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Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are considered effective tissue-engineered scaffolds for regenerative medicine because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. ECM-mimicking biomaterials preserve natural microstructures and matrix-related bioactive components and undergo continuous matrix remodeling upon transplantation. The interaction between host immune cells and transplanted ECM-mimicking biomaterials has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Transplantation of biomaterials may initiate injuries and early pro-inflammation reactions characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Pro-inflammation reactions may lead to degradation of the transplanted biomaterial and drive the matrix into a fetal-like state. ECM degradation leads to the release of matrix-related bioactive components that act as signals for cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In late stages, pro-inflammatory cells fade away, and anti-inflammatory cells emerge, which involves macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype and leukocyte activation to T helper 2 (Th2) cells. These anti-inflammatory cells interact with each other to facilitate matrix deposition and tissue reconstruction. Deposited ECM molecules serve as vital components of the mature tissue and influence tissue homeostasis. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling results in several pathological conditions, such as aggressive inflammation, difficult healing, and non-functional fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are effectively used as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling can cause various pathological conditions. Here, the review describes the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. We believe that understanding host immune responses to matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials is important for directing effective tissue regeneration of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Considering the close relationship between immune response and matrix remodeling results, we highlight the need for studies of the effects of clinical characteristics on matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials. Schematic of ideal pro-regenerative matrix remodeling induced by host immune cells in the context of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. After the transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials, ECM is remodeled into a fetal-like state for pro-regenerative reactions and then switch to a mature state for tissue homeostasis and function recovery. Neutrophils, Macrophage and Th cells are main cell types responsible for matrix remodeling during tissue regeneration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Superfine wheat bran increased the hardness and brightness of bread crumb. • Bran fortification up to 20% was overall acceptable to consumers (score > 6) • Superfine wheat bran retarded bread staling. • Superfine wheat bran decreased releasing rate of glucose during bread digestion. • Superfine wheat bran increased releasing rate of antioxidants during digestion. To investigate the impact of superfine grinding of wheat bran on bread quality, antioxidant and nutritional properties, bran with different particle sizes (coarse, D 50 of 362.3 μm; medium, 60.4 μm; superfine, 11.3 μm) were produced and fortified to white bread at three levels (10, 20 and 30%). At 20% fortification, compared to coarse bran, superfine bran increased the hardness and reduced the brightness of bread crumb by 56.3 and 3.30%, respectively, while it decreased bread's cell size by 10.7% and insignificantly impacted on bread's specific volume and porosity. Superfine bran retarded bread staling by 8.3% than coarse bran. It resulted in significantly better sensory attributes of bread in taste, texture and general palatability, and the fortified bread was overall acceptable (score > 6). Moreover, faster release of antioxidants (285–353% higher k), slower release of glucose (10.8% lower k), 3.76% less rapidly digestible starch, 5.65% more slowly digestible starch and 13.2% more resistant starch were found in the superfine group than the coarse one. Results demonstrated the potential of 20% fortification of superfine bran in developing fibre-enriched bread with satisfactory quality, increased antioxidant property and improved glycaemic modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wheat bran micronization increased aleurone cells disruption. • Wheat bran micronization increased phenolic acids liberation. • Wheat bran micronization increased water-extractable arabinoxylan content. • Wheat bran micronization increased antioxidant activities. • Wheat bran micronization decreased dough extensibility. This study aimed to investigate the effect of wheat bran micronization on its functionality including physicochemical and antioxidant properties, and dough properties. Coarse bran (D 50 = 362.3 ± 20.5 μm) was superfine ground to medium (D 50 = 60.4 ± 10.1 μm) and superfine (D 50 = 11.3 ± 2.6 μm) bran, accompanied with increasing specific surface area and breakdown of aleurone layers. Bran micronization increased its soluble dietary fibre content, ferulic acid liberation, and antioxidant properties including total polyphenol content, ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging activities, while decreased its water retention capacity and insoluble dietary fibre content. Moreover, bran micronization impacted dough rheological properties. The dough with superfine bran had higher water absorption and gelatinization temperature, peak viscosity, final viscosity and setback value, lower stability time, resistance to extension, and extensibility than the dough with coarse bran. This dough furthermore exhibited more solid-like properties characterized by decreased loss moduli and frequency dependence (n'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the synergistic disinfection efficacy of low concentration electrolyzed water (LcEW) (free available chlorine, 4 mg/L) combined with brief heat enhancement was evaluated and the bactericidal mechanism was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on organic carrot were fitted with Weibull model to evaluate the synergistic effects. LcEW is effective at inactivating E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium on organic carrots, and the efficacy is dependent on the temperature. The combined treatment with LcEW at 80 °C resulted in decimal reduction time (T R) of 7.42 and 3.27 s for E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, respectively. The reactive oxygen species generated from LcEW were responsible for the microbial inactivation. In addition, AFM observation of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium revealed morphological alterations in the bacterial cell structure, which illustrated the damage of cell membrane injury and intracellular component leakage. Quality attributes of carrot treated with LcEW and short-time heating (70 °C, 1 min) were not significantly different from controls. Compared to the control group, the combined treatment exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) greater inhibition of naturally occurring microbiota on organic carrots during storage at 4 °C. Consequently, the application of LcEW combined with short-time heat improved safety of organic carrot, without negatively affecting the sensory properties, which can be explored by the organic industry. • Electrolyzed water inactivated E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in organic carrot. • Weibull model satisfactorily described the nonlinear survival kinetics of the pathogens. • Rising temperatures and electrolyzed water dramatically reduced the T R value. • Natural microflora on organic carrot were inactivated as well. • AFM images of EW treated bacteria cells revealed severe damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]