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Highlights: [•] Bicyclists demonstrated weaker lateral stability for buses or longer passing times and smaller lateral distances for motorcycles. [•] A longitudinal solid line facilitates better lateral distance, wheel angle, and speed control. [•] Gender differences appeared in lateral control. [•] Bicyclists’ behaviors affected the motorists’ passing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies over the past few decades have been exploring the educational advantages and potential of virtual reality (VR) and the idea that students engage with their learning materials more effectively when using their own devices. This study uses a newly created VR game-based English mobile learning application and investigates student English learning effectiveness, student game engagement, and self-regulated learning from a cognitive and psychological perspective. In total, 274 students from a Taiwan university of science and technology participated in this study. Statistical results indicate that both game engagement and game experience were significantly influenced by self-efficacy, intrinsic value, and test anxiety. Immersion, flow, and presence enhanced self-efficacy while absorption and immersion enhanced self-regulation. Self-efficacy and self-regulation affected each other. Student self-regulation in the learning environment was at a moderate level. The results imply that the interaction feature of the VR application and the challenges of game-based design enable students to enter the state of flow easily and enhance their motivation to learn. • Game engagement and game experience were significantly influenced by self-efficacy, intrinsic value, and test anxiety. • Student perceptions of immersion and absorption enhanced self-regulated learning. • Student perceptions of immersion, flow, and presence enhanced self-efficacy. • Self-efficacy and self regulation affected each other in mobile game-based virtual reality environment. • Student self-regulated leaning was at a moderate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In capacitive deionization (CDI) systems, more Faradaic reactions generally occur at a higher cell voltage, resulting in the poor ion-removal efficiency and high energy consumption, but a low cell voltage may lead to a low deionization capacity. In this study, an integrated strategy, consisting of (1) selecting the acceptable charge/discharge time ratio, (2) finding the potential windows of both positive and negative electrodes, and (3) using the charge-balanced method for determining the optimal mass ratio between the positive and negative electrodes (denoted as (m+)/(m−)), is proposed to find the optimal cell voltage of a CDI system with a high desalination efficiency and low energy consumption. According to this strategy, two newly designed cells using two types of activated carbon (AC) show excellent CDI performances; cell 1 with AC = ACS679, (m+)/(m−) = 1:1.4, and cell voltage = 1.4 V: salt adsorption capacity of 12 mg g−1, charge efficiency of 62%, and energy consumption of 109 kJ mol−1 and cell 2 with AC = ACS25, (m+)/(m−) = 1:1, and cell voltage = 1.2 V: salt adsorption capacity of 13 mg g−1, charge efficiency of 81%, and energy consumption of 72 kJ mol−1 although the potential window of water decomposition for such AC-coated electrodes in 8 mM NaCl is about 2 V. This universal strategy is applicable to all CDI systems utilizing various electrode materials. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • We demonstrate a universal strategy for constructing the AC//AC cell with high CDI performances. • The same charge/discharge time ratio with high reversibility on both electrodes is the key. • Influences of two-electrode mass ratio on the desalination performances are studied. • The pH change is affected by the Faradaic reactions from the potential windows of electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigated the manner in which the driving performance of young people was affected by a collision warning system when they encountered a driver running a red light at an intersection. Furthermore, the causal relationship among driving performance, traffic factors and intersection accidents was examined using Path Analysis. Participants drove a driving simulator with an intersection collision warning system (ICWS) in a simulated urban area. The driving performance measures recorded were reaction time, speed, lateral position deviation and crash events. Experimental results indicated that drivers who drove a vehicle with an ICWS audio signal at an intersection had a shorter reaction time, a lower speed and a reduced accident rate than those observed while driving a vehicle without ICWS audio signal. Furthermore, Path Analysis showed that the ICWS had an indirect effect on accident rate reduction through improved driving performance. The location of intersection accident had both direct and indirect effects on the accident rate. The number of driving days per week had a direct effect on accident rate reduction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to explore the selective attention mechanism and the dual-task information-processing model, two experiments were carried out involving a visual search task and a visual detection task. The results showed that the early period of attention selection is controlled in a bottom-up manner. With respect to the dual-task information-processing model, the results showed that the central information-processing model would include a sequence model for tasks that use the same perception resource, causing a bottleneck in information processing. Our study suggests that a simple and prominent signal could be used to attract drivers'' attention prior to the emergent events. Moreover, any human–machine interface design in driving-associated systems should consider this information-processing bottleneck. With respect to signal type, targeted and easy to categorize were two useful elements to consider. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]