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[Display omitted] • Types and point of sources of solid wastes in leather industry evaluated. • Potential of pyrolysis and gasification for tanneries wastes are analyzed. • The conversion of waste into value added products with economic potential. • Maturity level of waste management technologies is Enlighted for research. • Importance of environmental impact and circular economy of leather industry is mentioned. In today's economy, the leather industry is one of the most important manufacturing industries in the world. Mismanaging solid waste in tanneries is the most significant challenge of the environment to achieving sustainability in developing countries. Poor solid waste management strategies negatively impact the environment and affect people on health in and around tanneries. For the generation of sustainable renewable energy from solid leather waste, this review has a focus on (a) various solid waste generated and points of generations in the leather industry, (b) emerging thermal treatment (pyrolysis and gasification) of this solid leather waste to convert into valuable products and energy (c) Chrome treatment of the solid leather waste and their maturity in the form of technology readiness level is examined, (d) it offers the extraction of secondary feedstock in the circular economy context which can be used in other industrial processes. The biochar production is about 71% of tanneries sludge is estimated using the pyrolysis process. In the end, the future research gap and outlook to generate energy from solid leather waste is also highlighted. This novel study will be a helpful document to assist scholars, researchers, and stakeholders in working with efficient and sustainable actions and strategies to combat leather solid waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Pakistan has been facing an electricity shortage since the year 2005, which is negatively affecting the country's agricultural, industrial, and services sectors growth. In this study, Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP®) software was used for forecasting energy mix of Pakistan for the period of 2022–2050 under the baseline and transformation scenarios. Baseline scenario emphasizes to enhance the share of hydro while transformation scenario emphasizes to enhance the share of biomass in total energy mix of Pakistan. Transformation scenario is recommended because hydro plants will retire in future and delay in construction of new hydro plants is noticed due to limited budget. In this regard, electrical energy is harvested using biomass based distributed power generation (BBDPG) for the sustainable economic development of Pakistan. The aggregate capacity of biomass is used which includes agriculture residue, forest residue, municipal waste, and animal waste. The results of this study show that the share of hydro at around 54.09% (614.14 TWh) is dominated over other renewable sources in the baseline scenario, whereas, in transformation scenario the share of biomass at around 33.3% (378 TWh) is dominated over other renewable sources till 2050. Pakistan could generate a total of 1135.20 TWh energy units in 2050, which would be enough to meet the future energy demand of 966.05 TWh by 2050. • Modeling of Pakistan's energy systems for the period 2022 to 2050. • Create balance between power demand and supply for economic development. • Role of biomass in energy mix is significant. • Provide sufficient power at competitive price and avoid capacity shortfall. • Proposed an energy policy for achieving renewable energy supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...