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This paper studies the housing sector of Hong Kong and the role of collateral constraint in modelling Hong Kong economy, through the lens of a small open economy DSGE model with a currency board exchange rate commitment. By estimating and evaluating the model by Indirect Inference over the sample period of 1994Q1–2018Q3, it is found that the collateral model can match data behaviour. Comparing with the tests generated from the model without collateral, collateral model can match the housing price data better, while the model without collateral fits the general price better. Since collateral constraint acts like an additional transmission channel, it enhances the impact from shocks and housing price is highly determined by housing demand. We further investigate LTV policy, finding it could be applied as macroprudential policy, especially when addressing the problem caused by increase in the US interest rate and the burst in the domestic housing demand, but the government should watch closely to the crowding out effect from export to housing demand and housing investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated more telecommuting (or working from home) than ever. This paper provides an economic analysis of the impacts of telecommuting on the residential location choice equilibrium. In particular, this paper employs a simplified monocentric city model of urban spatial structure to analytically examine the impacts of telecommuting on residential location choices and the associated commuting pattern in a city, considering that telecommuting may have positive, zero, or negative impact on individual income level. We found that the income effect of telecommuting and its relative magnitude against the commuting cost govern whether telecommuting will attract more to live in the suburb or the downtown. Moreover, the impacts of housing supply and commuting costs on the residential location choice equilibrium are dependent on the level of telecommuting, where such impacts diminish when the level of telecommuting increases. Furthermore, this paper derives and examines analytical solutions for the optimal level of telecommuting, the optimal housing supply and the optimal transport investment (that reduces commuting cost) in order to improve social welfare or the housing operator's profit in the context of telecommuting. How these optimal solutions are related to the level of telecommuting is also analyzed. This study provides understanding on how telecommuting may affect the joint equilibrium of residential location choice and commuting and how housing supply and transport investment should be adjusted in response to telecommuting. • This paper analyzes the impacts of telecommuting on residential location choices. • The income effect of telecommuting affects where to live. • We analyze the optimal telecommuting level, housing supply and transport investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The primary objective of this cross-sectional observational study was to determine whether bulk tank milk quality, udder health, udder hygiene, and milk production outcomes were associated with facility type on organic dairies. A secondary objective was to identify other management-related risk factors associated with bulk tank milk quality, udder health, udder hygiene, and milk production on organic dairy herds in Vermont. We aimed to enroll 40 farms, to compare herds using the 2 most common systems (freestalls, tiestalls) for housing organic dairy cattle in the state with those using a bedded pack during the nongrazing season (typically November–May). Two general styles of bedded packs were observed: cultivated bedded packs and untilled deep-bedded packs. Due to the limited number of herds using bedded packs to house lactating dairy cattle in Vermont, we combined untilled and cultivated bedded packs to describe udder hygiene, milk quality, and udder health on these loose-housing systems deeply bedded with organic material. The study was completed on 21 farms (5 bedded packs, 6 freestalls, 10 tiestalls) before interruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data captured from DHIA records from the test closest to the date of the farm visit included average SCS, standardized 150-d milk (pounds), percentage of cows with current high SCS (SCS ≥4.0), percentage of cows with newly elevated SCS (previous SCS <4.0 to current ≥4.0), and percentage of cows with chronically elevated SCS (SCS ≥4.0 last 2 tests). Multivariable linear regression models were used to describe outcomes by facility type, but suffered from limited statistical power due to small group sample sizes. Unconditional comparisons failed to find statistically significant differences between farms grouped by facility type in metrics captured from DHIA test data, bulk tank milk somatic cell count (BTSCC) and aerobic culture data, or udder hygiene scores. A secondary analysis was conducted using univariate linear regression to identify associations between herd-management factors and outcomes for all 21 farms combined. Although not all differences found were statistically significant in this secondary analysis combining all farms, numeric differences that may be biologically important are reported showing farms with deeper bedding had a lower BTSCC, lower newly elevated SCS, lower chronically elevated SCS, lower elevated current SCS, lower average SCS, and better udder hygiene metrics. Farms with lower mean udder hygiene scores had numerically lower chronically elevated SCS, lower elevated current SCS, and lower average SCS. We could not reject the null hypothesis that milk quality and udder health outcomes did not differ by facility type, and this does not preclude the existence of biological differences in these outcomes between facility types. The current study provides insight on factors affecting bulk tank milk quality, udder health and hygiene measures on organic dairy farms in Vermont. Bedded packs may be a viable option for confinement housing during the winter nongrazing season for pasture-based herds interested in a loose-housing system in the northeastern United States, but more research, such as longitudinal studies with a larger sample size, is needed to test this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to use detailed phenotyping for the claw disorder digital dermatitis (DD) considering specific DD stages in 2 housing systems (conventional cubicle barns [CON] and compost-bedded pack barns [CBPB]) to infer possible genotype × housing system interactions. The DD stages included 2,980 observations for the 3 traits DD-sick, DD-acute, and DD-chronic from 1,311 Holstein-Friesian and 399 Fleckvieh-Simmental cows. Selection of the 5 CBPB and 5 CON herds was based on a specific protocol to achieve a high level of herd similarity with regard to climate, feeding, milking system, and location, but with pronounced housing-system differences. Five other farms had a "mixed system" with 2 subherds, one representing CBPB and the other one CON. The CBPB system was represented by 899 cows (1,530 observations), and 811 cows (1,450 observations) represented the CON system. The average disease prevalence was 20.47% for DD-sick, 13.88% for DD-acute, and 5.34% for DD-chronic, with a higher prevalence in CON than in CBPB. After quality control of 50K genotypes, 38,495 SNPs from 926 cows remained for the ongoing genomic analyses. Genetic parameters for DD-sick, DD-acute, and DD-chronic were estimated by applying single-step approaches for single-trait repeatability animal models considering the whole dataset, and separately for the CON and CBPB subsets. Genetic correlations between same DD traits from different housing systems, and between DD-sick, DD-chronic, and DD-acute, were estimated via bivariate animal models. Heritabilities based on the whole dataset were 0.16 for DD-sick, 0.14 for DD-acute, and 0.11 for DD-chronic. A slight increase of heritabilities and genetic variances was observed in CON compared with the "well-being" CBPB system, indicating a stronger genetic differentiation of diseases in a more challenging environment. Genetic correlations between same DD traits recorded in CON or CBPB were close to 0.80, disproving obvious genotype × housing system interactions. Genetic correlations among DD-sick, DD-acute and DD-chronic ranged from 0.58 to 0.81. SNP main effects and SNP × housing system interaction effects were estimated simultaneously via GWAS, considering only the phenotypes from genotyped cows. Ongoing annotations of potential candidate genes focused on chromosomal segments 100 kb upstream and downstream from the significantly associated candidate SNP. GWAS for main effects indicated heterogeneous Manhattan plots especially for DD-acute and DD-chronic, indicating particularities in disease pathogenesis. Nevertheless, a few shared annotated potential candidate genes, that is, METTL25, AFF3, PRKG1 , and TENM4 for DD-sick and DD-acute, were identified. These genes have direct or indirect effects on disease resistance or immunology. For the SNP × housing system interaction, the annotated genes ASXL1 and NOL4L on BTA 13 were relevant for DD-sick and DD-acute. Overall, the very similar genetic parameters for the same traits in different environments and negligible genotype × housing system interactions indicate only minor effects on genetic evaluations for DD due to housing-system particularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burn injuries among the homeless are increasing as record numbers of people are unsheltered and resort to unsafe heating practices. This study characterizes burns in homeless encounters presenting to US emergency departments (EDs). Burn encounters in the 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) were queried. ICD-10 and CPT codes identified homelessness, injury regions, depths, total body surface area (TBSA %), and treatment plans. Demographics, comorbidities, and charges were analyzed. Discharge weights generated national estimates. Statistical analysis included univariate testing and multivariate modeling. Of 316,344 weighted ED visits meeting criteria, 1919 (0.6%) were homeless. Homeless encounters were older (mean age 44.83 vs. 32.39 years), male-predominant (71% vs. 52%), and had more comorbidities, and were more often White or Black race (p < 0.001). They more commonly presented to EDs in the West and were covered by Medicaid (51% vs. 33%) (p < 0.001). 12% and 5% of homeless burn injuries were related to self-harm and assault, respectively (p < 0.001). Homeless encounters experienced more third-degree burns (13% vs. 4%; p < 0.001), though TBSA % deciles were not significantly different (34% vs. 33% had TBSA % of ten or lower; p = 0.516). Homeless encounters were more often admitted (49% vs. 7%; p < 0.001), and homelessness increased odds of admission (OR 4.779; p < 0.001). Odds of transfer were significantly lower (OR 0.405; p = 0.021). Homeless burn ED encounters were more likely due to assault and self-inflicted injuries, and more severe. ED practitioners should be aware of these patients' unique presentation and triage to burn centers accordingly. • Homeless burn encounters presenting to EDs resulted from assault and self-infliction more commonly. • Homeless burn encounters were has significantly greater burden of psychiatric illness and substance abuse. • Homeless burn encounters were correlated with higher odds of admission yet lower odds of transfer to burn centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper evaluates the outcomes of the borrower-based macroprudential policy measures that were introduced in Estonia in 2015. The core of the analysis is the response of the credit market in 2016–2021 to the upper limit on the debt service-to-income ratio for new housing loans. The paper employs a novel data-driven approach based on the distribution of loan-level data, which does not need to account for the changes in the macroeconomic environment, and which allows the analysis to be made under assumptions that are more flexible than those usually used in the literature. The average number of borrowers affected, meaning those who were rejected or got a smaller loan than they wanted, is estimated to be on average around 11 per cent of the total number of new loans, which translates into roughly 10 per cent of the volume of new loans. The effect is fairly stable over the whole period despite the volume of housing loans growing in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Homeless pregnant women are at higher risk of preterm birth compared to those with stable living arrangements. • Homeless women are more likely be affected by other adverse social determinants of health. • We report a ten fold increase in pregnant women reporting homelessness over the study period. To evaluate the association, if any, of homelessness or refuge accommodation on delivery and short term perinatal outcomes in an Irish tertiary maternity hospital. A retrospective cohort study of 133 singleton pregnancies in women reporting to be homeless or living in refuge at their booking antenatal appointment between 2013 and 2022. Analysis compared sociodemographic characteristics and perinatal outcomes in this cohort to a reference population of 76,858 women with stable living arrangements. Women in the homeless/refuge population were statistically more likely to be single (75.2 % vs 39.5 %, p < 0.001), have an unplanned pregnancy (73.7 % vs 27.2 %, p < 0.001), report a history of psychiatric illness (42.9 % vs 22.4 %, p < 0.001), domestic violence (18.8 % vs 0.9 %, p < 0.001) alcohol consumption in pregnancy (3.0 % vs 0.8 %, p < 0.001) or smoking in pregnancy (41.3 % vs 9.7 %, p < 0.001). They were significantly more likely to have a preterm birth (adjusted OR 1.71 (1.01–2.87) p = 0.04). They also had a significantly lower median birth weight compared to the reference population (birthweight 3270 g vs 3420 g, p < 0.001). Women in the homeless and refuge population are more likely to experience poorer perinatal outcomes compared to women with stable living arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents findings from an assessment of owners' investments in the welfare of African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) , focusing on feeding, housing, enrichment, hygiene, and health practices. Participants were divided into three groups based on how they acquired information about hedgehog care: G1 consulted veterinarians, G2 consulted other owners and breeders, and G3 consulted the internet. Group G3 comprised the largest portion of participants (45%), while G1 had the fewest (22%). The majority of owners fed their hedgehogs commercial food (55%), supplemented with live worms, dry insects, or plants (79%). Most hedgehogs were housed in units smaller than 0.5 square meters (68%), and 84% lacked a hiding "house". Some owners did not provide a hedgehog wheel (17%). Owners consulting veterinarians (G1) were more likely to use commercial food (P < 0.05), spend time interacting with their pets (P < 0.01), wash the wheel daily (P < 0.01), seek veterinary check-ups upon acquisition (P < 0.01), schedule preventive examinations (P < 0.01), and consult veterinarians for health changes (P < 0.01) compared to internet consulters (G3). All G1 owners had hedgehog wheels, significantly more than G2 owners (P < 0.01), where 27% lacked them. Significant differences existed between G1 and G2 in wheel washing frequency, post-acquisition veterinary visits (P < 0.001), preventive check-ups (P < 0.001), and contacting veterinarians for health changes (P < 0.01). Overall, owners across all groups exhibited differences in care practices, including some errors such as inadequate housing. • Different source of knowlegde caused differences in caring practice for hedgehogs. • The majority of hedgehog owners search the internet for the hedgehog caring tips. • The fewest hedgehog owners try to solve hedgehog health issues on their own. • Consulting a veterinarian ensures optimal pet care and welfare maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness is both a significant determinant and consequence of health and social inequalities. To better meet healthcare needs, dedicated mental health and general nurses were implemented to deliver outreach healthcare to people experiencing homelessness in one United Kingdom (UK) county. During COVID-19, the UK Government also instructed local authorities to accommodate individuals sleeping rough and have a national target to end rough sleeping. This qualitative study explored experiences of this nurse-let outreach service and housing journeys during and beyond COVID-19 among people experiencing homelessness. Face-to-face, narrative storytelling interviews were conducted via opportunistic sampling in community settings. Individuals with recent or current experiences of homelessness were eligible. Participants were informed about the study via known professionals and introduced to the researcher. Eighteen narrative interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analysed using reflective thematic analysis. Individuals described complex journeys in becoming and being homeless. The nurse-led outreach service provided integral support, with reported benefits to person-centred and accessible care and improved outcomes in health and well-being. After being housed, individuals valued housing necessities and described new responsibilities. However, some participants did not accept or stay in housing provisions where they perceived risks. Interviewed participants perceived that the dedicated nurse-led outreach service improved their access to care and health outcomes. In the absence of dedicated provisions, mainstream healthcare should ensure flexible processes and collaborative professional working. Local authorities must also be afforded increased resources for housing, as well as integrated support, to reduce social and health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh needs to improve women's health, security, convenience, and financial independence, particularly regarding urban mobility. An inefficient and unaffordable urban transport system limits women's access to better job opportunities, hindering their personal growth. This study aims to achieve sustainable development in women's mobility. It attempts to identify the most preferred policy option among different hypothetical scenarios. The importance of different variables using a mixed-method approach is also analyzed. Discussion workshops and a hypothetical travel survey were conducted with low, middle, and high-income working and non-working women. The most preferred policy options were 'walk with the organized vendor,' 'living further away with better living standard,' 'subsidized public transport,' 'app-based private shuttle,' and then Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Identifying these can help policymakers and transport planners to achieve sustainable transport options. • An inefficient and unaffordable urban transport system limits women's access to better job opportunities, hindering their personal growth. • Women's preferences overwhelmingly lean towards improving walking facilities and the public transport system. • A holistic approach with improved transport system should be implemented for the safety and comfort of women. • Travel discounts, affordable housing options and improved bus are proposed to address the unique needs of women from different income groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress made by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs toward ending veteran homelessness requires that attention be paid to preventing returns to homelessness. Using national Veterans Affairs data on 293,820 exits from a Veterans Affairs homeless program to a permanent housing destination between January 2018 and December 2022, rates and predictors of returns to homelessness among veterans were examined. Analyses were conducted in June–August 2023. A return to homelessness was operationally defined as a return encounter with a Veterans Affairs homeless program. A total of 5.8% of successful exits to permanent housing resulted in a return to homelessness within 6 months, 10.2% resulted in a return within 12 months, and 16.7% resulted in a return within 24 months. In the total sample, veterans who were male (hazard ratio=1.47), were widowed (hazard ratio=1.29), had diagnoses of drug use disorder (hazard ratio=1.40) or psychotic disorder (hazard ratio=1.20), and had used more inpatient or urgent care services in the previous year (hazard ratio=1.05–1.15) were at significantly greater risk of returning to homelessness. Many of these predictors remained significant in subgroup analyses of female veterans, veterans aged ≥65 years, and veterans in the Housing and Urban Development-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing program. Most homeless veterans served by Veterans Affairs who exit to permanent housing do not return to homelessness within two years. The most critical period seems to be the first year, when 1 in 10 veterans return to homelessness. Knowledge of these risk factors may be important in planning secondary and tertiary prevention efforts for homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-level abortion bans in the United States have created a complex legal landscape that forces many prospective patients to travel long distances to access abortion care. The financial strain and logistical difficulties associated with travelling out of state for abortion care may present an insurmountable barrier to some individuals, especially to those with limited resources. Tracking the impact of these abortion bans on travel and housing is crucial for understanding abortion access and economic changes following the Dobbs U.S. Supreme Court decision. This study used occupancy data from an average of 2,349,635 (standard deviation = 111,578) U.S. Airbnb listings each month from October 1st, 2020, through April 30th, 2023, to measure the impact of abortion bans on travel for abortion care and the resulting economic effects on regional economies. The study used a synthetic difference-in-differences design to compare monthly-level occupancy rate data from 1-bedroom entire-place Airbnb rentals within a 30-min driving distance of abortion clinics in states with and without abortion bans. The study found a 1.4 percentage point decrease in occupancy rates of Airbnbs around abortion clinics in states where abortion bans were in effect, demonstrating reductions in Airbnb use in states with bans. In the 6-month period post Dobbs, this decrease translates to 16,548 fewer renters and a $1.87 million loss in revenue for 1-bedroom entire-place Airbnbs within a 30-min catchment area of abortion facilities in states with abortion restrictions. This novel use of Airbnb data provides a unique perspective on measuring demand for abortion and healthcare services and demonstrates the value of this data stream as a tool for understanding economic impacts of health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines short-, medium-, and long-run price expectations in housing markets. At the heart of our analysis is the combination of data from a tailored in-person household survey, past sale offerings, satellite imagery on developable land, and an information treatment (RCT). As novel finding, we show that price expectations show no evidence for momentum-effects in the long run. We also do not find much evidence for behavioural biases in expectations related to individual housing tenure decisions. Confirming existing findings, we find momentum-effects in the short-run and that individuals, to a limited extend, use aggregate price information to update local expectations. Lastly, we provide suggestive evidence corroborating existing findings that expectations are relevant for portfolio choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to affordable housing may support cancer control for adults with low income by alleviating financial barriers to preventive care. This study examines relationships between cancer screening and receipt of government housing assistance among adults with low income. Data are from the 2019 and 2021 National Health Interview Survey. Eligible respondents were classified as up-to-date or not with breast cancer (BC), cervical cancer (CVC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model guideline-concordant screening by receipt of government housing assistance, overall and stratified by urban-rural status, race/ethnicity, and age. Analyses were performed in 2023. Analyses for BC, CVC and CRC screening included 2,258, 3,132, and 3,233 respondents, respectively. There was no difference in CVC screening by housing assistance status, but screening for BC and CRC was higher among those who received assistance compared to those who did not (59.7% vs. 50.8%, p <0.01 for BC; 57.1% vs. 44.1%, p <0.01 for CRC). In models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health status and insurance, these differences were not statistically significant for either BC or CRC screening. In stratified adjusted models, housing assistance was statistically significantly associated with increased BC screening in urban areas (aOR=1.35, 95% CI=1.00–1.82) and among Hispanic women (aOR=2.20, 95% CI=1.01–4.78) and women 45–54 years of age (aOR=2.10, 95% CI=1.17–3.75). Policies that address housing affordability may enhance access to BC screening for some subgroups, including women in urban areas, Hispanic women, and younger women. More research on the mechanisms that link housing assistance to BC screening is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in local house prices in the US is associated with a decrease in the time homeowners spend on religious activities compared to renters. Notably, this effect is not observed in volunteering and civic activities. The decline in religious activities is more pronounced for credit-constrained households. The main result is attributed to a wealth effect, whereby activities that have an inferior-good component decline with housing wealth, and to a substitution effect whereby the attractiveness of activities linked to the residential asset increases during housing booms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the efforts to solve housing problems in developing countries, there are still several issues with providing affordable housing sustainably because of population density and high demand. Cooperative housing is a housing type that realizes affordability and quality of life based on cooperation among members. Although Egyptian cooperative housing relies on community participation, inefficient management and unaffordable units have halted Egypt's cooperative housing. Therefore, the State stimulates the cooperative's performance through subsidies and research to provide an effective system for integrated cooperative housing. The purpose of this study is to investigate and propose a framework for activating an integrated cooperative housing role to enhance residents' quality of life through an inclusive sustainable system. The research methodology is based on set of scientific research methods, using a theoretical approach to identify the relationship between cooperative housing and urban systems and to define the cooperatives as pivotal in sustainable urban development within a participatory framework. This research presents guidelines aimed at improving the concept of integrated cooperative housing. Furthermore, this research works on analytical approach by relying cooperative housing objectives with the international sustainable goals, the research analyzes various types of frameworks working on urban aspects at all building stages and non-urban aspects related to members' financial needs, environmental and socio-economic indicators. The paper focuses on monitoring and reporting performance through an integrated system on multidimensional aspects deduced from models' policies analyzed, with a particular emphasis on national and international frameworks. By enhancing national frame by merging SDGs, these guidelines aim to positively impact the Egyptian housing market, especially low-income housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt is currently developing huge housing projects at the New Capital, Alamein, and other Egyptian cities. These projects often require soil replacement for roads and buildings. Among the causes of problems observed in some housing projects in the last decade are improper type of soil replacement material and inadequate compaction. Pit-run gravelly soils are commonly recommended for soil replacement because they have the advantages of providing high stiffness, low permeability inherited from their fines' content and wide availability in Egypt. It is common to use sand cone test and/or static plate load test (SPLT) to assess the quality of compaction. The sand cone test is simple, cheap and rapid; however, it is not reliable with gravel sizes usually found in pit-run gravel, which may exceed 38 mm. Although the SPLT is efficient to assess the quality of compaction and the deformation modulus, it is relatively expensive and time-consuming. The dynamic plate load test is a reliable solution to combine the advantages of both the sand cone test and SPLT. This research includes a detailed laboratory characterization of pit-run gravel collected from Suez deserts and a field testing program including static and dynamic plate load tests on pit-run gravelly soil carried out at several sites in the new capital of Egypt to obtain static and dynamic plate load tests moduli. A statistical approach based on percent of exceedance criterion is adopted to obtain a simple correlation between the static and dynamic plate load test deformation moduli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Significant effects of key drivers on gaseous emissions from cattle housing were identified. • NH 3 emissions differ between housing types but not between floor types. • CH 4 emissions differ by barn temperature and relative humidity only. • N 2 O and NH 3 emissions are lower in temperate wet zones than in temperate dry zone. • Global data analysis shows the need to differentiate emission factors by agro-ecosystems. This study provides a meta-analysis on the relationships between cattle barn CH 4 , NH 3 and N 2 O emission rates and their key drivers (i.e., housing type, floor type, environmental conditions). Understanding these relationships is essential to reduce uncertainties in emission inventories and suggest targeted mitigation measures. The total number of daily emission rates included in the analysis was 139 for CH 4 , 293 for NH 3 and 100 for N 2 O emissions. Emission rates in the database showed a large variation with 45–803.5 g/LU d−1 for CH 4 , 0.036–146.7 gN LU−1 d−1 for NH 3 , and 0.002–18 gN LU−1 d−1 for N 2 O emissions. Despite the high emission variability, significant effects were identified·NH 3 showed positive correlation with air temperature; NH 3 emissions differed between housing types but not between floor types·NH 3 emissions from tied stalls were lower than the ones from cubicle housing regardless of the floor type. Additionally, NH 3 emissions from loose housings were lower than the ones from cubicle housing·NH 3 and N 2 O emission rates from temperate wet zones were lower than the ones from temperate dry zones. CH 4 emission rates were affected by environmental factors only and not by housing and floor type, showing negative correlation with air temperature and humidity. The factors investigated can be suggested as ancillary variables and descriptors when cattle barn emissions are measured, in order to make best use of emission data. Country-specific data of these key drivers can be included into national inventories to adapt them to different agroecosystems and support targeted policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic hit Portugal in March 2020, causing widespread disruption to various aspects of society. While extensive research has been conducted on the significance of socio-economic disparities in infection risk, this study aims to enhance our understanding of their evolving relationship over time by analysing four distinct periods in 2020. This retrospective observational ecological study included individuals residing in the Primary Healthcare Cluster areas of Almada-Seixal and Western Lisbon and Oeiras, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 through a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test between the 2nd of March and the 8th of November of 2020. Using incidence rates for each specific neighbourhood (n = 29) and period, we explored the relationship between neighbourhood-level socio-economic variables and the risk of infection using negative-binomial regression models. In the analysed period, a total of 8562 confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified. Overall incidence rates for each period were sequentially 2.74, 5.03, 3.99 and 14.29 COVID-19 cases per 100,000 person-days. Housing overcrowding, illiteracy rate and place of birth were associated with increased risk of infection, while age, congregate living, and employment in the secondary sector exhibited the opposite association. No association was consistent across all time periods. Our findings support the idea that the influence of socio-economic determinants of health is not immutable throughout time. In a pandemic context where information, knowledge, beliefs, and behaviours are ever-changing and evolving, a dynamic, inclusive, and adaptable approach to disease control can lead to a more equitable distribution of improved outcomes, benefiting all strata of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses an approach that estimates the asymmetric effects of transitioning into and out of housing cost burden on psychological health. We used data from 14 waves of the Korean Welfare Panel Study. We estimated an asymmetric fixed-effects model to examine whether transitioning into and out of housing cost burden is associated with depressive symptoms. Interaction models were used to assess whether these effects differ by housing tenure. A standard fixed-effects model indicates that housing cost burden is associated with depressive symptoms (b = 0.126). However, the results of the asymmetric fixed-effects model suggest that transitioning out of housing cost burden reduces depressive symptoms (b = −0.171), while transitioning into housing cost burden is not associated with a change in depressive symptoms. These asymmetric effects of housing cost burden on depressive symptoms are more pronounced for renters than for owner-occupiers. The findings suggest that alleviating housing cost burden can improve the psychological well-being of individuals, particularly among renters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the behavioral responses of mortgage loan borrowers to Macroprudential Policy (MPP) its transmission channel, and the lag effect. We also explore the effectiveness of lender-based instruments Using borrower-level loan data from an Indian bank with a national presence from 2010 to 2021, we find that MPP tightening leads to a decline in borrower leverage. The impact is primarily channeled through downpayment changes rather than the cost of housing. The heterogeneous analysis reveals that the relaxation in MPP norms to promote affordable housing has helped middle-income groups in their mortgage decisions. A disaggregated analysis shows that risk weights have a stronger impact than LTV limits and provisioning requirements, suggesting that banks are capital-conscious in their lending decisions. Overall, the findings stress that MPPs, especially the timely intervention concerning risk weights have been effective in managing the borrowing risk thereby ensuring stability in the mortgage market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating the principles of loss aversion psychology within the context of green housing stakeholders – the government, realtors, and residents – this study extends its purview into an evolutionary game model. This model takes into account the consequences of inaction in the absence of government oversight, the additional loss incurred by realtors due to the unmarketable development of green housing, and the psychological loss experienced by residents when their green housing acquisitions fall short of their expectations. To further enrich our analysis, three distinct scenarios are considered for the government: exclusive rewards without penalties, exclusive penalties without rewards, and a combination of both rewards and penalties. The simulation results show that: (1) The initial probability values assigned to the three parties do not significantly impact the long-term stable equilibrium. Interestingly, a higher initial probability value tends to steer all three parties towards selecting the stable equilibrium solution. (2) Within the context of the three reward–penalty​ scenarios, it becomes evident that an increase in the magnitude of government rewards and penalties inclines realtors towards a greater inclination to engage in green housing development. Nonetheless, a balanced approach appears to yield the most favorable results. (3) A sensitivity analysis reveals that a heightened aversion to loss within the government's decision-making process leads to a higher likelihood of regulatory intervention. Conversely, a diminished loss aversion mindset among realtors and residents correlates with an increased propensity for realtors to invest in green housing development, while residents are more inclined to purchase green housing. Finally, corresponding policy implications are given according to the conclusions. [Display omitted] • It incorporates the theory of loss aversion from behavioral economics. • A tripartite evolutionary game model of green housing stakeholders is constructed. • The study considers both government propaganda and regulatory behavior. • Constructing evolutionary games and simulations in three government scenarios. • The study compares the Nash equilibrium points under different regulatory modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China's fertility rate shows a declining trend with rapid urbanization and increasing housing prices. Based on the China General Social Survey (CGSS) data, for the first time, this paper investigates the effect of housing status on the two-child fertility willingness of China's floating population using a Probit model combined with the propensity score matching method and the instrumental variable method. The results show that the floating population with self-owned housing has a significantly lower two-child fertility willingness than those living in rented housing. This finding remains robust after addressing the potential endogeneity problem. Moreover, the effect of housing status on the two-child fertility willingness of floating population varies with demographic characteristics. Furthermore, the heterogeneous analysis indicates that the floating population with two or more self-owned housings have higher two-child fertility willingness than those who have only one self-owned housing or who live in rented housing. The married without children and living in self-owned housing have lower two-child fertility willingness than the married with one or more children and living in self-owned housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to identify, appraise and update evidence on the association between cold temperatures (i.e. <18°C) within homes (i.e. dwellings) and health and well-being outcomes. This study was a systematic review. Seven databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Coronavirus Research Database) were searched for studies published between 2014 and 2022, which explored the association between cold indoor temperatures and health and well-being outcomes. Studies were limited to those conducted in temperate and colder climates due to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality during winter in those climatic zones. Studies were independently quality assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Of 1209 studies, 20 were included for review. Study outcomes included cardiovascular (blood pressure, electrocardiogram abnormalities, blood platelet count), respiratory (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms, respiratory viral infection), sleep, physical performance and general health. Seventeen studies found exposure to cold indoor temperatures was associated with negative effects on health outcomes studied. Older individuals and those with chronic health problems were found to be more vulnerable to negative health outcomes. Evidence suggests that indoor temperatures <18°C are associated with negative health effects. However, the evidence is insufficient to allow clear conclusions regarding outcomes from specific temperature thresholds for different population groups. Significant gaps in the current evidence base are identified, including research on the impacts of cold indoor temperatures on mental health and well-being, studies involving young children, and the long-term health effects of cold indoor temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domesticated horses are often housed in individual stables for long periods where physical contact with conspecifics is not possible. Although common, this form of stable design is known to be detrimental to horse welfare. This study investigated the impact of short-term stabling (1-hour bouts) on behavioral expression using three stable conditions: a full wall, a barred window wall, and a half wall between paired horses in a within-subjects design study (N = 18). A mixed model (restricted maximum likelihood) was used to account for both stable condition and individual horse within the model. Behaviors influenced by stable design were those relating to vigilance and social affiliation. Horses spent a greater proportion of the observation time standing alert when in the full wall stable compared to the half wall stable (P = 0.009). The opposite is true of time spent standing and resting (P < 0.001). Compared to the window wall alone, horses in the half wall stable performed significantly more contact-seeking behaviors (P = 0.021). Horse owners often perceive stable design unimportant if only used for short periods of time, with the majority of their time budget spent at pasture with conspecifics. These results indicate that, even during short bouts of stabling, horses were more relaxed when stable design allowed them to engage in social behaviors with conspecifics and more vigilant when stable design left them physically isolated from conspecifics. [Display omitted] • Vigilance behavior in horses is influenced by stable design even when stabling duration is short. • Horses expressed more alert behaviors when isolated from conspecifics. • In contrast they performed more affiliative and relaxation behaviors when contact was possible. • Horses chose to actively engage in social behaviors when physical contact was possible in a stable. • This was despite being at pasture together for the other 23hrs of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Study on reducing the grid dependency (GD) of urban housing in Nordic climate. • Total energy transfer and grid parity analyses were implemented. • Several hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) configurations were simulated. • A recommendation for the reasonable target level of grid dependency was found. • On-site wind power is necessary to reach the target level of GD in this context. Volatile energy prices and the pursuit of energy resilience drive households and housing cooperatives to invest in renewable energy generation (REG) with an aim to reduce grid dependency (GD). The optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) calls for minimizing both imported and exported energy plus non-exportable energy dump on site. The Total Energy Transfer Index (TETI) is a novel indicator to quantify energy transfer between buildings and the grid. However, the TETI does not specify the on-site energy dump. The present study introduces another indicator, the Weighted Energy Transfer Index (WETI), which is the weighted average of imported energy fraction, exported energy fraction and energy dump factor. The results of a computational study involving a conceptual Finnish townhouse suggest that using the TETI as a design criterion still allows oversizing the HRES. On the other hand, the results imply that a realistic target level of grid dependency for an HRES from energy prosumers' perspective is TETI < 1. The economic viability of an HRES presumes that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) does not exceed the price of imported energy. The computational results suggest that in Finland, the grid parity of an HRES is obtained at the electricity prices between 17...29 €c/kWh, including transfer charges and taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antipsychotic drugs are prescribed to a wide range of individuals to treat mental health conditions including schizophrenia. However, antipsychotic drugs cause bone loss and increase fracture risk. We previously found that the atypical antipsychotic (AA) drug risperidone causes bone loss through multiple pharmacological mechanisms, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system in mice treated with clinically relevant doses. However, bone loss was dependent upon housing temperature, which modulates sympathetic activity. Another AA drug, olanzapine, has substantial metabolic side effects, including weight gain and insulin resistance, but it is unknown whether bone and metabolic outcomes of olanzapine are also dependent upon housing temperature in mice. We therefore treated eight week-old female mice with vehicle or olanzapine for four weeks, housed at either room temperature (23 °C) or thermoneutrality (28–30 °C), which has previously been shown to be positive for bone. Olanzapine caused significant trabecular bone loss (−13% BV/TV), likely through increased RANKL-dependent osteoclast resorption, which was not suppressed by thermoneutral housing. Additionally, olanzapine inhibited cortical bone expansion at thermoneutrality, but did not alter cortical bone expansion at room temperature. Olanzapine also increased markers of thermogenesis within brown and inguinal adipose depots independent of housing temperature. Overall, olanzapine causes trabecular bone loss and inhibits the positive effect of thermoneutral housing on bone. Understanding how housing temperature modulates the impact of AA drugs on bone is important for future pre-clinical studies, as well as for the prescription of AA drugs, particularly to older adults and adolescents who are most vulnerable to the effects on bone. • Olanzapine-induced osteoclast resorption causes trabecular bone loss after four weeks in female mice. • Increased housing temperature (28–30 °C) does not improve trabecular or cortical bone during olanzapine treatment. • Thermoneutral housing and olanzapine drug treatment have opposing effects on thermogenic gene expression in adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preclinical mouse models are widely used for studying mechanisms of disease and responses to therapeutics, however there is concern about the lack of experimental reproducibility and failure to predict translational success. The gut microbiome has emerged as a regulator of metabolism and immunological processes in health and disease. The gut microbiome of mice differs by supplier and this affects experimental outcomes. We have previously reported that the mandated, mildly cool housing temperature for research mice (22°-26 °C) induces chronic adrenergic stress which suppresses anti-tumor immunity and promotes tumor growth compared to thermoneutral housing (30 °C). Therefore, we wondered how housing temperature affects the microbiome. Here, we demonstrate that the gut microbiome of BALB/c mice is easily modulated by a few degrees difference in temperature. Our results reveal significant differences between the gut microbiome of mice housed at 22°-23 °C vs. 30 °C. Although the genera vary, we consistently observed an enrichment of members of the family Lachnospiraceae when mice are housed at 22°-23 °C. These findings demonstrate that adrenergic stress and need for increased energy harvest to support thermogenesis, in addition to other factors such as diet, modulates the gut microbiome and this could be one mechanism by which housing temperature affects experimental outcomes. Additionally, tumor growth in mice housed at 30 °C also increases the proportion of Lachnospiraceae. The idea that stress can alter the gut microbiome and cause differences in experimental outcomes is applicable to mouse studies in general and is a variable that has significant potential to affect experimental reproducibility. • The gut microbiome of mice is sensitive to housing temperature. • In 22 °C housing, the gut microbiome is enriched in Lachnospiraceae compared to mice housed at thermoneutral 30 °C. • In mice housed at 30 °C, tumor growth is accompanied by an increase in Lachnospiraceae. • The impact of housing temperature on the gut microbiome should be considered in experiments using mouse models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the mental health of the population. Many studies reported high levels of psychological distress and rising rates of suicidal ideation (SI). Data on a range of psychometric scales from 1790 respondents were collected in Slovenia through an online survey between July 2020 and January 2021. As a worrying percentage (9.7%) of respondents reported having SI within the last month, the goal of this study was to estimate the presence of SI, as indicated by the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS). The estimation was based on the change of habits, demographic features, strategies for coping with stress, and satisfaction with three most important aspects of life (relationships, finances, and housing). This could both help recognize the telltale factors indicative of SI and potentially identify people at risk. The factors were specifically selected to be discreet about suicide, likely sacrificing some accuracy in return. We tried four machine learning algorithms: binary logistic regression, random forest, XGBoost, and support vector machines. Logistic regression, random forest, and XGBoost models achieved comparable performance with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83 on previously unseen data. We found an association between various subscales of Brief-COPE and SI; Self-Blame was especially indicative of the presence of SI, followed by increase in Substance Use, low Positive Reframing, Behavioral Disengagement, dissatisfaction with relationships and lower age. The results showed that the presence of SI can be estimated with reasonable specificity and sensitivity based on the proposed indicators. This suggests that the indicators we examined have a potential to be developed into a quick screening tool that would assess suicidality indirectly, without unnecessary exposure to direct questions on suicidality. As with any screening tool, subjects identified as being at risk, should be further clinically examined. • SI can be predicted with machine learning based on change of habits, coping with stress and satisfaction with life. • Machine learning models achieved performance of 0.83 AUROC on previously unseen data. • The indicators we examined might have a potential to be developed into a quick screening tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social housing typically encompasses neighbourhoods with low social-economic status. Here, environmental problems like climate change and biodiversity loss have a higher impact than in other neighbourhoods. Applying Nature-based Solutions (NbS) may enhance the resilience of social housing neighbourhoods and as such make cities more just. In this article we explore to what extent NbS can be applied, given the physical, social and financial limitations that define Dutch social housing practice, and - by doing so – what NbS can contribute to environmental justice. Based upon several Living Lab experiences and dialogues with numerous housing corporations, ten NbS measures have been identified that likely will match with current practices in social housing. Implementing NbS contributes to all aspects of environmental justice, with distributional justice as the most straightforward one (more NbS means more environmental benefits). Procedural and recognitional justice were found to be of crucial importance to make greenspaces worthwhile for the residents. Our study draws attention to the fact that NbS knowledge is key but currently still insufficient, both within housing corporations as within the key partners (local authorities, landscaping firms). This means that there is a growing demand to increase NbS knowledge in the social housing sector. We finalize this article with recommendations on how to meet this demand. • This study reveals which Nature-based Solutions best match social housing practice. • Living Labs show Nature-based Solutions contribute to all aspects of environmental justice. • Procedural and recognitional justice crucial for residents' support for Nature-based Solutions. • Recommendations given to enhance Nature-based Solutions knowledge in social housing stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The workshop series sought to support food justice and sovereignty by educating food systems professionals about the root causes of inequities in the food system. Residents who are knowledgeable about food systems and active about food and agricultural issues are critical for the long-term success of efforts to develop an equitable food system. Education about food and agriculture can equip residents with the knowledge and skills to transform their food system and make positive changes in their communities. We sought to train food system stakeholders to help their communities affect those positive changes. The series reached a broad range of food system stakeholders, including community nutrition and garden educators, local government officials, producers, etc. Building Equity in the Silicon Valley Food Systems was a professional development series co-designed by community partners and cooperative extension advisors. Four webinars covered topics across the food system, including agricultural land access and housing, culture and power, and community-led approaches to food system work. A concluding in-person convening offered participants the opportunity to reflect on the series and develop a shared action plan to carry learnings from the series into their work. Surveys were administered at registration, after each workshop, and at the conclusion of the series. Respondents reported increased knowledge of equitable food systems (81%), the historical roots of inequity in land access and housing in Silicon Valley (81%), diverse cultural food traditions (80%), and strategies for promoting equity and community-led solutions (82%). 98% of respondents indicated they would take action – or had already taken action – as a result of the series. Those actions included increased collaboration, implementing values-based procurement, including more community voice in programming, and finally, a willingness to advocate for systems-level change. Co-designing a workshop series with community partners led to positive increased knowledge and intention of food system professionals to work towards a more participatory food system. NIFA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• By 2050, 70–80 million tonnes of EoL-PV waste may be expected. • A novel approach to upcycle EoL-PV as building material is proposed. • India's housing needs and SDGs are benefited from this approach. • Reduction in cost, embodied energy & carbon emission expected with this approach. • This approach promotes jobs in PV and construction sector benefiting society. Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations worldwide continue to grow, and in 2022, global PV installations crossed 1 TW of solar PV. Various factors like extreme weather events, higher temperatures, humidity, and other operational factors bring down the life of PV panels. A poor functional and (or) economic viability leads PV panel to its End-of-Life (EoL). By the end of 2050, 70–80 million tonnes of EoL-PV waste is anticipated. Recycling technology is currently not economically viable. A hitherto untried solution is proposed to use EoL-PV panels as a building material. The rising need for building materials in developing countries is imminent, and EoL-PV would be a low-cost, low embodied energy building material. Our objectives are to evaluate the potential benefits of such strategy in terms of reduction in embodied energy, carbon emission offset, and cost benefit. Following that, projections on number of EoL-PV panels and number of households in demand in every state and union territory of India are made. A projection at this level will show the potential sources of End-of-Life PV panels and number of places where the houses in demand exist. Embodied Energy, Cost, and carbon emissions of a typical EoL-PV integrated building is lower by 30.7%, 38.4% and 33.3% compared to conventional buildings of the same size, respectively. This is a promising result for a preliminary investigation and calls for further assessment. Even if 6.9% of the households (demand) in the country use EoL-PV panels as the choice of building material during 2030-2035, all the EoL-PV panels generated may be fully utilized in India ending the possible landfill option. The avoided carbon emissions, in this case, is around 2% (or 8 million tonnes). This study strongly suggests the use of EoL-PV in buildings by integrating as a building element rather than applying on the wall/roof of the building, simply to enjoy the benefits of cost, embodied energy and emissions. The estimations made in this study may be replicated for the case of other countries where solar PV waste issue is anticipated. This approach makes EoL-PV no longer a liability to the solar power plant but an asset that can be traded for another application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to examine the prevalence of housing deprivation and its determinants in Poland. It uses recent Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) panel data from 2017-2020. To identify the socioeconomic factors behind housing deprivation among Polish households, we apply the random-effects probit model approach. We find evidence that housing deprivation is negatively related to household income and level of education. On the contrary, the presence of unemployed people in the household increases the risk of housing deprivation. In addition, our results revealed that essential factors affecting the examined phenomenon are tenure status, dwelling type, place of residence of households – its degree of urbanisation and region. Our random effects probit modelling approach finds that unobserved household characteristics play an important role in explaining housing deprivation. Moreover, a decreasing trend in the occurrence of housing deprivation is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Irish residential property market is currently characterized by a considerable structural deficiency in housing supply compared to the underlying level of demand. The lack of housing has led to several economic and social problems in Ireland. The imbalance between supply and demand has led to both house prices and rents increasing faster than household incomes. Recent policy initiatives by the Irish Government have outlined plans for significant spending aimed at increasing the numbers of housing completions to tackle these issues. This paper examines the impact of government spending on housing supply using a structural econometric model of the Irish economy with a specific construction block. Within our econometric analysis, we compare the results of an economy wide versus a sector specific government stimulus on the property market. Our simulations suggest that, in order to achieve social and economic goals like increasing the number of dwellings and making housing more affordable by containing house price inflation, a targeted policy such as that described in the Irish Government's Housing for All plan may be preferable to an economy-wide stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preweaning calves are kept in a range of housing types that offer variable protection against the weather and provide differing internal environments. This cross-sectional observational study assessed the effect of housing type (shed, polytunnel, or hutches) on internal environmental parameters, using 2 blocks of 8-wk measurements from 10 commercial dairy farms in the south of England, covering both summer and winter periods. Continuous measurements for internal and external temperature and humidity were recorded by data logger placed within the calf housing and used to calculate the temperature-humidity index (THI). Weekly point readings were also taken for temperature, humidity, light, air speed, ammonia level, and airborne particulate matter. Airborne bacterial levels were determined at wk 2, 5, and 8 by incubating air samples at 35°C for 24 h in aerobic conditions. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Housing type influenced THI significantly in both seasons. In summer, calves were exposed to heat stress conditions (THI ≥72) for 39, 31, and 14 of 46 d in polytunnel housing, hutches, and sheds, respectively. The maximum summer temperature (37.0°C) was recorded in both hutch and polytunnel housing, with sheds remaining consistently cooler (maximum 31.0°C). In winter, the lowest minimum internal temperature recorded was in hutches at −4.5°C, with both the sheds and polytunnel, but not hutches, providing a significant increase in temperature compared with the external environment. Hutches remained ≤ 10°C for 86% of the winter study period. Light levels were reduced in all housing types compared with the external environment. The particulate matter in air that is capable of reaching the lungs (particulate matter <10 μm) was highest in sheds, intermediate in hutches, and lowest in polytunnel housing (0.97 ± 3.75, 0.37 ± 0.44, and 0.20 ± 0.24 mg/m3, respectively). This was mirrored by airborne bacterial numbers, which were also highest in sheds (8,017 ± 2,141 cfu/m3), intermediate in hutches (6,870 ± 2,084 cfu/m3), and lowest in the polytunnel (3,357 ± 2,572 cfu/m3). Round, white, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative colonies were most prevalent, likely indicating Staphylococcus species. This study demonstrated that UK calves are routinely exposed to either heat or cold stress, especially when housed in hutches or polytunnels. Sheds had the highest levels of particulate matter and airborne bacteria, both known contributory factors for respiratory disease. These findings demonstrate that all calf housing systems result in environmental compromises that could have long-term impacts on calf health and growth; therefore, further studies should identify husbandry and housing modifications to mitigate these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoke-free policies (SFP) in multi-unit housing are a promising tool for reducing exposure to tobacco smoke among residents. Concerns about increased housing instability due to voluntary or involuntary transitions induced by SFPs have been a primary barrier to greater widespread adoption. The impact of SFP implementation on transitions out of public housing in federally funded public housing authorities in Massachusetts was evaluated. Tenancy data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development were used to determine the time from admission to transitioning out of public housing based on a cohort study design. Periods of exposure to SFPs were defined based on dates of SFP implementation at each PHA. Multi-level Cox regression models were fit to estimate the effects of SFPs on the hazard of transitioning, adjusting for household- and PHA-level characteristics. Analyses were conducted in 2021‒2022. There were 44,705 households with a record of residence in Massachusetts PHAs over 2009‒2018. Over this period, despite increasing adoption of SFPs among the PHAs, rates of transition remained steady at around 5‒8 transitions per 1,000 household-months. There was no overall association between exposure to SFPs and transitions among the full sample (adjusted HR=0.99, 95% CI=0.95, 1.04, p =0.794). However, the association varied significantly by age group, race/ethnicity, timing of SFP adoption, and era of admission. Adoption of SFPs in public housing had a minimal overall impact on turnover for households in Massachusetts, though disparities in the impact were observed between different demographic and PHA-level subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green space reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but few studies examine what types of green space matter, which is an important consideration as cities densify and apartments become more common. Participants were 86,727 in houses and 17,998 in apartments from the 45 and Up Study (Sax Institute) baseline survey with 10 years of linked hospitalisation and death data used to define: (i) all-cause; and (ii) CVD-mortality; (iii) fatal and non-fatal CVD events; and (iv) acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Associations with total green space, tree canopy cover and open grass within 1.6 km buffers were assessed using survival analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Mean percentage green space indicators were all higher among participants in houses than in apartments. Among residents of houses, a 10% increase in total green space was associated with reduced risk of CVD mortality (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.95–1.00). A 10% increase in tree canopy cover was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.95–0.99), CVD mortality (HR 0.96, 95%CI 0.93–0.98), and fatal or non-fatal AMI (HR 0.93, 95%CI 0.89–0.96). In contrast, a 10% increase in open grass was associated with an increased risk of fatal or non-fatal AMI (HR 1.15, 95%CI 1.09–1.20) in residents of houses. Among residents of apartments, a 10% increase in total green space was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.04, 95%CI 1.00–1.08) and CVD mortality (HR 1.03, 95%CI 1.00–1.08). Urban reforestation may be a population-level intervention to protect cardiovascular health, especially for people living in houses. The intersection of urban greening and cardiovascular health among residents of apartments warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the implications for housing taxation when households have status concerns for residential housing. For this purpose we introduce a residential housing sector and status concerns for housing into a neoclassical model with heterogeneous agents. First, finding that status concerns exert a negative externality, we calculate a progressive Pigovian tax schedule that corrects for the externality. Implementing the tax schedule is associated with a moderate aggregate welfare gain, but has a sizable and diverse impact on household groups' welfare. Second, we find that when the utilitarian social planner is constrained to housing taxes, Pigovian taxation is not constraint efficient. We show that the welfare maximizing tax of the constrained optimum is always higher than the Pigovian tax, and we analyze the mechanism behind this finding. Our results have strong implications for the optimal taxation of residential housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite compelling evidence for housing-health associations, it is still unclear (1) whether gender differentiates psychological responses to housing insecurity and (2) the extent to which initial psychological health influences the association between housing insecurity and psychological health. The present study aims to reduce these knowledge gaps. We used data from over 13 waves (155,114 observations) of the Korea Welfare Panel Study. This study tests fixed effects models that can take into account measured and unmeasured heterogeneity. Quantile regression with fixed effects was conducted to assess whether the observed association depends on the initial state of psychological health. All analyses are gender stratified. Fixed effects estimates show that housing problems, such as being a renter (b = 0.159), housing cost burden (b = 0.173), and rental/or mortgage arrears (b = 1.194), are significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Similar patterns were observed for poor housing quality (b = 0.598) and a lack of essential facilities (b = 0.286). Although the association between the severity of housing insecurity and depressive symptoms was concentrated among men with initially higher levels of depressive symptoms, the observed association was consistently pronounced for women regardless of initial psychological health. This study suggests that gender perspectives need to be incorporated into the development of housing intervention for vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many developing countries are experiencing rapid urban growth, resulting in a high demand for social housing schemes. In Egypt, newly built communities and potential extensions are incompatible with its hot climate due to low aspect ratios, high sky view factors values (SVF) and less shaded areas, which negatively affect outdoor thermal comfort at the pedestrian level. This study aims to find a relationship between density (represented in SVF), Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and orientation through a sensitivity analysis to improve the thermal comfort of outdoor spaces in new cities. The research was held on the peakiest summer day using a validated ENVI-met simulation model for a residential area in New October city. The simulation results of 36 scenarios with a total of 37,138 spatial grids were examined through sensitivity analysis to quantify the impact of densification parameters like building coverage ratio, floor area ratio, building height variation, and orientation on PET. PET was found to be more sensitive to densification in cardinal directions. With Higher mid-range densities PET at cardinal orientation reached up to 10℃ higher than in diagonal. Also, the results revealed that optimizing density and building heights could improve average PET (08:00 to 18:00) in diagonal orientation with up to 8℃ in the mid-range densities. However, orientation is insignificant in low densities. Out of the tested parameters, densification was found to be the most impactful strategy than height variation. These results can aid in developing public and private housing schemes that are more climate responsive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is globally rising, especially in low- and middle-income countries, due to rapid urbanization. In hot arid environments like Egypt, adequate outdoor ventilation is required to aid in the removal of heat and pollutants and provide healthy living environments. In this context, the current research analyses the urban ventilation of typical Egyptian housing layouts using a simulated multi-directional approach. It is significant because few studies on evaluating urban ventilation of housing prototypes were undertaken in Egypt, and the approaches used were employed in nearly no relevant research in the region. Linear parallel, clustered, dot, and clustered-shifted patterns were investigated. Eight wind directions were analyzed to assess five parameters: 1) wind velocity, 2) age of air (aoa), 3) airflow, 4) pressure coefficient (cp) and 5) comfort index. An automated toolkit that enables the simultaneous simulation of several wind directions was employed. It consists of Eddy3D, a validated Grasshopper tool that uses OpenFOAM's RANS models. The results showed that best velocities were found in the linear-parallel-unaligned and clustered layouts, directions NNE and N. The latter exhibited favorable airflow within its courtyards. In addition, wind directions had little influence on aoa, as did the layout pattern. Uncomfortable wind was greater in the clustered layout and lowest in the clustered-shifted layout. Except for ENE direction, cp was in opposition with ventilation, since W and WNW directions witnessed the greatest cross-ventilation potential. While linear-parallel-unaligned and clustered layouts created optimum ventilation and allowed outdoor activities, they require more research to increase cp and reduce uncomfortable winds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual preferences for 'ageing in place' (AIP) in old age are not well understood. One way to test the strength of AIP preference is to investigate the effect of health shocks on residential mobility to smaller size or value dwellings, which we refer to as 'housing downsizing'. This paper exploits more than a decade worth of longitudinal data to study older people's housing decisions across a wide range of European countries. We estimate the effect of health shocks on different proxies for physical and financial housing downsizing (residential mobility, differences in home value, home value to wealth ratio), to examine the persistence of AIP preferences. Our findings suggest that consistently with the AIP hypothesis, after every decade of life, the likelihood of downsizing decreases by two percentage points (pp). However, the experience of a health shock partially reverts such culturally embedded preference for AIP by a non-negligible magnitude. We estimate a 9pp increase in the probability of residential mobility after the onset of a degenerative illness), and an average 0.6 fewer rooms after the onset of a degenerative illness. Such estimates are larger in Northern and Central European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing stability is essential for health and social well-being, and the United States is focused on preventing homelessness among veterans, so this study examined the prevalence of different events related to housing instability among low-income US veterans. This was a nationally representative survey. Using a sample of 1004 low-income veterans in 2021, this study examined the lifetime prevalence and characteristics associated with eviction, home foreclosure, and homelessness among low-income US veterans. In the total sample, 10.9% reported a lifetime history of eviction, 8.0% reported a lifetime history of home foreclosure, and 19.9% reported a lifetime history of homelessness. Among those with a history of homelessness, 39.2% also reported a history of eviction, and 13.9% reported a history of home foreclosure. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses found that for eviction, sociodemographic characteristics (e.g. being Hispanic, having private insurance, and being from the Northeast was associated with lower risk of eviction) together explained 26% of the variance, and clinical characteristics explained an incremental 12% additional variance. For homelessness, sociodemographic characteristics explained 18% of the variance, and clinical characteristics explained an incremental 20% (e.g. diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, any history of suicide attempt, and lower physical health scores were associated with higher risk of homelessness). For home foreclosure, sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables together only explained 14% of the variance. Evictions, home foreclosures, and homelessness are discrete events and occur at relatively high rates among low-income veterans. In addition, homelessness was more associated with biosocial dysfunction, whereas eviction was more closely associated with socio-economic vulnerability, which may inform intervention efforts for both events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation policies have a valuable influence on the allocation of resources within cities. Therefore, investigating the impacts of transit interventions is relevant, especially in developing countries where informal housing is highly prevalent and spatial disparities are noteworthy. We study the impact of a transit expansion of the Metrocable system in Medellín, Colombia, as a natural scenario to understand the causal links between lowering access costs and informal housing. Using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, we estimate that the expansion of Line H of Metrocable reduces informal housing up to 15 percentage points. We also show that the magnitude of the effect depends on the distance to the intervention. We find that the labor market plays a crucial role when exploring potential mechanisms mediating the analyzed causal relation. • We assess the impact of a transit expansion in Medellín (Colombia) on informal housing. • Difference-in-difference identification strategy is implemented to estimate the causal effect. • We find that the expansion reduces informal housing. • We find that the labor market plays a crucial role when exploring potential mechanisms mediating the analyzed causal relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiating alcohol use in adolescence significantly increases the likelihood of developing adult alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, it has been difficult to replicate adolescent alcohol exposure leading to increased adult alcohol intake across differing preclinical models. In the present study, differentially housed male rats (group vs. single cages) were used to determine the effects of voluntary intermittent exposure of saccharin-sweetened ethanol during adolescence on adult intake of unsweetened 20% ethanol. Adolescent male rats were assigned to group- or isolated-housing conditions and underwent an intermittent 2-bottle choice in adolescence (water only or water vs. 0.2% saccharin/20% ethanol), and again in adulthood (water vs. 20% ethanol). Intermittent 2-bottle choice sessions lasted for 24 h, and occurred three days per week, for five weeks. Rats were moved from group or isolated housing to single-housing cages for 2-bottle choice tests and returned to their original housing condition on off days. During adolescence, rats raised in isolated-housing conditions consumed significantly more sweetened ethanol than rats raised in group-housing conditions, an effect that was enhanced across repeated exposures. In adulthood, rats raised in isolated-housing conditions and exposed to sweetened ethanol during adolescence also consumed significantly higher levels of unsweetened 20% ethanol compared to group-housed rats. The effect was most pronounced over the first five re-exposure sessions. Housing conditions alone had little effect on adult ethanol intake. These preclinical results suggest that social isolation stress, combined with adolescent ethanol exposure, may play a key role in adult AUD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ireland's housing situation in the 2020s is similar to many other Anglophone countries, including Australia and the UK: A deepening housing crisis, an increased reliance on the private rental sector, and a residual ideological preference for homeownership, despite this increasingly being a less viable option for 'Generation Rent'. Using Fullilove's concept of rootshock, we argue that tenant perceptions of landlords' actions and beliefs can contribute to a sense of rootlessness: no or few ties to the spatial setting of the dwelling. Using work done by resistance scholars, we also demonstrate that the inability to feel fully ontologically secure in one's residence often leads to attempts by the tenant to make roots in their dwellings or resist rootlessness to create the sense of being at home. Based on qualitative research undertaken in 2019 with renters in three Irish cities, Dublin, Cork and Galway, we examine everyday forms of resistance, to explore the possibilities tenants carve out for themselves in order to survive and exist in the private rental sector and conclude by asking how we can learn from these practices to think about how to improve living standards for tenants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Housing commons are imperfect, hybrid social processes embedded in contingent politico-economic contexts. • The commons is a 'relational triad' involving a common resource, a community and a form of self-organisation/management/governance. • My approach assumes that most housing commons are surrounded by exclusionary boundaries and aims to understand how they can be softened. • Horizontal self-management is a contradictory process in the context of a social reproduction crisis. • Certain forms of public-common partnerships can make housing commons more inclusive. The current crisis of housing affordability in urban environments has drawn the attention of geographers to housing commons. This paper provides a conceptual and operational framework for an empirical study of housing commons. In thinking about the commons as a 'relational triad' involving a resource (the object), and community (the actors) and a form of organisation (the activity), I argue that housing commons are hybrid, imperfect social processes that escape binary scrutiny. Drawing on the findings of a research project that took place between 2017 and 2021, I focus on an emerging form of self-managed cooperative housing in the city of Barcelona, known as the 'grant of use model'. I dwell on the contradictory nature of self-management in the context of a social reproduction crisis. Housing commons can be conducive to solidaristic communities and non-individualist subjectivities outside the financialisation of everyday life via mortgaged homeownership. However, the time and emotional investment required to self-develop housing projects in highly regulated, neoliberal urban spaces are not available for everyone. Housing commons require a favourable political context, economic resources, social connections and technical knowledge, which prevent democratic access. I analyse the origin and causes of exclusionary boundaries surrounding these housing commons to understand how these boundaries can be softened. Departing from disembedded conceptualisations of the commons, I show what type of public-common partnerships and innovative policies can make housing commons more inclusive without renouncing principles such as self-organisation and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Appropriates managed retreat to theorise the slow withdrawal of government services. • Examines policy history distinguishing between remote communities and homelands. • Argues Australian states are managing a retreat from remote community housing. • Considers the potential of withdrawal for Indigenous sovereignty over remote housing. Managed retreat is part of the planners' analytical toolkit. It considers that human displacements driven by climate change will be more just if they are strategically managed by well-resourced authorities. In contrast to the contradistinction this discourse establishes between the status quo of ad hoc displacement and planned relocation, managed retreat disregards other policies that similarly encourage migration from places the state deems unviable. This article argues that slow withdrawal as managed retreat offers a framework for understanding policies that facilitate the reduction or discontinuation of services that settler colonial states formerly delivered to particular contexts. It does so through historical analysis of state support for housing and essential services infrastructure at Indigenous homelands and remote communities in the Northern Territory of Australia. Slow withdrawal as managed retreat emphasises the geographically differentiated character of state investment, highlights the reconfiguration of obligations for service provision between different levels of government, and considers whether and how 'abandonment' is appropriate 'land back' policy advancing Indigenous sovereignty. The article examines how the settler state withdraws specific supports while remaining present, and it considers the process of slow withdrawal as managed retreat in relation to contemporary demands for greater community control of Indigenous housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing financialization identifies logics, policies and actors that treat homes as assets. However, as the institutional framework and social consensus on housing provision varies widely, the process is path-depended on local contingencies that reflect specific socio-economic and political contexts. Driving attention to relevant dynamics recently developed in the city of Athens, this research scrutinises the local specificities and financial accounting idiosyncrasies that make the case of housing financialization. The paper explores how homeownership, as constructed in this society without the mediation of credit financing, is challenged by debt obligations. It further considers the institutional framework that opposed, until recently, housing repossessions to explore the link between indebtedness, book values of Non– Performing Loan provisions and the timing of securitisation. It concludes by tendering the case of housing "sale and lease-back" financialization where homeowners transform into tenants of own homes to safeguard the book values of credit institutions at the verge of default. Housing financialization a la Griega, then constitutes a paradigm of a continuous temporal re-engineering that normalises and leads to a pacified form of housing appropriation, subordinating housing needs and power relations to financial imperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]