSI photoinhibition under fluctuating light. Therefore, in the mature leaves, the alternative electron flow significantly optimized the PSI redox state under fluctuating light at relatively low ΔpH. By comparison, in the young leaves, PSI redox state was largely determined by the buildup of ΔpH. Therefore, the major photoprotective mechanism responsible for safeguarding PSI under fluctuating light can be influenced by leaf developmental stages. • We examine the photosynthetic regulation in the CAM plant Bryophyllum pinnatum. • Responses of PSI to fluctuating light differ between the young and mature leaves. • Young leaves are more susceptible to fluctuating light than mature leaves. • Redox state of PSI in the young leaves is largely regulated by the buildup of ΔpH. • The water-water cycle significantly regulates PSI redox state in mature leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) is a key enzyme of the fibrinolytic system, responsible for the degradation of fibrin clot and maintaining blood fluidity. Hence, alterations of the fibrinolytic capacity of blood plasma may contribute to thrombotic or bleeding complications. The aim of this study was to determine effects of a bufadienolide-rich fraction, isolated from roots of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (0.05–50 μg/ml) on enzymatic properties of plasmin. Hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate S-2251 (H-D-Valyl- l -leucyl- l -lysine-p-nitroaniline dihydrochloride) by plasmin revealed that the bufadienolide-rich fraction had a diverse effect on this enzyme, dependently on the concentration range. While the lower concentrations of the examined fraction (0.05–2.5 μg/ml) significantly enhanced the amidolytic activity of plasmin, at 25–50 μg/ml concentrations, the enzyme was evidently inhibited (by about 60%). The Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated on an uncompetitive inhibition of plasmin. Inhibitory effects (up to 80%) were also found in the streptokinase-induced plasminogen activation to plasmin. Docking results suggest that only some of compounds (mostly bersaldegenin 1-acetate (10), bryotoxin (13) and hovetrichoside C (17)) were bound to plasminogen/plasmin, depending on the presence or absence of the substrate in the active site. The obtained findings suggest allosteric regulation of plasminogen activation and plasmin activity by components of the examined fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some species of Kalanchoe , including those of sections Kalanchoe and Bryophyllum do not flower naturally. This barrier to flowering might hinder hybridization and breeding. The role of gibberellin acid (GA 3 ) in promoting flowering was investigated, and the effects of GA 3 treatment on flowering under different temperatures were determined. The findings indicated that flowering was promoted in 100% of the K. sexangularis , K. nyikae , K. marnieriana , K. longiflora , and K. × richaudii plants treated with different GA 3 gradients. The percentage of flowering in K. marnieriana and K. nyikae increased with increasing concentrations of applied GA 3 . The number of days taken to flower in K. nyikae and K. sexangularis decreased with increasing concentrations of applied GA 3 . In K . × richaudii treated with 100 mg L −1 GA 3 flowers appeared the earliest. The number of flowers of K. sexangularis and K. × richaudii increased, while that of K. nyikae decreased, with increasing GA 3 concentrations. GA 3 -treated K. nyikae , K. poincarei , and K. sexangularis plants showed higher percentages of flowering at 25/20 °C (day/night) than at higher temperatures. The findings from this study confirmed that GA 3 , applied in a broad range of concentrations, promotes floral induction in the studied species, affecting mainly the number of days taken to flower and the number of flowers produced. However, the GA 3 -treated plants had reduced flowering at higher temperatures. These findings can be applied in the regulation of flowering and breeding of Kalanchoe in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bryophyllum pinnatum ( B. pinnatum ) (Lam.) Oken is used in tropical Africa for the treatment of several diseases such as kidney and urinary disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of B. pinnatum on arginase II activity and its prevention against renal oxidative damage occasioned by CCl 4 in rats. Rats were randomly divided into six groups; group I served as the control, group II served as carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) intoxicated group, group III–V animals were pre-treated with silymarin (25 mg/kg body weight), 25 mg/kg body weight aqueous extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (AEBP) and 50 mg/kg body weight AEBP, respectively, for 14 days, followed by a single injection of CCl 4. Group VI rats received AEBP only (50 mg/kg body weight). Results obtained revealed that CCl 4 intoxication significantly increased (p < 0.05) the levels of renal markers (serum urea, creatinine and arginase II) in rats when compared to the control group. Further, oxidative stress status appeared in CCl 4 -intoxicated rats, as evidence by significant elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA), with concomitant decrease in levels of functional sulfhydryl groups ( SH), antioxidant enzymes and nitric oxide in rats’ kidney. These adverse changes, due to CCl 4 intoxication in rats, were however, prevented by pre-treatment with AEBP leaves (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight). The inhibition of arginase II, as well as increased antioxidant status by AEBP in CCl 4 -intoxicated rats suggests that B. pinnatum can protect kidney against CCl 4 -induced oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic acid composition, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities in leaves of four Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) species were evaluated. Determination of phenolic acid contents were conducted by an optimized LC–ESI-MS/MS method. The results show that Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier (using ASE extraction) and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. contain the highest amounts of phenolic acids, while Kalanchoe nyikae Engl. the lowest ones. Among phenolic acids ferulic, caffeic and protocatechuic acids were occurring in the highest quantities in the analysed species. The greatest amounts of ferulic and protocatechuic acids were found in K. daigremontiana and K. pinnata. Moreover, the antiradical and cytotoxic activities of Kalanchoe extracts were investigated. All tested extracts possessed antioxidant activity. The obtained IC 50 values (μg/mL) ranged from 49.9 μg/mL to 1410 μg/mL, indicating a large variation of the activity of the analysed extracts. Cytotoxicity assays revealed dose-dependent effects in the cells lines tested. Only K. pinnata extract showed a high cytotoxicity against the H-9 human T cell line. Other extracts ( K. daigremontiana , Kalanchoe milloti , K. nyikae ) showed more pronounced cytotoxicity towards J45.01 cells (human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia T cells). The present study demonstrated that Kalanchoe extracts have significant antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. This suggests that these species can be used as new sources of natural antioxidants and potential anticancer compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken is an ornamental and ethno-medicine plant, which can grow a circle of adventitious bud around the leaf margin. The dynamic change of metabolites during the development of B. pinnatum remains poorly understood. Here, leaves from B. pinnatum at four developmental stages were sampled based on morphological characteristics. A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to evaluate the changes of endogenous metabolites during adventitious bud formation in B. pinnatum. The results showed that differential metabolites were mainly enriched in sphingolipid metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway. The metabolites assigned to amino acids, flavonoids, sphingolipids, and the plant hormone jasmonic acid decreased from period Ⅰ to Ⅱ, and then increased from period Ⅲ to Ⅳ with the emergence of adventitious bud (period Ⅲ). While the metabolites related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing during the four observation periods. Depending on the metabolite changes, leaves may provide conditions similar to in vitro culture for adventitious bud to occur, thus enabling adventitious bud to grow at the leaf edge. Our results provide a basis for illustrating the regulatory mechanisms of adventitious bud in B. pinnatum. [Display omitted] • Metabolite changes were analyzed during adventitious bud formation in B. pinnatum. • Differential metabolites changed greatly just before and after the bud formation. • The metabolites required for bud formation may have similarities with tissue culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High relative air humidity (RH ≥ 85%) impairs stomatal functionality, attenuating plant capacity to cope with abiotic stress. Previous studies were limited to C 3 species, so the RH effect on stomatal physiology of CAM plants remains unexplored. We addressed the topic through comparisons of C 3 and CAM states in a facultative CAM species. These states were validated by diel measurements of net assimilation rate and malate level. In the first two experiments, three Kalanchoë interspecific hybrid cultivars were exposed to moderate (60%) or high (90%) RH. Both leaves that expanded at high RH and leaves that had expanded at moderate RH and were subsequently exposed to high RH (for nine days) showed increased stomatal conductance. In the third experiment, both C 3 and CAM state plants of one K. blossfeldiana cultivar were exposed to low (40%), moderate (60%) or high (90%) RH. Plant transpiration during night-time was inversely related to ambient RH in either state, whereas during day-time a significant effect was only noted at 90% RH. Kalanchoë leaves showed a very effective control of water loss upon water deprivation, especially in the CAM state. Following a single week exposure to 90% RH, detached leaves showed increased rates of water loss during desiccation in C 3 state plants. No effect of high RH on stomatal response to desiccation was noted in leaves detached from plants in CAM-state. It is concluded that the negative effect of either growth or one-week exposure to high RH is restricted to the C 3 state in Kalanchoë . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombin is an active plasma coagulation factor II, critical for the formation of fibrin clot during blood coagulation. For that reason, this protein is also a crucial target for different anti-thrombotic therapies. The work is based on in vitro evaluation of the inhibitory effect of bufadienolide-rich fraction, isolated from roots of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (1–50 μg/ml) on enzymatic properties of a serine proteinase – thrombin. The efficacy of the inhibition of amidolytic activity of thrombin (measured as a hydrolysis of the chromogenic substrate S-2238, Chromogenix) attained about 10 and 66%, respectively. The IC 50 , established for the examined bufadienolide fraction was 2.79 μg/ml, while the IC 50 calculated for argatroban (reference compound) was 0.78 μg/ml. Linearization conducted using Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that the K. daigremontiana fraction contains compounds that are uncompetitive inhibitors of thrombin. K. daigremontiana fraction was also able to reduce the proteolytic activity of thrombin towards its physiological substrate, i.e. fibrinogen. Additionally, this study is supported by in silico analysis of interactions of the most common compounds, identified in the examined in Kalanchoe extract to crystal structure of this enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current limited usage of rose waste makes rose cultivation far from a sustainable circular industry. Unfavorable properties of horticultural waste such as the high lignin content of stems and high polyphenol levels in both flowers and leaves makes it difficult to re-use. These traits hamper an effective composting process and so far little studies have focused on optimizing this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of (co-)composting rose waste with other on-farm available green wastes (tomato and kalanchoe) or mature rose compost to obtain an improved compost with high fertilizing capacity. In a small-scale composting system the evolution of five mixtures was closely monitored in terms of their physico-chemical parameters. The in-vitro disease suppressive capacity of mature rose compost was assessed. All mixtures resulted in stable and mature compost after six months showing industry standard suitable macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations. The matured compost showed a C/N below 10, a strong decrease in polyphenols of ≥70% and a good fertilizing capacity with an increase in cation exchange capacity since the start of ≥100%. These results demonstrate that the ligneous character of rose waste is not preventing an effective composting process. However, an increased duration of the maturation phase might be favored for optimal results. The addition of mature compost accelerated the composting process as shown by significantly increases in OM degradation rates. For the first time a high disease suppressive capacity against several common rose pathogens was shown for mature rose compost. Overall, this study showed the potential of (co-)composting rose waste as sustainable waste management strategy to further improve the circular economy waste-based objectives of the horticultural sector. [Display omitted] • Co-composting rose waste enhanced conversion into a valuable organic fertilizer. • The addition of mature compost significantly accelerated the composting process. • The final rose compost had optimal CN ratio below 10 and low phenol levels. • The mature rose compost suppressed the growth of 5 common rose pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Epiphyllous plantlets developed in detached mother leaves of Bryophyllum calycinum. • Removal of primordia caused faster loss of chlorophyll in mother leaves. • Completely dried of mother leaves induced sprouts on the plantlets leaves. • Re-watering to isolated plantlets inhibited growth of existing sprouts. Epiphyllous plantlets / vegetative propagules of Bryophyllum calycinum have been well known to develop only on detached leaves but not in leaves of intact plants. In the present study we have found a morphogenesis that the intact epiphyllous plantlets induce sprouts, but not epiphyllous buds, in plantlet leaves when the mother leaves almost completely senesced under drought stress. Anatomical studies of sprouts showed the presence of vascular connection between sprouts and plantlet leaves. After re-watering isolated plantlets, the growth of existing sprouts was inhibited and most of the primordia of buds in plantlet leaves were little differentiated, they appeared to be dormant and further formation of plantlets was suppressed. The sprouts were not formed when plantlets were connected with green parts of mother leaves. Removal of primordia on the one side of detached mother leaves caused loss of chlorophyll in leaves, and the appearance of plantlets on the other side delayed chlorophyll degradation. These results suggest that development of sprouts from epiphyllous plantlets on detached mother leaves is closely related to leaf senescence induced by severe drought stress. The role of the total senescence of the mother leaves under drought conditions in the induction of sprouts is discussed with respect to hormonal balance and signaling networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential long-term (~ 7 months) sub-lethal impacts of soil-applied low levels of Roundup herbicide formulation were investigated in a greenhouse environment using the vegetative clones of succulent non-crop plant model, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. An eleven day LC 50 (concentration that killed 50% of the plants) was found to be 6.25% (~ 1.25 mg glyphosate/mL and 1.25 mg pelargonic acid/mL combined), and complete mortality occurred at 12.5%, of the field application rate (i.e., ~ 20 mg glyphosate/mL and 20 mg pelargonic acid/mL as active ingredients). While sub-lethal Roundup (1–5%) exposures led to hormesis—characterized by a significant increase in biomass and vegetative reproduction, higher concentrations (≥ 6.25%) were toxic. A significant interaction between Roundup concentrations and leaf biomass was found to influence the F1 plantlets' biomass. Biomass asymmetry generally increased with increasing Roundup concentrations, indicating that plants were more stressed at higher Roundup treatments but within the low-dose regime (≤ 5% of the as-supplied formulation). While leaf apex region demonstrated higher reproduction with lower biomass increase, leaf basal area showed lower reproduction with greater biomass increase, in plantlets. The results suggest long-term exposures to drifted low levels of Roundup in soil may promote biomass and reproduction in B. pinnatum . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet-B radiation is an important abiotic factor that can stimulate the production of secondary metabolites, including polyphenolic compounds. Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) is a medicinal plant popularly used in Brazil for treating wounds and inflammation. This species is rich in phenolic compounds, which could account for some of its biological activities, including antileishmanial, antihypertensive and antibacterial properties. We investigated the effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on the phenolic profile, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of leaves of K. pinnata . Plants were grown under white light (W – control) and supplemental UV-B radiation (W + UVB). Supplemental UV-B radiation enhanced the total flavonoid content of the leaf extracts, without affecting the antioxidant activity or yield of extracts. Analysis by TLC and HPLC of W and W + UVB leaf extracts revealed quantitative and qualitative differences in their phenolic profiles. W + UVB extracts contained a higher diversity of phenolic compounds and a larger amount of quercitrin, an important bioactive flavonoid of this species. This is the first report of the use of ImageJ® program to analyze a TLC visualized by spraying with NP–PEG reagent. UV-B radiation is proposed as a supplemental light source in K. pinnata cultivation in order to improve its flavonoid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Compact growth is a major quality characteristic for the attractiveness and transportation of Kalanchoë, one of most economically important potted plants in Europe. In the present experiments, we examined the possibility of using ethanol as an alternative plant growth regulator. We compared using either an ethanol spray or an ethanol watering treatment during standard cultivation of several Kalanchoë species and varieties. The results of the present study demonstrated that watering the plants with an ethanol solution was more effective than the ethanol spray treatment. All tested genotypes showed a correlation between the ethanol concentrations used for watering and the internode lengths internode after ethanol watering. However, high ethanol concentrations (more than 2%) led to leaf damage and delayed flower development in some genotypes. The use of ethanol as a growth regulator for ornamentals has several advantages. Ethanol is a biodegradable molecule that is inexpensive, easy and safe to apply, and non-toxic in the concentrations required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been synthesized through an eco-friendly, cost-effective green approach by using Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves (BPL) extract and the power generation activity of the BPL bio-electrochemical cell has been investigated with these Ag NPs. The formation of Ag NPs was probed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), Energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The XRD studies indicated the formation of face-centered cubic (FCC) Ag NPs of an average crystallite size of about 18 nm. The FESEM images have shown spherical Ag NPs, and the average particle size was found as 35.49 nm after size distribution analysis. A significantly broad absorption peak centered at around 465 nm was revealed by the UV–visible spectra of Ag NPs, which indicated the formation of Ag0 from Ag+. Moreover, the NPs have been applied on BPL bio-electrochemical cells to examine the power generation performance of the cell. It is observed that Ag NPs exhibited a potential role in improving open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and the power generation of BPL bio-electrochemical cells. This study demonstrates a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly synthesis approach of Ag NPs and the excellent performances of Ag NPs on electricity generation systems of bio-electrochemical cells. The impact of Ag NPs in the bio-electrochemical cell is a meaningful research work that may open a new platform to develop potential bio-electrochemical cells. [Display omitted] • An ecofriendly, cost-effective green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is described. • Bryophyllum Pinnatum leaves extract has been used as the reducing and capping agent. • Flavonoid compounds of plant extract are the strong functional groups to the reduction of Ag + to Ag0. • A wide absorption peak is found at around 465 nm and the average particle size is 35.49 nm. • Ag NPs play a significant role to improve the power generation system of BPL bio-electrochemical cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A two-phase synthesis was introduced for the formation of NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles. • The catalytic performance of NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles was investigated for TNP reduction. • The reduction percentage of catalyst was observed at 96.03% within 24 min. • The catalyst showed excellent stability and reusability in four consecutive cycles. A two-phase synthesis has been introduced to investigate the formation of NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles at the interface of hexane-water, which was facilitated by Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Oken leaf extract (BPLE) as hydrolyzing and capping agents via the high-speed stirring method. As a result, the morphology of NiCo 2 O 4 was observed in the nanosphere with an average particle diameter of 25.84 nm. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles was investigated in the reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). Surprisingly, NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles achieved a catalytic performance with a percentage of 96.03% within 24 min. The superior efficiency of catalyst could be attributed to the effective electron relay between 4-NP and BH 4 − ions at an optimum concentration of TNP. Additionally, NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles exhibited high stability in four consecutive cycles. This work suggests a novel method for the preparation of NiCo 2 O 4 on a nano-scale as a promising catalyst for eliminating water pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Flower initiation and development of Kalanchoe spp. were investigated in this study. The sequence of events in the differentiation process was divided into 8 stages: vegetative growth, flower initiation, bract primordium, sepal primordium, petal primordium, stamen primordium, pistil primordium, and visible floret stages. Under the short-day condition, Kalanchoe spathulata, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Tenorio’, and Kalanchoe garambiensis meristems initiated differentiation after 5, 10, and 15 days, respectively. K. spathulata, K. garambiensis, and K. blossfeldiana ‘Tenorio’ differentiated from the vegetative stage into the visible flower bud stage in 45, 50, and 55 days, respectively. The development from flower initiation to the visible flower bud stage was most rapid in K. spathulata, followed by K. garambiensis and K. blossfeldiana ‘Tenorio’. Kalanchoe gracilis differentiated from the vegetative growth stage into the visible flower bud stage in 105 days. Therefore, K. spathulata and K. garambiensis exhibited flower characteristics relatively early. The main differences in flowering between species/cultivars were initiation timing and the time for subsequent development. The sepal primordial stage was the most sensitive stage to the short-day condition during flower development in Kalanchoe spp. The minimum number of short-days needed for flowering of K. spathulata, K. garambiensis, K. blossfeldiana ‘Tenorio’, and K. gracilis were 15, 15, 25, and 56 days, respectively. Therefore, K. spathulata or K. garambiensis can be used to produce hybrids in relatively fewer short-days. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Anatomical studies of the stems and leaves of 15 species of the genus Kalanchoe were studied. Anatomical examination of the cross sections of the above mentioned stems and leaves revealed diagnostic characters among species. Data of comparative characters reached 42 couplet characters; data matrix was organized on the basis of variations to obtain a classification using sequential indented key. Data matrix included the anatomical description and features of the epidermis, cortex, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith for stem anatomy and epidermis, mesophyll, midrib region and vascular bundles for leaf anatomy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present study, we isolated novel tocochromanols from green leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana and primary leaves of etiolated seedlings of Phaseolus coccineus that were identified as β-, γ-, and δ-tocomonoenols with unsaturation at the terminal isoprene unit of the side chain. The content of γ-tocomonoenol in leaves of etiolated bean increased gradually with the age of seedlings, reaching 50% of the γ-tocopherol level in 40-day-old plants. The content of this compound in leaves was increased by short illumination of etiolated plants and by addition of homogentisic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of tocopherols. These data indicated that γ-tocomonoenol is synthesized de novo from homogentisic acid and tetrahydro-geranylgeraniol diphosphate, a phytol precursor. Based on these results, a biosynthetic pathway of tocomonoenols is proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To examine the feasibility of gold phytoextraction, and the corresponding uptake of copper that is induced at the same time, field and laboratory scale experiments were carried out using mine tailings from the Magistral mine in Sinaloa State, Mexico. The locally available plant species Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower) and Kalanchoe serrata L. (magic tower) were used in this work, in combination with the chemical amendments: sodium cyanide (NaCN), ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN), ammonium thiosulphate (NH4)2S2O3, and thiourea [SC (NH2)2] to promote gold uptake. The results show that for K. serrata, average copper concentrations were increased to above 4mg/kg and gold concentrations to above 9mg/kg in the dry matter of aerial tissues. For H. annuus average copper concentrations were increased to 118mg/kg in roots, 141mg/kg in stem and, 119mg/kg in leaves while average gold concentrations were increased to 15mg/kg in leaves, 16mg/kg in roots and, 21mg/kg in plant stems. Poor health of plants after treatment with chemicals to induce gold uptake could be a function of toxic concentrations of other trace elements such as copper in the plants. Our results confirm that phytoextraction technology can be used to recover precious metals from mine tailings, and that at the current market price for gold, this recovery may be economic. However, our results also highlight the differential response of plant species to copper and gold in the ground, and the importance of choosing the correct chemical to induce metal uptake. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Leaves from Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) are popularly used for healing wounds. Its antileishmanial properties are established in experimental animals, and its active flavonoid components have been identified. Aim of the study: In this study, we attempted to standardize the extract from K. pinnata leaves by evaluating the influence of season of harvest, sunlight exposure and method of extraction on antileishmanial flavonoids content. Materials and Methods: HPLC–DAD-MS was used to identify and quantify the active antileishmanial flavonoids in different extracts. ANOVA test for analyses of variance followed by the Tukey test of multiple comparisons were used in the statistical analysis. The antileishmanial potential was assessed by the activation of nitric oxide production by murine macrophage using the Griess method. Results: We demonstrated that active flavonoids were significantly more abundant when the leaves were collected in the summer, and that aqueous extraction at 50°C allowed the highest flavonoid extraction. The benefit of sunlight exposure was confirmed in plants cultivated under direct sunlight when compared with those that grown under shade. Under sunny conditions the yield of the most active antileishmanial favonoid quercitrin was increased by 7-fold. All aqueous extracts tested were capable to enhance the macrophage nitric oxide production. However, hot aqueous extract from leaves collected in summer exhibited the higher activity, in agreement with HPLC–DAD–MS analysis tendency. In addition, with the aim of reducing the individual chemical variations of the plant constituents and optimizing the production of the active extract, it was obtained in vitro monoclonal KP specimens that were easily adapted to field conditions and were able to produce antileishmanial flavonoids. Conclusion: Our study reports the better conditions of cultivation, harvest and extraction protocol for obtaining a K. pinnata extract exhibiting the highest antileishmanial activity. Additionally, we propose the flavonoids quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and quercitrin, as satisfactory chemical markers for standardization purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Phytophthora nicotianae and Pythium helicoides are important water-borne oomycete pathogens of irrigated ornamentals particularly ebb-and-flow irrigated kalanchoe in Japan. We developed novel PCR-based sequence characterized amplified region markers and assays for rapid identification and species-specific detection of both pathogens in separate PCR reactions or simultaneously in a duplex PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since the response of cuttings to raised CO2 concentration is not documented, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage of kalanchoe cuttings at combinations of high carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels was investigated to study the feasibility of using CA to sustain quality of cuttings prior to planting. During storage, stomata opening and plant fresh weight (FW) were measured, and root formation (RF) was recorded post storage. Storage atmosphere composition (10/2, 15/2, or 15/5; kPa CO2/kPa O2), storage duration (9 or 19 days), and cutting type (rooted or un-rooted) affected stomata conductance (G s), and influenced FW and subsequent RF in cuttings of kalanchoe ‘Yellow Josefine’. In CA stored plants, G s was high, 60–160mmolm−2 s−1, indicating open stomata, whereas in control plants G s was low, 5–14mmolm−2 s−1, indicating closed stomata. Generally G s values were higher for un-rooted than for rooted cuttings. Overall, cutting FW was reduced by CA storage with no significant differences in FW reduction between the CA treatments. RF of un-rooted CA stored cuttings was comparable to that of controls, whereas for rooted cuttings controls grew better than CA stored cuttings. CA at 10kPa CO2 and 2kPa O2 for 2–3 weeks could sustain un-rooted cuttings, in a pests-free state whilst retaining the ability of the cuttings RF. The results showed that stomata aperture may be altered by high CO2 concentration combined with low O2, and results indicated that this effect was not only caused by high CO2 but also by low O2 concentration. In addition, the results indicated that CA storage, stomata conductance, and water stress of kalanchoe cuttings may be correlated. Monitoring G s of leaves of cuttings could be used as a non-destructive indicator of storability and quality status. Based on the novel positive preliminary results reported here, a protocol that focuses on minimising water loss should be developed and optimised for kalanchoe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Epicuticular and intracuticular waxes from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana were analyzed. All wax mixtures were found to contain approximately equal amounts of triterpenoids and very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) derivatives. The triterpenoid fraction consisted of glutinol (8–19% of the total wax) and friedelin (4–9%), together with smaller amounts of glutanol, glutinol acetate, epifriedelanol, germanicol and β-amyrin. The VLCFA derivatives comprised C27–C35 alkanes (19–37% of the total wax), C32–C34 aldehydes (3–7%), C32 and C34 fatty acids (0.2–3%), C26–C36 primary alcohols (4–8%), and C42–C52 alkyl esters (2–9%). The wax layers were found to differ in triterpenoid amounts, with the intracuticular wax containing higher percentages of most triterpenoids than the epicuticular wax. Friedelin, the only triterpenoid ketone present, showed the opposite distribution with higher proportions in the epicuticular wax. VLCFA derivatives also accumulated to higher percentages in the epicuticular than in the intracuticular wax layer. Epicuticular wax crystals were observed on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana transformed with rol genes, termed root-inducing (Ri) lines, which had been produced through transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes wild-type strain ATCC15834, were tested for their postharvest performance. Flower longevity, ethylene sensitivity and display quality varied among control and chemical growth retarded plants and the Ri lines. Both chemical growth retardation and transformation with rol genes reduced the number of flowers in comparison to control plants. Detached single flowers of the two Ri lines tested, Ri line 306 and 331, had a longevity, defined as the stage where the flowers were 70% open, of 32 and 34d, respectively, whereas chemical growth retarded and control plants had a longevity of 28 and 26d, respectively. Ri line 331 had the significantly longest display life of 34d to reach the stage of losing the ornamental value of the whole plant, defined as 10% wilted flowers. The corresponding display life of control and chemical retarded plants and plants of Ri line 306 was 25d. The opening of the flowers was more synchronous in the Ri lines than control plants. Exposed to ethylene, the flowers of the Ri lines exhibited reduced responsiveness whereas chemical growth retarded and control plants were sensitive. Possible mechanisms behind the improved postharvest performance of plants transformed with rol genes are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Previously, we reported the immunosuppressive action of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Kp) in mice. In the present study, we report on the protective effect of Kp in fatal anaphylactic shock, likewise a Th2-driven immunopathology, and the identification of its active component. Mice daily treated with oral Kp during hypersensitization with ovalbumin were all protected against death when challenged with the allergen, as compared with the 100% mortality in the untreated group. A single intraperitoneal dose 3 h prior to challenge was partially effective. Oral protection was accompanied by a reduced production of OVA-specific IgE antibodies, reduced eosinophilia, and impaired production of the IL-5, IL-10 and TNF-α cytokines. In vitro, Kp prevented antigen-induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release. Oral treatment with the quercitrin flavonoid isolated from Kp prevented fatal anaphylaxis in 75% of the animals. These findings indicate that oral treatment with Kp effectively downmodulates pro-anaphylactic inducing immune responses. Protection achieved with quercitrin, although not maximal, suggests that this flavonoid is a critical component of Kp extract against this extreme allergic reaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recirculating subirrigation systems are frequently exposed to the risk of plant pathogens transmission, which may deteriorate the growth and quality of the plants. The transmission of Phytophthora nicotianae was examined using Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cv. New Alter in two recirculating subirrigation systems, a nutrient-flow wick culture (NFW) system and an ebb and flow (EBB) system. When the nutrient solution was infested, the pathogen was recovered from roots in both subirrigation systems. However, foliar blights and browning of roots appeared 4 and 7 weeks, respectively, after inoculation in the EBB system. Only a little discoloration appeared in the NFW system. The fresh and dry weights were lower in the EBB system than in the NFW system. When growing medium was inoculated, the pathogen was unable to be isolated from the plants in the NFW system. However, disease symptoms appeared in the EBB system 4 weeks after inoculation, and the pathogen was observed in the basal leaves and roots. Similar to the infested nutrient solution, the plant growth in the EBB system was inhibited. These results suggested that when the nutrient solution was infested, pathogen transmission could occur in plants in both systems, although differences existed with regard to disease symptoms and the time it took for symptoms to appear. However, we observed that when growing medium was inoculated the pathogen was not transmitted to adjacent plants in the NFW system using wick. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purification of the cytotoxic fractions of the methanol extracts of Kalanchoe hybrida leads to three new compounds with the basic skeleton of α-pyrone ring-opening products of bufadienolides, namely, kalanhybrin A–C (1–3). Moreover, four bufadienolides (4–7) and eight other compounds were also characterized from the title plant. The isolated compounds (1–7) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity toward MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268 tumor cell lines. Among them, compounds 4 and 6 displayed significant cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 and NCI-H460 tumor cell lines at the tested concentration. In addition, the biosynthetic pathway of these α-pyrone ring-opening derivatives was also proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The importance of flavonoids for the antileishmanial activity of Kalanchoe pinnata was previously demonstrated by the isolation of quercitrin, a potent antileishmanial flavonoid. In the present study, the aqueous leaf extract from the medicinal plant K. pinnata (Crassulaceae) afforded a kaempferol di-glycoside, named kapinnatoside, identified as kaempferol 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→2) α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1). In addition, two unusual flavonol and flavone glycosides already reported, quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl (1→2) α-l-rhamnopyranoside (2) and 4′,5-dihydroxy-3′,8-dimethoxyflavone 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), have been isolated. Their structures were determined via analyses of mono and bi-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic experiments and HR-MALDI mass spectra. Because of its restricted occurrence and its abundance in K. pinnata, flavonoid (2) may be a chemical marker for this plant species of high therapeutic potential. The three flavonoids were tested separately against Leishmania amazonenis amastigotes in comparison with quercitrin, quercetin and afzelin. The quercetin aglycone – type structure, as well as a rhamnosyl unit linked at C-3, seem to be important for antileishmanial activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Kalanchoe crenata Andr. (Crassulaceae) is a fleshy herbaceous plant used in the African traditional medicine as remedies against otitis, headache, inflammations, convulsions and general debility. In the present work, the analgesic effects of methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) (CH2Cl2/CH3OH) extract and its hexane, methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions and aqueous residue have been evaluated using acetic acid, formalin and pressure test. The anticonvulsant effects of the CH2Cl2/CH3OH extract were also investigated on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ 70mg/kg), strychnine sulphate (STN 2.5mg/kg) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC 50mg/kg). CH2Cl2/CH3OH extract and its fractions, administered orally at the doses of 150 and 300mg/kg, exhibited protective effect of at least 30% on the pain induced by acetic acid. The CH2Cl2 fraction at 300mg/kg showed a maximal effect of 78.49%. The CH2Cl2/CH3OH extract and its CH2Cl2 fraction at the doses of 150 and 300mg/kg significantly reduced the first phase of pain induced by formalin while the second phase was completely inhibited. The CH2Cl2 fraction produced more than 45% reduction in the sensitivity to pain induced by pressure. The CH2Cl2/CH3OH extract of Kalanchoe crenata significantly increased the latency period in seizures induced by PTZ and significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by the three convulsant agents. The extract protected 20% of animals against death in seizures induced by TSC and STN. These results suggest a peripheral and central analgesic activities as well as an anticonvulsant effect of the leaves of Kalanchoe crenata. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata have crenate margins with each notch bearing a dormant bud competent to develop into a healthy plantlet. Leaf detachment is a common signal for inducing two contrastingly different leaf-based processes, i.e. epiphyllous bud development into plantlet and foliar senescence. To investigate differentiation of bud and its correlation, if any, with foliar senescence, thidiazuron (TDZ), having cytokinin activity and ethrel (ETH), an ethylene releasing compound, were employed. The experimental system was comprised of marginal leaf discs, each harbouring an epiphyllous bud. Most of the growth characteristics of plantlet developing from the epiphyllous bud were significantly inhibited by TDZ but promoted by ETH. The two regulators modulated senescence in a manner different for leaf discs and plantlet leaves. Thus, TDZ caused a complete retention whereas ETH a complete loss of chlorophyll in the leaf discs. In contrast, the former resulted in a complete depletion of chlorophyll from the plantlet leaves producing an albino effect, while the latter reduced it by 50% only. In combined dispensation of the two regulators, the effect of TDZ was expressed in majority of responses studied. The results presented in this investigation clearly show that the foliar processes of epiphyllous bud differentiation and senescence are interlinked as TDZ that delayed senescence inhibited epiphyllous bud differentiation and ETH that hastened senescence promoted it. A working hypothesis to interpret responsiveness of the disc–bud composite on lines of a source–sink duo, has been proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To compliment the current subirrigation systems used for production of potted plants, a nutrient-flow wick culture (NFW) system was developed and compared with other subirrigation systems, such as an ebb and flow culture (EBB) system and a nutrient-stagnant wick culture (NSW) system in relation to their system characteristics and plant growth. Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cv. New Alter) was cultivated in a 6cm pot for 10 weeks in each subirrigation system. The water-absorption pattern of the medium, water content of the medium, water loss, algal growth, salt-buildup and plant growth under various culture systems were observed. The water contents of medium under the NFW and EBB systems showed fluctuations from 30 to 40% and from 50 to 60% (by volume), respectively, whereas the water content under the NSW system gradually increased to over 40% without fluctuation. Relative to other systems, the water loss in the NFW system was 50–70% due to the reduction in the evaporation from the surfaces of the trough and medium. Algae appeared in the NSW system because the nutrient solution was always stagnant in the trough, while it was not observed under the NFW system. The dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution was the highest during the irrigation period and the salinity in the medium was the lowest in the NFW system. With regard to system characteristics, the NFW system was simple, water-saving and efficient. In addition, the growth of kalanchoes in the NFW system was similar to those in the NSW and EBB systems at an irrigation frequency of five times a day. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Kalanchoë blossfeldiana varieties with orange, pink, red and magenta flowers were found to contain 3,5-O-β-d-diglucosides of pelargonidin, cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin. Pink, red and magenta varieties contained relatively high amounts of quercetin based flavonols. Four distinct quercetin flavonols were identified, namely quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside and three that were quercetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnoside based, with either glucose, xylose or arabinose attached to position 2 of the rhamnose. In addition, the presence of at least three kaempferol based diglycosides was suggested from LC–MS analyses. Orange varieties contained very low amounts of flavonol co-pigments and of delphinidin derivatives. The flower extracts of the varieties ‘Diva’ (magenta) and ‘Molly’ (red) had identical anthocyanin ratios but differed significantly in flavonol content. The magenta variety contained four times as much quercetin relative to anthocyanidin as the red variety. This difference was mainly due to a larger content of quercetin 3-O-(2″-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-l-rhamnopyranoside). Based on pigment and co-pigment analyses, approaches for molecular breeding towards blue flower colour are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The saline leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was investigated on neuropharmacological activities to ascertain claims of local use. When tested in mice, it produced a dose-dependent prolongation of onset and duration of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, reduction of exploratory activities in the head-dip and evasion tests. Moreover, a dose-dependent muscle in-coordination was observed in the inclined screen, traction and climbing tests. It delayed onset to convulsion in both strychnine- and picrotoxin-induced seizures in addition to minimal protection against picrotoxin seizures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To characterise the phytotherapeutic tocolytic Bryophyllum pinnatum in vitro versus the conventional betamimetic, fenoterol, in human myometrium. Study design: Contractility (endpoints: area under the curve (AUC), amplitude and frequency of isometric force development) was measured in strips of term myometrium biopsied at caesarean section in 14 women and exposed to increasing concentrations of B. pinnatum versus fenoterol±oxytocin 1 U/l. Results: Inhibition of spontaneous contraction by B. pinnatum was concentration-dependent: 16% at maximum concentration (104 mg/l), or 53% that with fenoterol 5×10−8 mol/l. B. pinnatum increased contraction frequency by 91% at constant amplitude and inhibited oxytocin-stimulated contractions by 20% (AUC) at constant amplitude with slightly decreased frequency. Fenoterol decreased contraction AUC by 50% with a significant decrease in frequency. Conclusion: Our in vitro data confirm the tocolytic activity of B. pinnatum observed in alternative medicine centres and may justify further clinical studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. is naturalized throughout the hot and moist parts of India. Juice of the fresh leaves is used very effectively for the treatment of jaundice in folk medicines of Bundelkhand region of India. The juice of the leaves and the ethanolic extract of the marc left after expressing the juice were studied in rats against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. The test material was found effective as hepatoprotective as evidenced by in vitro, in vivo and histopathological studies. The juice was found more effective than ethanolic extract. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Biosynthesis of AgNPs carried out using Kalanchoe pinnata leaves extract. • The developed AgNPs having a size of ~38 nm are crystalline and nearly spherical. • AgNPs controlled by physicochemical parameters exhibit photocatalytic activity. • Industrial dye rhodamine B degraded by AgNPs under UV irradiation and in the dark. • AgNPs exhibits antibacterial properties against gram-negative bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via green synthesis using a new herbal plant Kalanchoe pinnata (known as life plant) leaves. Effects of physicochemical parameters like temperature, pH and concentration on AgNPs were examined, and the absorption spectra were observed due to strong surface plasmon resonance. The crystalline nature and stability of AgNPs were confirmed by XRD pattern and zeta potential, respectively. The morphology of AgNPs was studied using FESEM and HRTEM. AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against the gram-negative E. Coli bacteria and photocatalytic activity in the degradation of rhodamine B dye with a reaction rate constant of 0.042 min−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The elicitation of plant suspension cultured cells of Bryophyllum spp. was performed. • Untargeted metabolomics reveals the elicitation-mediated metabolic fingerprinting. • Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid show a genotype-dependent effect on cell metabolome. • Elicitation affects mostly phenylpropanoid, glucosinolate and terpenoid biosynthesis. • This approach unveils the biosynthetic potential of Bryophyllum medicinal plants. In this work, the combination of elicited plant suspension cultured cells (PSCCs) with untargeted metabolomics establishes a powerful, cutting-edge strategy to unravel the effects of elicitors on the biosynthetic potential of medicinal plants, as Bryophyllum sp. The PSCC technology constitutes a successful biotechnological system for the study and production of bioactive compounds throughout the inclusion of elicitors with the ability to modulate secondary metabolism. The use of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) as abiotic elicitors on bryophyllum PSCCs, resulted in differential effects on cell growth and secondary metabolism, depending on the species, including synergistic and antagonistic effects. This fact suggests that both elicitors play a pleiotropic effect on plant secondary metabolism, showing complex interactions, according to the UHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry profiling. Thus, the combination of both elicitors induced a strong synergistic on B. daigremontianum PSCCs, with 2272 putatively annotated compounds, whereas it caused a negative effect on the secondary metabolism of B. × houghtonii PSCCs, being MJ the only elicitor driving a positive effect, presenting 2972 annotated compounds. Meanwhile, B. tubiflorum PSCCs did not show a significant modulation of secondary metabolism, with 1521 annotated compounds. The metabolite annotation indicated that three families of secondary metabolites were mainly affected by elicitation: phenolic compounds constituted the most affected family by elicitation, mainly represented by flavonoids and lignans; N-containing compounds included glucosinolates, amines, and alkaloids, reported to Bryophyllum sp. for the first time; and terpenoids included mainly phytoalexins and saponins. The results depict a deep genotype-dependent metabolomic reprogramming of secondary metabolism in response to elicitors, thanks to the application of untargeted metabolomics. This knowledge will allow the consideration of Bryophyllum sp. as a valuable source of bioactive compounds, with the potential associated to PSCCs, for being included in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]