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The reasonable control of the structure of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is a promising strategy for improving their peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation activity. In this study, ZIF-67 @ZIF-8 was used as a template to prepare bimetallic core–shell Co-Fe@NC via Fe doping and high-temperature carbonization. Co-Fe@NC maintained the core–shell structure of the original MOF, in which cobalt was uniformly distributed in the nitrogen-doped graphite carbon skeleton and the surface of the graphite carbon skeleton was covered with iron. With the synergistic effect of the nitrogen-doped graphite carbon skeleton, iron, and cobalt, 100% of tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) was removed in 60 min with k obs = 0.062 min−1 in Co-Fe@NC-0.2/PMS system. The addition of iron increased the graphitization degree with I D /I G value increased from 0.98 (Co@NC) to 1.034 (Co-Fe@NC-0.2) and electron transfer rate of the carbon skeleton. Besides, the Co leaching was effectively attenuated from 1.86 mg/L(Co@NC) to 0.78 mg/L (Co-Fe@NC-0.2) by the core-shell structure and bimetal strategy. Both O 2 ·- and 1O 2 contributed to the degradation of TBBPS according to quenching experiments. TBBPS was deeply degraded into small-molecule compounds through three degradation pathways by the Co-Fe@NC-0.2/PMS system. This study provides a new strategy for designing highly efficient bimetal–carbon composites for environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • Co-Fe@NC composed of Co core and Fe-coated carbon skeleton shell were constructed. • Doped Fe acted as the active center to accelerate the electron transfer. • Fe doping promoted the redox cycle of Co2 + ⇋Co3 + and Fe2 + ⇋Fe3 +. • TBBPS was deeply degraded via both radical and non-radical pathway. • Co-Fe@NC exhibited great practical potential for actual environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our previous study found that consumption of very low mineral drinking water may retard height development in schoolchildren; however, its association with bone modeling remained unknown.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of very low mineral water on biomarkers of bone modeling in children.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 2 groups of 10-13-y-old children who had consumed drinking water with normal mineral contents (conductivity 345 μs/cm, the NW group including 119 boys and 110 girls) or very low mineral contents (conductivity 40.0 μs/cm, the VLW group including 223 boys and 208 girls) in school for 4 y. Differences in daily total mineral intakes, developmental parameters, serum biomarkers of osteoblast activity, and bone formation and resorption between the 2 groups were analyzed with independent t test and chi-square test. Associations of developmental parameters and serum biomarkers with Ca intake from drinking water were analyzed with multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression.Results: Compared with the NW group, the VLW group had lower daily Ca intake, height increase, bone mineral content (BMC), osteoblast activity [serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP)] (means ± SDs: 433 ± 131 mg, 16.6 ± 8.27 cm, 1.92 ± 0.431 kg, and 9.28 ± 1.42 μg/L compared with 497 ± 155 mg, 22.3 ± 8.45 cm, 2.14 ± 0.354 kg, and 11.0 ± 0.823 μg/L, respectively, P < 0.001), and higher bone resorption [serum crosslinked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), mean ± SD: 142 ± 46.9 nmol/L compared with 130 ± 40.6 nmol/L, P = 0.001). Ca intake from drinking water was positively associated with height increase, BMC, and BALP (β: 0.0667, 95% CI: 0.0540, 0.0793; β: 3.22, 95% CI: 2.37, 4.08; and β: 23.9, 95% CI: 20.6, 27.2), respectively, P < 0.001), and was negatively associated with CTX (β: -0.206, 95% CI:-0.321, -0.0904, P < 0.001).Conclusions: These changes suggested that consumption of very low mineral water may be associated with osteoblast inhibition, bone resorption activation, bone mineral reduction, and height development retardation. The health risk of consuming very low mineral water should be considered in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the revolution of the traditional economic and social pattern based on centralized fossil energy consumption, the regional integrated energy system (RIES) has gained rapid development in recent years for achieving higher energy efficiency. This paper expands the Demand Response (DR) concept to the RIES and presents an optimal operation model of RIES considering the DR mechanism on the energy price. In this paper, a comprehensive DR strategy combining energy price and different loads is firstly developed to exploit the demand flexibility of RIES in the DR model established. Based on the DR modeling of the RIES, an operation optimization model with environmental, economic benefits and energy supply reliability as objective functions has been firstly established in detail. Secondly, a complete scheduling scheme is built based on the energy consumption characteristics and system operation characteristic of the integrated energy system. The model presented could reduce the cost of system without causing a significant amount of environmental pollution, and improve the energy efficiency of the RIES efficiently. Besides, the scheduling strategy proposed could also provide support for the operation strategy of integrated energy system under the energy development. Hopefully, this paper will provide reference for future research and engineering projects on DR programs in the RIES. Highlights • The typical structure of the RIES is introduced. • A DR model suitable for the RIES considering different loads is established. • An optimal operation model of the RIES based on DR is established. • The load in the RIES is affected not only by energy price but also by other loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although direct drinking water (DDW) systems that utilize a reverse-osmosis technique are thought to be harmful to children's development by reducing their daily mineral intake, few population data are available regarding this topic. We conducted an eco-epidemiological study to investigate the influence of low-mineral DDW on the development of schoolchildren. We collected developmental parameters of 13,723 girls and 16,161 boys before and after the introduction of DDW systems in 25 schools and measured the mineral levels in the DDW of each school. The DDW in 22 schools had lower-than-recommended levels of magnesium and calcium (magnesium, 10 mg/L and calcium, 20 mg/L, WHO). We found that children exposed to low-mineral DDW exhibited reduced height and diminished height increases as well as higher prevalences and incidences of hypoevolutism and dental caries ( p  < 0.01). This exposure was a risk factor for a greater incidence of both hypoevolutism and dental caries in children (RR = 7.110 (1.688, 29.953) and 1.813 (1.309, 2.509), respectively; p  < 0.01). Our results suggest that low-mineral DDW may retard height growth and promote the incidence of dental caries in schoolchildren; thus, schools should choose DDW treatment systems that retain the minerals in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) in placenta play an important role in pregnancy. Our previous study showed that it mediated the effects of phthalates on placental mRNA expression of estrogen synthetases in rats. To assess the effects of phthalate exposure on PPARG placental expression, and the contribution of PPARG to the effects of phthalates in human. 207 healthy pregnant women were recruited and their cord blood and placenta were collected upon delivery. Three phthalates, estrogens in cord blood and protein expression of PPARG in placenta were measured. Linear regression were used to analyze the relationship between phthalates exposure, PPARG expression and hormones. Phthalate levels in cord blood were positively associated with PPARG protein expression in placenta (p < 0.05), whereas estrogens in cord blood were negatively associated with phthalate levels and PPARG expression (p < 0.05). This study shows that PPARG in placenta may mediate the adverse effects of phthalates on pregnancy in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptions of facial attractiveness are sensitive to emotional expression of the perceived face. However, little is known about whether the emotional expression on the face of another observer of the perceived face may have an effect on perceptions of facial attractiveness. The present study used event-related potential technique to examine social influence of the emotional expression on the face of another observer of the perceived face on perceptions of facial attractiveness. The experiment consisted of two phases. In the first phase, a neutral target face was paired with two images of individuals gazing at the target face with smiling, fearful or neutral expressions. In the second phase, participants were asked to judge the attractiveness of the target face. We found that a target face was more attractive when other observers positively gazing at the target face in contrast to the condition when other observers were negative. Additionally, the results of brain potentials showed that the visual positive component P3 with peak latency from 270 to 330 ms was larger after participants observed the target face paired with smiling individuals than the target face paired with neutral individuals. These findings suggested that facial attractiveness of an individual may be influenced by the emotional expression on the face of another observer of the perceived face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly focuses on the low-carbon economic dispatch and energy sharing method of multiple Integrated Energy Systems (IES) from the perspective of System of Systems. First, a new model of carbon quota allocation and trading considering carbon balance and carbon sharing among multiple systems is established, and a low-carbon economic dispatch and energy sharing framework based on efficient utilization of regional carbon quota is proposed. Then, a Stackelberg game-based optimization model is proposed for energy service provider (ESP) and IES groups based on the collaborative optimization of IES and carbon transaction cost, where the ESP acts as a leader who chooses proper interactive price to promote energy sharing within the system while IES serves as a follower who minimizes its operation cost in response to the interactive price set by ESP. Moreover, the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium are analyzed and a decentralized solution algorithm is suggested to reach the goal of optimal energy sharing and optimal operation. Finally, the case study of a joint energy sharing system containing three regional IESs are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can not only increase profit of ESP and IES, but helpful to promote the optimal utilization of energy resources and the optimal distribution of carbon emission quota among energy systems. • A new model of carbon quota allocation and trading is established. • A low-carbon economic dispatch and energy sharing framework is proposed. • A cooperative optimization model of master-slave game is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the flexibility and adjustability value of integrated energy system (IES) with flexible energy units and multivariate adjustable load in urban energy market, this paper proposes a two-stage energy management method of heat-electricity integrated energy system (HE-IES) considering dynamic pricing of Stackelberg game and operation strategy optimization. Firstly, a general comprehensive energy efficiency considering the exergy properties of electric and thermal energy is established, on this basis, this paper put forward a two-stage energy management framework considering interactive relationship between energy service provider (ESP) and users. Secondly, a two-stage energy management model is established to improve the energy efficiency and operation economy of the system, which includes the multi-objective optimization model of day-ahead scheduling and Stackelberg game dynamic pricing model of real-time energy management based on the source-load interaction optimization for hybrid energy. Finally, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management method in improving system energy efficiency and operation strategy, a typical HE-IES consisting of 6 users and 1 ESP is chosen to simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach can not only enhance renewable energy utilization and reduce the cost of both ESP and users, but helpful to promote the benign interaction between energy equipment and load in IES, which could improve the energy efficiency of system operation. • The Hybrid energy conversion framework of integrated energy system is established. • A two-stage energy management model is constructed. • In the first stage, IES operation optimization based on economy and energy efficiency is implemented. • In the second stage, optimization strategy of users participating in game optimization guided by ESP is implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Garden-path sentences can lead to lingering misinterpretations. • Reanalysis can result in a correct structural representation. • This correct structural representation is insufficient for a correct interpretation. A key question in research on sentence processing concerns how sentences that have been misanalyzed are reinterpreted, and to what extent the parser's attempts at revision are successful. Past work has shown that misinterpretations associated with a syntactic misparse linger even after the entire sentence has been processed (Christianson, Hollingworth, Halliwell, & Ferreira, 2001; Slattery, Sturt, Christianson, Yoshida and Ferreira, 2013). In two reading experiments, we sought to evaluate the level of representation that is responsible for misinterpretations of garden-path sentences. We combined reading measures with an offline comprehension task, which enabled us to conditionalize reading time analyses on correct versus incorrect question-answering performance. Our results suggest that reanalysis does not always result in a correct interpretation, either because the final interpretation does not always reflect the global structure or because reanalysis processes result in the creation of licit local trees but fail to generate a complete global parse for the entire sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FrFBE is proposed to construct multiple single-order FrFT filters. • Global/local minimum FrFBE criterion is proposed to determine FrFT filtering center. • The optimized FrFT filtering method can extract time-varying fault characteristics. • Simulated and experimental cases highlight the superiority of the proposed method. Fault diagnosis under varying speed conditions has become a research hotspot in rotating machinery monitoring. Due to the energy concentration property of linear frequency-modulated signals, fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) is helpful to bearing fault detection with varying speed. However, its performance depends on FrFT filter parameters, which are difficult to determine. So fractional frequency band entropy (FrFBE) is proposed to solve this problem, constructing optimized FrFT filter to extract time-varying fault characteristics. First, short-time fractional Fourier transform (STFrFT) is performed on the demodulated signal. Then, FrFBE is developed based on the obtained fractional time-frequency matrix to locate aggregation positions of fault harmonics. Next, a global/local minimum FrFBE criterion is proposed to determine FrFT filtering centers. Finally, the fault characteristics are extracted by computed order tracking (COT) from the filtered results. Simulation and experiment cases show good diagnosis result with different operating conditions, with recognition error kept within 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Frontal cortex plays an important role in Stroop cognitive control. • Cingulate cortex is activated for the Stroop interference effect. • Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is activated for the interference effect. • Left and right inferior frontal gyrus may have different roles in the Stroop task. Age plays a significant role in executive control processes in the Stroop task. This study aims to draw together the Stroop tasks to determine the role of the frontal cortex in cognitive control among healthy young adults using activation likelihood estimation. Forty-six studies were selected according to the fMRI neuroimaging tools, Stroop experimental tasks, young participants' age. The results showed that the contrast of incongruent conditions and congruent conditions revealed 7 significant clusters, including the right cingulate cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus and temporal cortex. In addition, the contrast comparing incongruent conditions with neutral conditions activated a network including the right inferior frontal gyrus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral medial frontal cortex, left insular cortex and bilateral inferior parietal lobule and precuneus. In this study, we found that the brain areas for executive performance had a higher concordance in the frontal cortex among healthy young adults than temporal-parietal network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents a two-stage optimization method for a coupled capacity planning and operation problem, cast within the economical operation of Regional Integrated Energy System. The first stage optimization of the proposed model represents a regional integrated energy system planner whose purpose is to minimize its energy and environmental cost, while the second stage is an operation problem whose primary role is to achieve the optimal operation scheme of the system. The regional integrated energy system planner pursues best interests by co-optimizing the capacity configuration and power output of individual energy supply module, while the regional integrated energy system maximizes the installed capacity of renewable energy sources and minimizes the environmental costs. To illustrate the advantage of the proposed method, the NSGA-II algorithm and the mixed integer linear programming method are implemented to solve the model based on simulation. Besides, application of the optimization method proposed to the energy infrastructure of a regional integrated energy system in China is discussed, and the results obtained through simulation are compared to the bi-level optimization objectives. The results show that the proposed method is economical and effective in practical application. Highlights • A bi-level optimization model for integrated energy system is presented. • A decentralized optimization method is proposed for solving capacity planning. • Accuracy and economy of capacity planning are improved. • The economic efficiency of the RIES is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The property of actual PVCS is investigated by characterizing the EV charging behaviors and PV power distribution to explore the net power data regularity. The external factors that most correlated with PVCS power variation are captured by interpretable algorithms to guide EV behaviors to maximally utilize renewable energy. • At the software algorithm design stage, the forecasting performance trade-off between algorithm complexity and forecasting accuracy is fully considered for edge computing use. The model complexity is maximumly reduced by covering the entire cycle of forecasting process, including input data pruning, lightweight model training, and hyperparameter optimization. • At the hardware configuration stage, forecasting programming is implemented on Raspberry pi-based edge platform for rapid online training. The forecasting model is tested on various scenarios to verify the algorithm feasibility on the edge device. The PV-assisted charging station (PVCS) aggregates the two key resources of electric vehicle (EV) charging load and photovoltaic (PV) system to maximize operation profit. In order to quantify the PVCS impact to grid and the renewable energy utilization by EV charging load, it is crucial to predict the PVCS net power and capture the most correlated factors for power variation. Given that the PVCS is located near the user side, the forecasting model complexity must be restricted to meet the online training demands on edge computing, apart from ensuring the prediction accuracy. A PVCS net power forecasting approach is proposed by simplifying model complexity from the entire cycle of training process, including the input data pruning, lightweight model training and hyperparameter optimization. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the real data in PVCS shows that the most sensitivity factors affecting the net power of PVCS is time of use price, and the deep auto-encoded extreme learning machine (DA-ELM) can make a satisfactory compromise between prediction accuracy and model complexity for edge computing utilization. The forecasting model has outstanding prediction performance on Raspberry pi-based edge platform, which has enough significance for PVCS promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The collaborative optimization framework of distribution network and mobile network is proposed. • Optimal models of DNO and MNO with coupon incentive-based DR are established. • Stackelberg game model is employed to model the interaction between DNO and MNO. • Decentralized solution algorithm is designed to obtain SE with limited information exchange. Renewable energy sources are beneficial for both distribution network and mobile network in the context of Smart Grid, but brings greater challenges with high proportions of renewable energy penetration. In this regard, a Stackelberg game-based collaborative optimization approach is proposed for distribution network and 5G mobile network based on demand response, where the distribution network operator (DNO) works as a leader who chooses proper interactive price to reduce the peak-valley difference of net load while mobile network operator (MNO) serves as a follower who minimizes its total energy cost in response to the interactive price set by DNO. Besides, an exact convex relaxation method is proposed to omit the complementarity constraint in the optimal model of MNO, which makes the model strictly convex. Then, the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) are analyzed and a distributed solution algorithm is suggested to reach the SE. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed collaborative optimization approach can not only reduce the cost of DNO and MNO, but helpful to enhance renewable energy utilization, which realizes a win–win result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A RIES energy network modeling and operation problem is studied. • An operation optimization model considering ladder environmental trading is established. • The optimization of the energy network is studied by optimizing the EH in the system. • The economic and environmental benefits of the system could be realized. The energy network is a hub center connecting the energy supply side and the energy demand side, which has high flexibility. At the same time, energy hub is the key to coupling different energy networks. Therefore, from the optimization of the output of the energy hub to the optimization of the coordinated operation state of the multi-energy network is the core of the regional integrated energy system operation optimization research. This paper focuses on the operation optimization of regional integrated energy systems based on modeling of Electricity-Thermal-Natural Gas Network. Firstly, a general model of Electricity network, Natural Gas network, and Thermal network is established, on this basis, according to the coupling mechanism of multi-energy network, a comprehensive model of Electricity-Thermal-Natural Gas coupling system is established. Secondly, considering the constraints such as energy balance and transmission power of external network, an economic dispatching model of regional integrated energy system considering ladder carbon trading mechanism is established with the objective of minimizing economic cost. Thirdly, Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm is used to solve the economic dispatch model, and the optimization results of the energy hub are obtained. Combined with the general energy network model, the optimization results of each energy network are further obtained according to the characteristics of energy balance and energy flow transmission of the system, including equipment output, gas turbine efficiency, thermal medium velocity, etc. Finally, in order to illustrate the advantages of this method, "Following power load", "Following heat load", and "Optimal scheduling" are set up in the simulation, and the simulation results show that the total operation cost of "Optimal scheduling" mode is reduced by 8.44% and the environmental emission is reduced by 15.03% compared with the other two modes, and the technical and economic characteristics of "Optimal scheduling" mode have strong advantages in the three modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy management and suitable sizing are regarded as major concerns at the time of designing integrated energy systems. Finding an efficient framework that combines sustainable design, reliable operation and lifetime cost at minimal level is essential for society, customers and investors. In this regard, a novel multi-objective optimization model for the design of integrated energy system with electric, thermal and cooling subsystem is established to simultaneously minimize the economic, technical and environmental objectives. It aims to obtain the optimal sizing of each component such as photovoltaic panels, wind turbine, battery energy storage system, combined cooling, heating and power generation system, heat storage tank, gas boiler and electric chiller considering system performance in economics, system autonomy and carbon emissions. A hybrid energy system in residential area is taken as a case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed method, the Pareto front of the multi-objective problem is obtained via NSGA-II method, and four design plans on the Pareto front selected by Topsis method are analyzed and discussed. Such analysis show that the optimum solution could effectively reduce both the economic and environmental impacts of the integrated energy system as well as improve the system autonomy towards main grid. And the comparison about the results illustrated the reliability of the optimization model in this paper. This study demonstrates the high capability of the proposed design optimization in supporting economic design, improving autonomic operation and reducing the carbon emissions, meanwhile meeting multiple loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating various cellular processes in plants, animals, and viruses. This mechanism is also utilized by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the process of infection and pathogenesis. The HCMV-encoded miRNA, hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p, was highly expressed during lytic and latent infections, and was found to inhibit viral replication. Identification of functional target genes of this microRNA is important in that it will enable a better understanding of the function of hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p during HCMV infection. In the present study, 35 putative cellular transcript targets of hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p were identified. Down-regulation of the targets YWHAE, UBB, NPM1, and HSP90AA1 by hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p was validated by luciferase reporter assay and Western blot analysis. In addition, we showed that hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p could inhibit viral replication by interacting with these targets, the existence of which may impact virus replication directly or indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the ovotoxicity of female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), either alone or in combination; the molecular mechanism and the combined effects were also evaluated. Female rats were given intragastric administration of control (corn oil), B[a]P (5 and 10mg/kg), DEHP (300 and 600mg/kg) and B[a]P+DEHP (at 5mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively, or at 10mg/kg and 600mg/kg respectively) on alternate days for 60 days. Relative ovary weight, estrous cycle, 17β-estradiol blood level, ovarian follicle populations, granulosa cell apoptosis, and gene and protein expression of P450Arom and PPAR were investigated. Our study demonstrated that the combination of B[a]P and DEHP exerts ovotoxicity in female rats and suppression of sex hormone secretion and homeostasis, which is associated with prolonged estrous cycles, decreases in ovarian follicle populations and granulosa cell apoptosis involving a PPAR-mediated signaling pathway of action of the two chemicals. In addition, based on qualitative assessment of the combined toxicity, no interaction effects were observed following combined B[a]P and DEHP administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR) is the largest reservoir in China and its water quality is an important health concern, we have determined the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in the water samples collected at three seasons: August 2004, January 2005 and August 2005. The results showed that the average WHO-TEQ of total dioxins-like compounds (PCDDs/PCDFs+PCBs) was 0.06558pgl−1, ranged from 0.0008 to 0.32439pgl−1, which are much lower than other reported water sources. The main dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) are hepta- and octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs). Since the levels of dioxins may change after the last water-store stage, the present study provides important data to compare the water quality in the TGR in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Combining with the Hidden Markov Model and Bi-directional Maximal Matching algorithm, a new word segmentation algorithm, HMM-BiMM, is presented. In terms of the sub-dictionary matching, it can implement a fast word segmentation. After segmenting the text by the Bi-directional Maximal Matching (BiMM), the remaining text connected by the remaining single words will be segmented again by the strategy of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). By the HMM, this algorithm can realize the dictionary dynamic update by the new segmentation words and improve the segmentation accuracy accordingly. Compared with five representative algorithms in the real-world clinical text (symptom), we show that the HMM-BiMM algorithm achieves the highest efficiency and accuracy for symptom text segmentation. In detail, this algorithm has around 3% in precision and 70% in running time improved to the BiMM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) co-existed in food and water, and were associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AFB1 induced HCC by activating oxidative stress and generating AFB1-DNA adducts, while MC-LR could promote HCC progression. However, whether they have co-effects in HCC progression remains uncertain. In this study, we found the antagonistic effects of MC-LR on AFB1 induced HCC when they were exposed simultaneously. Compared with single exposure to AFB1, co-exposed to MC-LR significantly repressed the AFB1 induced malignant transformation of human hepatic cells and the glutathione S-transferase Pi positive foci formation in rat livers. MC-LR inhibited AFB1 induced upregulation of cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2 (CYP1A2) and reduced the AFB1-DNA adducts generation in both human hepatic cells and rat livers. These results suggest that when co-exposure with AFB1, MC-LR might repress hepatocarcinogenicity of AFB1, which might be associated with its repression on AFB1 induced CYP1A2 upregulation and activation. • AFB1 and MC-LR co-exist in food and water in humid and warm areas. • Co-exposed to MC-LR antagonize hepato-carcinogenicity of AFB1. • MC-LR repress AFB1 induced upregulation and activation of CYP1A2. • MC-LR inhibit the formation of AFB1-DNA adducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]