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[Display omitted] Diabetic ulcers present a formidable obstacle in diabetes management, typically leading to high mortality and amputation rates. To overcome traditional monotherapy drawbacks, We developed a novel microneedle strategy for combined antimicrobial action: ingeniously integrating quercetin with Platelet-derived Growth Factor-BB(PDGF-BB) and Sucrose Octasulfate(SOS) into the microneedle system(QPS MN). This method allows to penetrate through biofilms, administering quercetin nanocrystals and PDGF-BB deep into the tissue to combat microbial infection, mitigate inflammation, and promote angiogenesis. The accompanying backing material contains SOS, which absorbs wound exudate and forms a dressing that provides a moist environment for wound healing In an in vitro wound-scratch assay demonstrated that co-cultivating Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells(HUVEC) with QPS MN for 48 h (90.3 ± 2.51 %) significantly enhanced cell migration compared to the control group (20.2 ± 1.41 %). Moreover, treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wounds in rats with QPS MN for 14 days resulted in a wound healing rate of 96.56 ± 3.44 %, far surpassing the healing rate of only 40.34 ± 7.26 % observed in the untreated control group. Furthermore, the QPS MN treated wounds exhibited a notable increase in skin appendages and neovascularisation, indicating promising potential for achieving complete wound healing. These results suggest that QPS MN may offer substantial therapeutic benefits for addressing diabetic wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation research on Latine migrant workers has increased in the past decade, revealing the difficulties that can arise for migrants who are often undocumented, isolated, and subject to unfair treatment at work. This study focuses on the transportation experiences and challenges of migrants from Latin America residing in the largely rural border state of Vermont. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Latine migrant workers to better understand their mobility and quality of life. We find that the legal landscape and resource access (including drivers' licenses, personal vehicles, and personal networks) are major contributors to rural migrant workers' mobility, which in turn contributes to quality of life. Difficulty accessing transportation was not strongly tied to financial resources, instead stemming from a lack of knowledge of transportation resources as well as legal and social contexts that prevent participants from feeling safe when leaving their homes. Driver privilege cards increased independence and mobility for many migrant workers interviewed, although some respondents shared that feelings of safety diminish the closer one gets to the U.S.-Canada border. All participants without a car and license reported paying for " raites " to get from one place to another. Our findings highlight the importance of individual transportation access for migrant workers living in a rural context. Expanding access to permissive driver's licensing laws and investing in organizations and programs that strengthen community ties and improve information dissemination (including native language options) are crucial to making mobility and community resources accessible to all migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of petroleum migration routes and reservoir filling processes is feasible by applying carbazoles or xanthones as molecular migration tracers. To verify their utility, a well-constrained migration route was chosen for this study: the petroleum migration along the Veslefrikk and Oseberg East fields until reaching the Statfjord Formation compartment within the Brage field in the Norwegian North Sea. This migration route comprises an ideal test case because the oil is sourced from the same kitchen area, yielding very similar oil families in all three fields, and because the maturity remains within the main oil window, below 0.9 Ro % vitrinite reflectance equivalence. Different methodologies applied by two laboratories, from sample preparation to analytical methods, yielded identical results of migration direction and route using the benzocarbazole ratio ([a]/([a]+[c]), thus underlining practicability and robustness of this molecular migration parameter. The benzocarbazole ratio (BCR) in this study was neither affected by source rock facies, and/or biodegradation. A thermal maturity effect on BCR is considered here to be of only subordinate impact whereas it substantially affects benzocarbazole concentrations. The BCR declined from values of 0.68 at onset of migration to 0.42 at end of migration, whereby the absolute concentrations of benzocarbazoles in parallel declined by a factor of 10, from 5000 to 500 ng/g oil. The distribution and concentration of methylxanthones evolved comparable to that of benzocarbazoles. The methylxanthones ratios (MXR) from onset of migration until reaching the Brage field declined from a value of 0.85 to 0.42. The benzocarbazoles and methylxanthones, like other geo/biomarkers, preferentially reflect the first charge of the most polar and least mature oil delivered upon petroleum migration and could help to understand the reservoir filling history. Migrating oils derived from the Sogn Graben kitchen entered the Veslefrikk oil field first and continued until the structure was filled to spill point. Thereafter, migration continued to the Oseberg East oil field and after reaching spill point there it continued to the Brage field and its Statfjord formation compartment. The complex migration route represents a classical fill to spill scenario and benzocarbazole fractionation upon migration delineates the initial filling trends. The maturity values of crude oils are in the mid-oil window and show trends of covariance with the molecular migration indicators, thus proving to be supporting tracers in a classical fill to spill scenario, where maturity values are lowest when migration distances are greatest. This is due to the first expelled oil being of lowest thermal maturity entering the nearest reservoir first and then being displaced into farther reservoirs along the migration route upon arrival of later oil (more mature) charges. • Distribution of polar petroleum component classes of benzocarbazoles and methylated xanthones enable reconstruction of migration and filling history of the Brage field, North Sea. • Benzocarbazoles distributions in the Veslefrikk, Oseberg East, and Brage field oils are controlled by migration and are unaffected by maturity, facies or biodegradation effects. • Quality assurance of molecular migration tracers via synthesis of studies by two laboratories and comparison with published data identifies carbazoles as robust migration markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing robot control models suffer from poor generalization performance due to varied tasks between manipulators, configuration differences, and physical limits of motion. To address this problem, a multiplatform migration control framework (MPMC-frame) based on a constrained dynamics model is proposed in this paper. First, a model of the robotic manipulator dynamics with configuration adjustment (CA) is constructed based on a neural network to unify the physical joint data of different manipulators. Second, the model-based controller that can be integrated into the framework is designed, and the constraint on the upper bound on the error of uncertain parameters in the control law to guarantee the control robustness and accuracy of the controller for different manipulator platforms. Final, the generic potential function is designed based on multiplatform task requirements, and a task parameter table is constructed to improve the joint motion control performance of MPMC-frame. The feasibility of the method proposed in this paper are verified through simulations and experiments based on the ABB_irb120 and AUBO_i5 robotic manipulators. • Dynamics modeling of robotic arm with configuration adjustment based on neural networks. • An generalized robust controller designed based on the dynamic networks. • Different operational tasks were designed to validate the feasibility of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of starch and starch-based materials determine additives migration from material matrix. Propionylated starch derived from waxy, normal, G50 and G80 starch were selected as the matrix, the amylose effect on plasticizer (triacetin) migration as well as structural changes in hydrophobic starch-based films were discussed. The constant (k 1) of first-order rate and initial release rate (V 0) of triacetin migration were consistent with the increment of amylose content. Meanwhile, diffusion model disclosed that Fick's second law was apposite to characterize the short-term migration of triacetin, and larger diffusion coefficient (D) values of short- and long-term migration were also found in films with higher amylose content, indicating that amylose-formed structures were in favor of triacetin migration. In comparison of propionylated amylopectin, Van der Waals's interactions between propionylated amylose and triacetin were easier to be weakened with the migration of triacetin, which promoted the decrease of wavenumber of C-O-C, and enlarged the inter-planner spacing of crystalline structures, promoting the formation of amorphous structures and wrinkles and embossments in films with higher amylose content. This work confirmed that regulating the structures of starch were effective to control the migration behavior of additives from starch-based films. • Triacetin migration from starch-based films followed first-order diffusion model. • Starch-based film with higher amylose content showed larger diffusion coefficient. • Strong relaxation of amylose promoted the migration behavior. • Triacetin migration caused crystallite destructions in amylose-rich film. • Amorphous structures were gradually formed in all hydrophobic starch-based films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dead end gene has been identified as a essential factor for Primordial germ cells (PGCs) migration and survival in many species, but its role in Monopterus albus is unclear. In order to clarify the function of dead end gene in M.albus PGCs migration and survival, we first characterized the expression profile of M.albus dead end (Madnd) in developing embryos and various tissues. qRT-PCR revealed that Madnd transcripts were exclusively detected in gonad, including ovary, testis and ovotestis.Embryos injected with a Madnd morpholino (Madnd-MO) exhibited down-regulation of the vasa gene. Furthermore, the GFP signal show the PGCs migration in control group were injected with GFP-nanos3 3′-UTR mRNA for visualization, as described in a previous study, yet it was disappeared after embryos injected with Madnd-MO.Finally, we characterized the genomics sequence of the Madnd gene and designed five gRNAs for genome editing. Three gRNAs were selected for microinjection according to the results of in vitro tests. gRNAd1 was used for microinjection with the Cas9 protein and was confirmed to be effective. Our analysis in this study suggested that Madnd play a key role in PGCs migration and survival in M. albus. These data provide the basis for the production of fast-growing and reproductively M.albus sterile. • Expression profile of Madnd gene in developing embryos and tissues was reported. • Madnd was crucial for PGCs migration and survival in embryos. • Genome editing technology was developed for the further studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial flagellar motor, a remarkable rotary machine, can rapidly switch between counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) rotational directions to control the migration behavior of the bacterial cell. The flagellar motor consists of a bidirectional spinning rotor surrounded by torque-generating stator units. Recent high-resolution in vitro and in situ structural studies have revealed stunning details of the individual components of the flagellar motor and their interactions in both the CCW and CW senses. In this review, we discuss these structures and their implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying flagellar rotation and switching. The bidirectional flagellar motor consists of a rotor ring surrounded by multiple stator units and is controlled by a chemotaxis system that enables bacteria to move to favorable environments. The C-ring, also called the switch complex, can spin in both CCW and CW directions. It has a different diameter and symmetry in different bacteria but shares similar building blocks and conformational changes during directional switching. The stator units form a ring structure surrounding the C-ring. The diameter and symmetry of the stator ring vary across bacterial species to accommodate different C-ring diameters. The stator unit, powered by an ion gradient across the inner membrane, spins in the clockwise sense, driving C-ring rotation. The C-ring alters its interaction sites with the stator ring to enable the directional switch of the flagellar motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the 2005–2014 waves of the American Community Survey –a period characterized by the rapid expansion of interior immigration enforcement initiatives across the United States, we evaluate the impact of a tougher policy environment on undocumented immigrants' fertility. We find that a one standard deviation increases in enforcement lowers childbearing among likely undocumented women by 5%. The effect stems from police-based measures linked to increased deportations, which may raise uncertainty about the future of the family unit and its resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration enforcement policies and negative rhetoric about immigrants harm the psychological well-being of Latinx youth in immigrant families, particularly those who are most vulnerable because of their own or their loved ones' legal status. According to the Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies among Minority Children, discrimination may be one pathway to explain how vulnerability to restrictive immigration policies affects Latinx youth mental health. We collected data from 306 Latinx high school students from immigrant families in Harris County, Texas, and Rhode Island to (1) determine the direct effect of immigration enforcement fear (a proxy for the social position of vulnerable legal status) on adolescents' anxiety; (2) explore the effect of immigration enforcement fear on anxiety through the pathway of perceived discrimination; and (3) test whether the different enforcement climates in the two study sites moderate these pathways. Total anxiety and subscales measuring separation, social, school, generalized, and somatic anxiety subtypes were analyzed. Immigration enforcement fear was related to increased somatic and separation anxiety in both first- and second-generation Latinx adolescents. Perceived discrimination partially mediated the association between immigration enforcement fear and separation and somatic anxiety; data collection site did not moderate these effects. Immigration policies and rhetoric have psychological consequences. Although the adolescents in our study face multiple stressors, immigration enforcement fear may heighten their perception of discrimination, in turn, likely elevating their physiological and family separation anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to use paleomagnetic data to determine the tectonic evolution of the inverted High Atlas basin in the area of the Taguelft syncline. This syncline shows two well defined rock types of Jurassic age: marly limestones and red beds, and therefore provides the opportunity of comparing paleomagnetic results from rocks with different magnetic mineralogy. Forty-three sites, in an area of 250 km2 were the subject of a paleomagnetic and rock magnetic study. Both lithologies display a stable interfolding remagnetization, alternatively carried by magnetite in marly-limestones and hematite in red beds. The small circle intersections (SCI) method applied separately to the mean directions of the two rock types indicate a synchronous record of remagnetization, that can be dated as Mid-Cretaceous (100 Ma) by comparing the direction (SCI) with the expected directions obtained from the Global Apparent Wander Path in African coordinates. Small circle techniques were used to reconstruct the syncline geometry at the remagnetization time. Paleodips quantification reveals that this area behaved as an extension-related mini-basin, with strong control by salt migration, before and during the sedimentation of Bathonian red beds. • Application of paleomagnetism to investigate evolution of the Taguelft mini-basin. • NRM of Jurassic marly-limestones and red beds is dominated by a synfolding remagnetization acquired arround 100Ma and pre-dates the atlasic inversion events. • Two stages of folding are revealed from paleomagnetism and structural analysis. • The first stage is extensional and the second one is linked to basin inversion during the Cenozoic. • The paleogeometry of the Taguelft mini-basin is reconstructed using paleomagnetic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between immigration enforcement and institutionalization rates of the elderly. Exploiting the staggered implementation of the Secure Communities (SC) immigration enforcement program across U.S. counties from 2008 through 2014, we show that SC led to a 0.26 percentage points (6.8 percent) increase in the likelihood that Americans aged 65 and above live in an institution. Supportive of supply shocks in the household services market as a central mechanism, we find that the elderly who are most likely to purchase domestic worker services are also the most likely to move into nursing homes following the implementation of SC. Additionally, we find suggestive evidence of significant reductions in the work hours of housekeepers, personal care aides, and home health workers hinting at the critical role of negative supply shocks in occupations that facilitate aging in community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microtubule cytoskeleton has a well-established, instrumental role in coordinating cell migration. Decades of research has focused on understanding how microtubules couple intracellular trafficking with cortical targeting and spatial organization of signaling to facilitate locomotion. Movement in physically challenging environments requires coordination of forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell shape changes, with microtubules acting to spatially regulate contractility. Recent work has demonstrated that the mechanical properties of microtubules are adaptive to stress, leading to a new understanding of their roles in cell migration. Herein we review new developments in how microtubules sense and adapt to changes in the physical properties of their environment during migration. We frame our discussion around our current understanding of how microtubules target cell–matrix adhesions, and their role in the spatiotemporal coordination of signaling to form mechano feedback loops. We expand on how these mechanisms may influence cell morphology in confined three-dimensional settings, and the importance of locally tuning the mechanical stability of polymers in response to mechanical cues. Finally, we discuss new roles for Golgi-derived microtubules in mechanosensing, and how preferential motor use may influence polymer stability to resist the physical constraints cells experience in confined environments. • Spatiotemporal coordination of microtubules and actin drives cell shape changes. • Spatial organization of polymer stability is essential in migration. • Mechanical properties of microtubules influence their function in migration. • Microtubules play key roles in 3D modes of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Coating composites were prepared via inorganic and organic materials. • Coatings mixture control moisture migration in low-vacuum conditions. • The mechanism of coating controlling moisture migration and dispersion was investigated. Moisture dispersion restricts the long-term use of cementitious materials in vacuum pipeline beams. This study designs a fire-new coating merging organic (silica sol-modified polyacrylate) with inorganic surface modifiers (water glass). The coating on the mortar surface can mitigate its mass loss, with the coating composed of polyacrylate, silica sol, and water glass (in a mass ratio of 72:18:10) being the most promising improvement. This interpenetrating organic–inorganic network structure penetrates into mortar and reacts with hydration products to produce new substances and more dense structure. These findings provide valuable insights into enhancing the durability of cementitious materials under low-vacuum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transport capacity is controlled by structural morphology, sandstone and fluid properties. • Charging condition and transport capacity jointly control the effective migration channel range. • Effective migration channels contribute to most large-scale lateral hydrocarbon migration. Preferential hydrocarbon migration pathways are of great significance to reveal and predict large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation. However, hydrocarbon migration within heterogeneous sandstone carriers is highly complex and involves geological and technical uncertainties. In this study, the hydrocarbon flow coefficient (C hf) considering the sandstone heterogeneity and fluid properties was first defined to quantify the seepage performance of sandstone carriers using experimental, geological and geophysical techniques. Through two-dimensional numerical simulation, the hydrocarbon convergence coefficient (C hc) was proposed to characterize the differential hydrocarbon convergence controlled by structural morphology. These two parameters were then integrated into the hydrocarbon transport coefficient (C ht) to comprehensively evaluate the hydrocarbon transport capacity of sandstone carrier, and finally combined with the charging conditions to determine the effective migration channels. The Pinghu Formation in the Pinghu slope belt of Xihu Depression, East China Sea Basin, characterized by large-scale lateral migration of hydrocarbons, is selected as a case study. The results demonstrate that only sandstone carriers with C ht values greater than 10 cm2/s and extensive contact with mature source rocks can serve as effective migration channels. In the effective channels with insufficient hydrocarbon supply, the migration intensity decreases rapidly and only small-scale hydrocarbon migration occurs, while the effective channels with sufficient hydrocarbon supply are accompanied by large-scale hydrocarbon occurrence and the migration intensity weakens slowly. Consequently, three effective channels conducive to hydrocarbon migration were determined in the sandstone carrier units of Pinghu Formation. The quantitative method in this study can be used to predict preferential hydrocarbon migration pathways and reduce exploration risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin, the East Sea (Sea of Japan), preserves complex structural and stratigraphic architectures produced by a multistage tectonic evolution in response to the Cenozoic convergence of the Indian and Pacific/Philippine Sea Plates to the Eurasian Plate. However, the origin, geometry, kinematics, and interrelationship of geological structures that evolved through the multistage tectonic deformation remain elusive, particularly regarding the role of structural inheritance in the evolution of the basin. Based on comprehensive 2D and 3D multichannel seismic reflection and well data, we present structural interpretations of regional-scale faults, folds, and growth strata in the southwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin, with a focus on inherited fault reactivation. In addition, a revisited deformation framework is proposed, involving back-arc extension/normal faulting (stage 1: ca. 23 to 15 Ma), positive inversion/reverse faulting (stage 2: 15 to 10.6 Ma), and strike-slip faulting/local transpression (stage 3: 10.6 Ma to present). Here, we illustrate how the reverse reactivation and propagation of segmented NE–SW normal faults and subsequent strike-slip movement have led to the complex structural and stratigraphic architectures presently evident in the study area. Notably, the final overprinting of a strike-slip deformation on the inherited NE–SW faults during deformation stage 3 has caused significantly damaged stepovers and tips, in which secondary faults and folds might control hydrocarbon migration/trapping and leakage. In this context, we suggest that the gentle antiformal Gorae Ⅰ structure is linked in origin to the Gorae Ⅴ structure, bearing a commercially viable gas trap as a detachment fold system formed by local transpression during deformation stage 3. Our comprehensive 3D structural seismic interpretation increases the understanding of Cenozoic multistage deformation, highlighting the impact of different tectonic drivers affecting the eastern marginal sea of the Eurasian Plate. [Display omitted] • 3D seismic interpretation for detailed structural analysis • Role of inherited structures in accommodating sequential deformations • Strike-slip dominant deformation related to the neotectonics of the East Sea • Possibility of hydrocarbon redistribution during fault reactivations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Co 2 P semiconductors are obtained from in situ phosphorylation of CoV-LDH, functioning as the main active center in photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Co 2 P semiconductors are proven to accelerate the rate of hydrogen evolution by enriching the active sites of the catalyst. Additionally, numerous negatively-charged P atoms can trap active protons, thus improving the kinetics of hydrogen evolution. To directionally control the carrier migration, a highly efficient and stable surface-phosphorized CoV-LDH/Co 2 P cocatalyst is further synthesized by modifying CoV-LDH with different phosphorylation ratios. As a result, the optimized P-CoV-LDH photocatalyst had a hydrogen evolution activity of 434.5 μmol, which is 32.57 times that of the single catalyst CoV-LDH, 60.77 times that of P-V-LDH, and 1.4 times that of P-Co-LDH, respectively. This work paves the way to precisely design noble-metal-free cocatalysts through selective phosphorylation. • In situ surface phosphorization CoV-LDH generate Co 2 P cocatalyst to facilitate photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. • A new idea for the rational design of phosphorylation modifications to improve hydrogen precipitation performance. • Co 2 P active site was derived from CoV-LDH phosphating and the hydrogen evolution activity was increased. • The hydrogen evolution rate of P-CoV-LDH composites is 32.57 times higher than that of CoV-LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Val d'Agri is a seismically active intermontane basin in southern Italy known for hosting the largest on-shore hydrocarbon reservoir in western Europe. Despite extensive study of the basin, important questions remain regarding fluid circulation and the possible link between deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, faults, natural and induced seismicity, and gas migration towards the surface. To address some of these issues we performed near-surface gas geochemistry and structural geology surveys throughout the basin at both the regional and local scale. While carbon dioxide data are due to shallow, biological processes in the soil, anomalous results for other gas species are interpreted as being linked to structural discontinuities. Coincident methane and ethane anomalies, which imply a deep thermogenic origin, occur primarily in the northern part of the Val d'Agri basin. The most dominant alignment of these gases starts from a surface hydrocarbon seep and extends above a buried, NE-SW-striking fault that transects the valley. In contrast, radon anomalies are localized in the southern part of the basin along the western border, in correspondence with the Monti della Maddalena Fault System (MMFS) and a cluster of background natural seismicity. The origin and implications of the observed anomalies are discussed. • Gas geochemistry / structural surveys were performed at Val d'Agri, host of Europe's largest onshore hydrocarbon reservoir. • Coincident methane and ethane anomalies along known / inferred faults imply upward migration of reservoir hydrocarbons. • hydrocarbon gas alignment above buried fault shows possible link between exploited reservoirs on either side of the valley. • The correlation between radon anomalies and recent low-level seismicity implies fracture enhanced emanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies in the early 1980s described the leaching behavior of americium (Am) disposed as part of acidic, high-salt processing wastes from the Hanford Site's Plutonium Finishing Plant to nearby surface sediments. Batch leach experiments showed that the Am concentrations followed a linear log [Am] versus pH relationship with a slope of −1. However, column leach experiments in a second study did not follow this relationship, and only ∼30% of the americium was removed even after extensive column leaching. In this study, the 1980s research is re-examined along with previously unpublished information. Additionally, by considering recent published work, a plausible mechanism is proposed to explain these phenomena. Amorphous silica in the contaminated sediments is postulated to be the substrate responsible for both the exchangeable Am available for leaching and the retained, low-leachable Am made evident in the column leach experiments. The exchangeable Am3+ in the contaminated sediment leach experiments behaves with pH dependence similar to that observed for uptake onto amorphous silica of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), barium (Ba2+), cadmium (Cd2+), uranyl (UO 2 2+), ferric (Fe3+), chromic (Cr3+), cupric (Cu2+), plumbous (Pb2+), uranium(IV) (U4+), plutonium(IV) (Pu4+), zirconium (Zr4+), analogue lanthanide (gadolinium, Gd3+, europium, Eu3+, and lutetium, Lu3+) and curium (Cm3+) ions, as well as other studies with Am3+. Correspondingly, the residual low-leachable Am3+ revealed in the column leach experiments is attributed to incorporation of Am3+ within amorphous silica by dynamic Am3+ sorption and silica precipitation processes which occurred under extreme conditions during waste interaction with sediments. • Exchangeable Am3+ likely resides on amorphous silica in acid waste contaminated sediments. • Low-leachable Am3+ is incorporated in amorphous silica by surface sorption and silica precipitation. • Amorphous silica may control solution concentration of many contaminants of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we used basin and petroleum systems modelling (BPSM) of the Inner Moray Firth, UK North Sea to identify the contributions of different source rocks, mixing ratios of accumulated hydrocarbons, and migration pathways of charging the three known fields in the basin – Beatrice, Jacky and Lybster fields. In this study, model scenarios indicate that extensive faulting is a key control on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation, that the accumulations in the basin do not contain Kimmeridge Clay Formation oil, and that they are mixed in a ratio of ∼65:35 Devonian Fish Bed vs Pentland Formation contribution. Migration modelling suggests that Beatrice Field was charged predominantly by proximally sourced hydrocarbons, whereas Jacky and Lybster fields were charged by a near-even mix of proximal and deep-basin hydrocarbons from the Great Glen Sub-Basin. • Modelling shows that the basin is a co-sourced petroleum system. • Devonian Fish Beds and Pentland Formation generate the most hydrocarbons. • The KCF generates little hydrocarbons but is mature in the deeper basin regions. • Charging of the fields, is through both vertical and lateral migration. • Basin is a poor petroleum system due to extensive faulting and basin activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of the pandemic and enforcement at the US and Mexican borders on the emigration of Guatemalans during 2017–2020. During this period, the number of crossings from Guatemala to Mexico fell approximately by 10%, according to the Survey of Migration to the Southern Border of Mexico. Yet, there was a rise of nearly 30% in the number of emigration crossings of male adults travelling with their children. This new trend was partly driven by the recent reduction in the number of children deported from the US. A one-point decrease in the number of children deported from the US to Guatemalan municipalities resulted in 14 additional crossings from Guatemala to Mexico made by adults, and nearly 0.5 more emigration crossings made by adult males travelling with their children. However, the surge of emigrants travelling with their children was also driven by the acute economic shock that Guatemala experienced during the pandemic. During this period, air pollution in the analysed Guatemalan municipalities fell by 4%, night light per capita fell by 15%, and homicide rates fell by 40%. Unlike in previous years, during the pandemic emigrants were fleeing poverty rather than violence. • Article examines emigration crossings from Guatemala to Mexico during 2017–2020. • Emigration crossings from Guatemala fell by 10%. • But crossings by male adults emigrating with their children increased by 30%. • Fewer US child deportations during 2020 increased some of these emigration flows. • In contrast to previous years, emigrants fled economic hardship not violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the uneven impacts that Indigenous and detained migrant populations have endured in Australia in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Australia has one of the most restrictive immigration enforcement systems in the world. Along with imposing practices of mandatory detention in rural and remote regions, the Australian government finances the carceral systems of nearby countries and island nations. These logics of enforcement are embedded within histories and techniques of Indigenous quarantine, incarceration, and colonial erasure. Following Achille Mbembe (2019), I advance a theoretical framework of 'necropolitics as accumulation.' I argue that rather than disposable or 'wasted' populations, those subject to slow violence are within heightened circuits of accumulation. I draw on long-term ethnographic research in Brisbane to emphasize the intensification of governing measures that not only inflict slow death but also make a profit from capitalizing on it. People are kept alive through precarious visa statuses and in prisons, detention centers, camps, remote communities, reserves, and other institutional facilities in relation to their utility for capital, even as death in such spaces is inescapable. In focusing on racial capitalism, I center the differential experiences of Black, Brown, and Indigenous people from COVID-19 in long-standing histories of capitalist exploitation. By attending to the cross-cutting ways in which people are prevented from participating in society, made plain in the pandemic, I call for intersectional advocacy that works towards collective flourishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The intensified international migration pressures of the recent decades prompted many developed countries to revise their immigration regulations and increase border controls. However, the development of these reforms as well as their effectiveness in actually managing immigration flows remain poorly understood. The main reason is that migration regulations are hard to quantify, which has prevented the construction of a universal measure of migration policy. To fill this gap in the literature, we construct an indicator of the restrictiveness of immigration entry policy across countries as well as a more comprehensive indicator of migration policy that also accounts for staying requirements and regulations to foster integration. Specifically, we estimate a Bayesian-state space model to combine all publicly available data sources that are informative on migration policy. This methodology allows us to account for measurement errors in the underlying indicators and increases data availability without imputations or other ad hoc manipulations. The indexes that we obtain are then used to disentangle the factors determining the toughness of migration regulations. Our empirical framework accounts for cross-country correlation in migration policies and combines elements from the median voter and interest group approach. We find strong evidence of spatial correlation in particular in entry restrictiveness, yet substantially less in overall immigration policy. This suggests that there still remains a substantive national margin in immigration policies, in particular in the less visible segments such as staying conditions and integration rights. We also find indications of a global trend of increasing restrictiveness in migration entry policy after the financial crisis of 2007–08. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Basic reference data for Hg migration and control were obtained. • Removal efficiency of HgT by flue gas purification equipment is 92.40%. • CuBr 2 -modified activated carbon exhibits excellent Hg0 removal performance. • Mechanism of CuBr 2 -modified activated carbon for Hg0 removal were revealed. This study evaluated the emission and control characteristics of mercury during hazardous chemical waste incineration. Meanwhile, for the complex flue gas conditions generated by hazardous chemical waste incineration, the commercial activated carbon used in the incineration system was modified with CuBr 2 , and its Hg0 removal performance was tested. The results showed that the major proportion of Hg was in the fly ash, and the content accounted for 74.53 % of the total Hg. The Hg content in the fly ash increased with decreasing fly ash particle size. In the exhaust flue gas, the Hg content was 11.05 % of the total Hg, in which the mass percentages of Hg2+ and Hg0 were 59.08 % and 40.92 %, respectively. The flue gas purification equipment of the incineration system had a removal efficiency of 92.40 % for HgT. The saturated Hg0 removal capacity of the modified activated carbon was improved by 33.51 times. Under simulated incineration flue gas conditions, the modified activated carbon was able to achieve an Hg0 removal efficiency of 92.85 %. The results can contribute to the understanding of Hg emissions from hazardous chemical incineration systems and provide guidance for efficient Hg removal from activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Key processes governing gas migration were coupled in an enhanced model. • Model simulations were compared to gas injection and dissolution experiments. • Gas flow was sensitive to defined entry pressures and critical gas saturation. • Including multicomponent mass transfer is essential to describe gas migration. • Process evaluation will support numerical modeling of larger scale gas migration. Gases may be released into shallow groundwater systems during energy development and geological carbon storage (commonly referred to as gas migration, GM) and can result in greenhouse gas emissions, safety concerns, and the reduction of groundwater quality. The physiochemical processes occurring during GM, including gas release, movement, partitioning, and dissolved-phase transport in the saturated groundwater zone, are difficult to characterize and model; however, modeling is important to develop strategies for detecting and monitoring GM and formulate conceptual models to describe GM at impacted sites. In this study, a previously developed numerical model, which coupled macroscopic invasion percolation (macro-IP) and multicomponent mass transfer, was enhanced to simulate gas releases in the shallow subsurface. Evaluation of the effects of the coupled physiochemical processes was performed by comparing model simulations to previously conducted bench-scale gas injection experiments. Results show that gas flow is highly sensitive to the entry pressures assigned within the model domain and the critical gas saturation (S g,crit) used to model gas-water flow based on macro-IP; however, mass transfer and the resulting domain-scale dissolved-gas transport were relatively insensitive to these parameters. Multicomponent mass transfer, considering not only the partitioning of the released gas, but also the dissolved background gases ubiquitous in shallow groundwater, was vitally important to simulate dissolution and the resulting free-phase gas distribution within the experimental systems. The use of the local equilibrium assumption for gas-water mass transfer could not consistently describe the experimental observations. Overall, the modeling evaluation performed in this study provides improved understanding of the key processes controlling GM in the shallow subsurface and will advance efforts including up-scaling and scenario testing to accurately quantify the environmental impacts of GM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of oily liquid in polymer blends by extrusion remains a challenge as it is limited by the affinity of the oil with the different phases of the blend. In this work, we investigate the influence of the addition of oils in a hydrophobic polyethylene-co-octene (PE)/hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer blend prepared in the molten state. Four oils with different viscosities and polarities were selected: hazelnut oil, castor oil and two silicon oils. Using surface tension measurements and microscopy observation of the morphology, we show that the phase in which the oil stays is mainly driven by surface tension; however, it appears that viscosity influences the mobility of the oil through the phases. The application of the spreading coefficient theory to this solid-liquid system is new and brings a better understanding of the phenomenon. By substituting PE by polycaprolactone (PCL), we also show that the modification of the surface tension between matrix polymers without significantly changing the viscosity and elasticity ratios helps control the localization of the oils at the interface. These results are a first step towards in-situ encapsulation of lipophilic additives in immiscible polymer blends. [Display omitted] • The application of the spreading coefficient theory on lipophilic polymer/hydrophilic polymer/oily phase blends was studied. • In the high interfacial tension PE/PEO blend, viscosity and interfacial effects drive the localization of the oily phases. • In the low interfacial tension PCL/PEO blends, the morphology is mainly driven by interfacial effects. • In this case, a co-continuous morphology with partial wetting of the oily phase at the interface of polymers was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are the class of phytohormones with great importance in agriculture and potential diverse effects on human welfare, including skin disease treatment. In this sense, BRs are a promising tool for promoting skin regeneration. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to analyze the effect of BRs in wound repair, mainly the inflammatory and proliferative phases, and their influence on migratory abilities in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa), and consequently understand the mitochondrial metabolism. We measured nine natural and synthetic BRs for the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We further evaluated the migration activity in HDFa modeling promotion of wound closure after BRs exposure. In addition, we evaluated the 84 gene profiles linked to wound healing response using RT2 Profiler PCR Array and examined cellular bioenergetics using an extracellular flux analyzer. Results showed that LPS-induced cells had around 10 % lower reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide accumulation when treated with some BRs compounds. HDFa treated with homobrassinolide-based and homocastasterone-based compounds resulted in the greatest migratory activity and presents the best results for mitochondrial responses. Together, these results provided strong evidence for BRs' ability to promote skin health, particularly through contributions to both reducing excessive oxidative stress and controlling the inflammation process resulting in the best HDFa cell migration through the control of mitochondrial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Congress priorities the immigration debate on increased border security, the fate of an estimated 11 million undocumented citizens remains uncertain. Stuck in between partisan politics and practical solutions are mixed-status families in which some members of the family are U.S. citizens while other members are in the country without proper authorization. This paper, examines the relationship between risk of deportation and Medicaid use drawing from a nationally sample of mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey. These data are then merged with data from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to create a contextual risk of deportation measure. Findings suggest that an increase in risk of deportation is associated with a decrease in Medicaid use. The implications of this work have tremendous impacts for health service providers and policy makers interested in preventing and reducing health disparities in complex family structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the mechanism of tectonic tremor and the factors that influence its occurrence and fluctuations, we use seismic reflection data to map in detail a shear zone associated with the plate boundary fault in the Nankai accretionary prism, southwest Japan. The shear zone can be identified from its low seismic velocity and low reflection amplitude, which may signify the presence of high pore pressure, around the transition boundary from frontal outer wedge to inner wedge. A detailed comparison of the mapped shear zone and the distribution of tectonic tremor demonstrate that tremor tended to occur in the thick part of the shear zone, where high pore fluid pressure may weaken faults and thereby facilitate slow earthquakes. Furthermore tremors align on the oblique strike-slip faults that caused variation of the shear zone thickness as well as fluctuation of stress and pore pressure. The oblique strike-slip faults that control the thickness of the shear zone and tremor distributions are interpreted as features formed by the collision of an accretionary prism against a landward tectonic backstop. • A shear zone is associated with high pore pressure is identified around the plate interface. • The thickness of the shear zone is mapped based on 2D/3D seismic data. • The shear zone thickness mainly controls source and migration process of slow slip events. • The shear zone thickness is influenced by strike-slip faults formed by backstop collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonate-bound uranium (U) is critical in controlling the migration of U in circumneutral to alkaline conditions. The potential release risk of carbonate-bound U should be concerned due to the contribution of mineral replacement. Herein, we explored the fate of U during the conversion process from microbial-induced calcite to hydroxylapatite (HAP) and investigated the phase and morphology evolution of minerals and the immobilization efficiency, distribution, and stability of U. The results showed that most calcite could convert to HAP during the conversion process. The aqueous residual U was below 1.0 mg/L after U-HAP formation, and the U removal efficiencies were enhanced by 20.0–74.4% compared to the calcite precipitation process. XRD and TEM results showed that the products were a mixture of HAP and uramphite. The elemental mapping results showed that most U concentrated on uramphite while a handful of U distributed homogeneously in calcite and HAP matrixes. The stability test verified that U-bearing HAP decreased the U solubility by 98–100% relative to calcite due to the uramphite formation and U incorporation into HAP. Our findings demonstrated that the combinations of microbial-induced calcite precipitation and calcite-HAP conversion could facilitate the U immobilization in treating radioactive wastewater and soil. [Display omitted] • Microbially precipitated U-bearing calcite was prepared and converted to hydroxylapatite. • The distribution of uranium was spatially homogeneous in U-bearing calcite but heterogeneous in the conversion products. • Residual uranium reacted with phosphate to form platy uramphite and enhanced uranium removal efficiencies by 20.0–74.4%. • U-bearing calcite and hydroxylapatite are more soluble than the U-free phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation and enrichment of hydrocarbon reflect different degrees of hydrocarbon charging, which is important for hydrocarbon exploration. In this study, we discuss the controlling factors of tight sandstone gas accumulation and enrichment of Xujiahe Formation in Jinhua-Zhongtaishan area, the slope zone of the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin, Southwest China, based on the analysis of the characteristics of the area's source rock, reservoir, and fault, combined with the tectonic background. This study shows that the accumulation and enrichment of tight sandstone gas in the slope zone of foreland basins are controlled by different factors. The natural gas derived from Xu1 Member is easily accumulated in Xu2 Member sandstone reservoir by vertical migration. The high quality source rock generated a large number of natural gas, which preferentially charge into the high quality sandstone reservoir and finally accumulate at the structural high position. The accumulation of tight gas is controlled by high quality source rock (source rock coefficient >10), high-quality reservoir (reserve coefficient >110), and favorable structure (high position of the local structure). When tight sandstone gas meets all prerequisites above for hydrocarbon accumulation, high content of total organic carbon (TOC) benefits enrichment of tight sandstone gas. In addition, the type I faults could be in favor of the natural gas from Xu1 Member to migrate to the upper part of Xu2 Member high quality sandstone reservoir, especially when the natural gas is generated by the middle and lower part of Xu1 Member high quality source rock, which could significantly improve the gas accumulation efficiency and promotes the gas enrichment and high production. In that case, the enrichment of tight gas is controlled by organic matter abundance of source rock (TOC >1.1%) and favorable source-reservoir communication conditions (the development of Type I faults). As a result, the areas with high-quality source rock and sandstone reservoir, favorable structure and migration pathway will be potential targets of tight sandstone gas in the slope zone of foreland basin. • The accumulation and enrichment of the tight sandstone gas in the slope zone of the foreland basin are different. • The high-quality source rock, high-quality reservoir and favorable geological structures control the gas accumulation. • The organic matter content of high-quality source rock and favorable gas migration pathway control the gas enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropy exists widely in the earth medium. For anisotropic medium, the traditional isotropic migration will lead to the inaccurate images and unfocused energy. Especially for a deep target exploration, ignoring anisotropy will further affect the subsequent seismic data interpretation. As an improved ray method, Gaussian beam migration overcomes the imaging problems of caustics and shadow zones in Kirchhoff migration, and avoids the time-consuming problems of wave equation migrations. However, the imaging quality of the Gaussian beam migration is controlled by the initial beam width at the surface. In this paper, we extend Nowack (2011)'s algorithm to anisotropic media and present an anisotropic dynamically focused beam migration by modifying the propagator of the Gaussian beams. We use anisotropic kinematic and dynamic ray tracing with optimized coefficients to obtain travel times, trajectories and dynamic information. We then use dynamically focused beams for weakly anisotropic media to calculate the Green's function and the Claerbout imaging condition to obtain images. This strategy enables us to improve the imaging quality in the middle and deep layers without reducing the imaging quality in the shallow layers, which will help to overcome the limitation of the initial beam width in Gaussian beam migration. The results for a VTI fault model and the Shengli complex structure model show the accuracy and validity of the proposed method in this paper. • Implementation of anisotropic ray tracing with optimized coefficients and apply it to migration. • Development of a dynamically focused beam migration algorithm for anisotropic media. • The method studied in this paper shows higher accuracy and validity for complex structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging and recalcitrant micropollutants in the environment, which have attracted soaring interests from a wide range of research disciplines. To this end, numerous technologies have been devised to understand the properties, environmental behaviors, and potential impacts/hazards of MPs. Herein, we present a review on the properties, environmental distribution and possible impacts. In this review, a comprehensive introduction of the most universal types of MPs, their shapes and characters will be first presented. Then the distributions of MPs in the environment and the impacts on microbe, plants, and human will be reported. Finally, major challenges and directions will be discussed to provide some clues to the better understanding, control and migration of MPs pollution in future studies. [Display omitted] • Environmental issues of microplastics (MPs) are presented and discussed. • Properties, distributions, and impacts of environmental MPs are reviewed. • Major challenges and directions on MPs control and migration have be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When meatpacking plants in the United States lost a third of their undocumented Latinx workers to Federal immigration raids in the late 2000s, the industry began recruiting vulnerable, but "legal," refugee workers to replace them. In the spring of 2020, as COVID-19 threatened to halt meatpacking, two separate executive orders designated meatpacking production as essential to the United States food system and introduced new restrictions on refugee resettlement in the United States. Bridging Marxian literature on race, labor, and capitalism and critical refugee studies, this paper examines the paradox of refugees' positioning as both "essential" sources of vulnerable labor and "prohibited" threats to the American nation-state. We argue that the placement of refugees in meatpacking jobs is actually the primitive accumulation of unfree labor. In the case of "essential" meatpacking work in the United States, racial capitalism articulates with conditions of statelessness and unequal citizenship rights to anchor "prohibited" refugees to meatpacking work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper sheds light on the composition of the institution of propiska regime in post-Soviet urban space as part of the post-Soviet policies of mobility control and migration restrictions. Based on the case studies of internal and international migration, comparing internal migrants in post-Soviet capital cities (Central Asia) and international migrants within post-Soviet space (migrants in Moscow), the paper highlights the implications of the propiska regime. Mobility within the boundaries of former Soviet Union as well as within the national boundaries of the most post-Soviet republics is complicated by the propiska regime. Registration entitles a holder of propiska to social welfare and other benefits, its absence throws a person out of the realm of state provisions, and welfare support, in other words this person becomes illegal. This can happen not only to international migrants for example in Moscow but also to internal migrants in Russia or in Central Asia. Furthermore, the paper highlights implications of propiska regime for state and society relations in two different contexts illegal residents (without propiska) within their own country and illegal migrants outside their country within the post-Soviet region. The propiska regime is constituted not only by the registration procedures comprising its legal provisions and the administrative tools necessary to install it, but rather by a wider taxonomy and complex institutional setting. This complex is a mixture of legal, illegal, formal and informal rules, practices of police, border security, administrative employees, propiska makers issuing fake propiskas, propiska brokers, clients, discourses and other practices. • The propiska regime is a post-Soviet tool to govern migration. • Migrants are abused through propiska regimes in post-Soviet states. • Propiska is a registration at a new place of residence which grants access to basic welfare and health care. • The Chinese Hukou system of migration control is similar to post-Soviet propiska in former Soviet Republics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The securitization of immigration has led to increased reliance on border enforcement, detention, and deportation to control unauthorized movements. Based on a case study of the ways that Salvadoran immigrants to the United States have experienced these tactics, this paper analyzes the spatial implications of current enforcement strategies. As movement across borders becomes more difficult for the unauthorized, national territories become zones of confinement. This carceral quality is a dimension of national territory in that undocumented and temporarily authorized migrants cannot exit their countries of residence without losing territorially-conferred rights, while if they are deported, their countries of origin become extensions of the detention centers they occupied before exit. This transformation of national spaces is accompanied by internal differentiation, as interior enforcement confines migrants to subnational spaces where they must remain to avoid detection or harassment. Securitization thus entails both extraterritoriality, that is the extension of U.S. legal regimes into foreign territories, and intraterritoriality, or the operation of different legal regimes within national territories. The paper also highlights the ways that securitization contributes to multidimensionality, such that spatial locations are rendered ambiguous, both inside and outside at the same time. Finally, the paper considers how these spatial transformations redefine citizenship and belonging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • The drop of peak flow stress during hot compression is related to the dynamic transformation. • The rapid dynamic transformation from alpha phase to beta phase is found. • The rate of dynamic transformation is influenced by different hot deformation parameters. • The dynamic transformation is mainly controlled by the immigration of alpha/beta interface. The peak flow stress of a near alpha high temperature titanium alloy exhibits a special rapid drop behavior at low strain during hot compression. The experimental result indicates that this rapid drop of peak flow stress is related to the rapid dynamic transformation from alpha phase into beta phase which is induced by the deformation at elevated temperature. Both peak flow stress and the dynamic transformation change with different hot deformation parameters, and the drop of peak flow stress keeps almost consistent variation with the evolution of dynamic transformation observed from the microstructural morphology. The higher deformation temperature and the lower strain rate with the small increase of strain are beneficial to accelerate the dynamic transformation and the drop of peak flow stress. The dynamic transformation is mainly controlled by the immigration of alpha/beta interface shrinking from edge to center of equiaxed alpha phase or the penetration of beta phase into alpha phase from edge to inside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleo-uplift is one of the main controlling factors that influence the style of deformation in salt-bearing fold-and-thrust belt (FTB). Whereas, how paleo-uplift amplitude influences salt-related deformations in FTB remains unclear. Here we designed four series of experimental models that contain a basal brittle décollement and a shallow ductile décollement. Our studies show that the presence of paleo-uplift in the ductile décollement has a profound impact on deformation propagation in the supra-salt overburden during the contraction, which localizes shortening strain in the proximal and central parts of the models and deters rapid deformation propagation towards the distal part. As the amplitude of the paleo-uplift increases, its influence on deformation propagation becomes stronger, resulting in out-of-sequence deformation towards the hinterland. The increase of paleo-uplift amplitude also controls the distribution and migration of rock salt during the contraction. Particularly, when the paleo-uplift height equals or exceeds the thickness of salt layer, the position of salt pinch-out or welding point localizes shortening strain and thereby initiates folding and thrusting deformation over the salt-base high. This process leads to salt fed into the fold and fault belt over the paleo-high and the uplift of the supra-salt layers. Our modeling results are highly comparable with natural examples of Kuqa FTB and provide insights to the salt-influenced deformations in the Qiulitage structural belt. • The presence of paleo-uplift has a profound impact on deformation propagation in the supra-salt overburden. • The increase of paleo-uplift amplitude controls the distribution and migration of rock salt during the contraction. • Higher amplitude paleo-uplift results in localized deformation and salt thickening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron-beam irradiation has been used to sinter nanocrystalline metals. Since the surface structure and its transitions control the migration behavior of surfaces, understanding surface structural transitions under electron-beam irradiation is an essential factor in the development of nanoscale sintering, such a study that, regrettably, has been missing. To elucidate the possibility of surface structural transitions, thin Au (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) surface specimens were irradiated at various current densities at an acceleration voltage of 300 keV by transmission electron microscopy. At a low current density, nanometer polygonal holes, which were composed of atomically sharp facets, were formed in both surfaces. At a higher current density, the holes became filled and, simultaneously, some of the facet surfaces of the holes were roughened. This surface structural transition with varying current density acted as the origin of the variation in hole behavior. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, various governments have turned to the spatiality of the maritime realm in the pre-emptive policing of migration, deploying concentrated efforts of mobility regulation to territorial and extra-territorial seas. With and through this process of increased policing, the maritime has concurrently been expunged of frameworks of rights for migrants. This article explores the hollowing out of rights at sea and how it has allowed governments to use maritime environments and more broadly the condition of wetness as a means to hold migrants beyond the juridical order and administrative bodies of the state. This practice emerged in a discernible way in the United States in the early 1990s, when the Refugee Convention was ruled not to apply on the high seas. De-territorialising the maritime from the state's geography of protection allowed the US Government to re-territorialise the sea as a space of heightened policing. Similar strategies of de- and re-territorialising the sea subsequently developed in Australian policies of migration control. Through this, the maritime is used to contain migrants not only in a condition of partial rights and exaggerated policing, it is also used to relocate migrants, exposing a "disciplined mobility" that works through the sea. Interrogating these various legal renditions of the maritime exposes the carceral wet that has developed in migration regulation at sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]