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Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signaling molecule in the gastrointestinal tract, and released NO inhibits muscular contraction. The actions of NO are mediated by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC, NO-sensitive GC) and a subsequent increase in cGMP concentration. To elucidate NO targets in the gastrointestinal musculature, we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of the β1 and α1 subunits of sGC and the distribution of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) –containing nerves in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract. Distinct immunoreactivity for sGCβ1 and sGCα1 was observed in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), fibroblast-like cells (FLC) and enteric neurons in the musculature. Double immunohistochemistry using anti-c-Kit antibody and anti-sGCβ1 antibody revealed sGCβ1 immunoreactivity in almost all intramuscular ICC throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that sGCβ1-immunopositive cells possessed some of the criteria for intramuscular ICC: presence of caveolae; frequently associated with nerve bundles; and close contact with smooth muscle cells. sGCβ1-immunopositive ICC were closely apposed to nNOS-containing nerve fibers in the muscle layers. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopical observations revealed that FLC in the musculature also showed sGCβ1 immunoreactivity. FLC were often associated with nNOS-immunopositive nerve fibers. In the myenteric layer, almost all myenteric ganglia contained nNOS-immunopositive nerve cells and were surrounded by myenteric ICC and FLC. Myenteric ICC in the large intestine and FLC in the entire gastrointestinal tract showed sGCβ1 immunoreactivity in the myenteric layer. Smooth muscle cells in the stomach and colon showed weak sGCβ1 immunoreactivity, and those in the muscularis mucosae and vasculature also showed evident immunoreactivity. These data suggest that ICC are primary targets for NO released from nNOS-containing enteric neurons, and that some NO signals are received by FLC and smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The fracture behavior of a piezoelectric ceramic under applied electric fields has been discussed through experimental and theoretical characterizations. The modified small punch (MSP) tests were performed on a commercial piezoelectric ceramic. The fracture initiation loads under different electric fields were obtained from the experiment. Fracture surface was examined for the MSP specimens to identify the failure mechanisms under high electric fields. A nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analysis was also employed to calculate the fracture deflection and MSP energy. A procedure is presented for determining the fracture and polarization switching properties due to electrical effects by experimental and theoretical means. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]