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• Uses the staggered DID method to investigate the impact of culture on tourism. • The cultural system reform promotes tourism mainly by increasing domestic tourism revenues. • Analyzes the complex factors influencing cultural tourism. • Explores potential mechanisms by which the cultural system reform affect tourism. Culture is the cornerstone of regional tourism development, yet the impact of culture is difficult to quantify. This paper utilized a quasi-natural experiment to characterize the impact of culture on tourism. Based on the 295 cities data from 2000 to 2020, we adopted the Staggered Differences-in-Differences strategy to examine whether the Cultural System Reform (CSR) policy could stimulate tourism development. As a crucial component of the institutional reform framework in China, CSR is a pivotal policy aimed at exploring cultural productivity and fostering the development of culture in accordance with societal demands. The results show that the policy significantly increased the total tourism arrivals and the total tourism revenue. Mechanism analysis shows that the CSR policy boosted tourism development by improving service quality, public cultural infrastructure construction, and media integration development. Geographical conditions, tourism resource endowment, and transportation infrastructure also have an impact on the effectiveness of policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the linguistic landscape of refurbished historical streets to reveal the semiotic construction of antiquity and commodification of heritage. Based on signage data collected from four historical blocs in Shanghai, Hangzhou and Ningbo in East China, this study reveals how Chinese semiotic artifacts contribute to stylizing antiquity and reinvigorating the space of consumption. Results suggest that the fabricated historical streets sustain the tourism rhetoric of cultural pride and commercial profit by appealing to history, tradition, exoticism, and nostalgia. The study problematizes orchestrated heritage tourism and points to the use of English as potentially subversive in the Chinese linguistic landscape. • History is refabricated and commodified to satiate tourist desires. • Traditional Chinese language serves to authenticate ancient Chineseness. • Access to history-saturated semiotic resources is unequally distributed. • English potentially counteracts the spatial hegemony of historicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The diversification of the cultural context of monuments did not lead to distinct visual reactions among observers of different nationalities. • The scope of applying eye-tracking technology for research on cultural tourism may be limited, emphasizing the need for further investigations in this area. • Eye-trackers demonstrate a significant potential for facilitating public consultations concerning architectural and urban changes. Sustainable management of architectural heritage requires conducting an inclusive diagnosis of users' opinions, considering both residents and tourists as the recipients of urban space. Given the cultural diversity within these groups, proposing the use of eye-trackers (ET) as an alternative to traditional public consultation prompts the need to assess the method's advantages and disadvantages. It remains uncertain whether individuals from different countries look at historical architecture and its transformations similarly. The uniqueness of this subject matter prevents drawing parallels from experiences in other domains. Moreover, prior research provides conflicting conclusions and may include methodological errors. This uncertainty impedes the adoption of ET as an administrative and legal tool. To address this gap, 320 volunteers, encompassing both Poles and foreigners, were invited. Qualification involved optometric tests and questionnaires. Subsequently, a portion of the participants underwent the experiment using ET while viewing visual stimuli on a monitor. The experiment featured twelve monuments, with six originating from Wrocław and six from another major European city (Paris, Rome, London, Berlin, Dresden, Dortmund). The study focused on the nature and pattern of fixations made on original photographs and their modified versions. Analyzing the collected ET data for 24 stimuli, two primary aspects were explored. First, whether both groups, irrespective of their familiarity with the object or the city of residence, looked at the original photographs in the same manner. Second, it was investigated whether participants cultural background significantly influenced observers' reactions to visual changes in the buildings. Only 8 out of 160 comparisons demonstrated statistically significant deviations. Other results, including visitor numbers, fixation counts, average fixation duration, total visit duration, and time to first fixation, exhibited similarity across the board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the improvement of the economic level, the tourism industry has entered an era of rapid development. The prediction of the tourism carrying capacity of tourist attractions has become a hot spot, which is the key to avoid various tourism security problems, environmental problems and traffic problems. In order to improve the accuracy of the prediction of the number of tourist attractions, a travel data prediction algorithm based on neural network algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the prediction performance of BP neural network algorithm and random forest algorithm is compared, which proves that BP neural network algorithm has better performance in tourism carrying capacity prediction. Taking the historical data of a tourism big data center in a certain place as a sample, the performance of the BP neural network algorithm is tested again. The experimental results show that the fitting coefficient r2 values of the three predictions are all above 90%, and the fitting ability is good. The average absolute percentage error value MAPE is about 10%, and the algorithm has high accuracy. It can be seen that the experimental results of BP network prediction model are ideal and can accurately predict the tourism carrying capacity of the scenic spot, which can promote the management, planning and sustainable development of the scenic spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VR technology is a simulation of the virtual world. Users receive and respond to various sensory stimuli provided by the virtual environment with the help of special output and input devices, and interact with people and objects in the virtual world in a natural way to create an immersive feeling. Based on the virtual reality technology, the tourism intangible cultural heritage that has disappeared can be reproduced in front of people. Three technologies are specifically used. First, the three-dimensional modeling technology makes the real scene virtual reappearance, and produces a fully real three-dimensional effect. Second, three-dimensional panorama technology, which uses panoramic images to represent three-dimensional virtual environment, makes the picture effect more realistic. Third, human-computer interaction technology. After adding the somatosensory device, you can get an almost real interaction experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural tourism is a growing type of tourism; tourists visit places where they can practice activities, motivating them to experience the heritage and get involved with the local communities. This paper studies the relationship between the sustainable urban development of heritage sites and cultural tourism. It focuses on the ancient Thebes world heritage site, examines urban sustainability at the city level, then studies the urban context of the newly reopened Sphinx Avenue. The analytical framework of this study emerges from the principles of sustainable urbanism together with UNESCO thematic indicators for culture for 2030 and UNESCO recommendations for urban culture future. Three site visits were held to the city and the avenue in 2022 for urban observation. A questionnaire was distributed among inhabitants and visitors to collect qualitative information concerning the accessibility and visibility of the monuments and the position of Sphinx Avenue in the urban context. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with tourism companies to explore the tourism sector's point of view. The paper questions the relationship between sustainable urban development and cultural tourism. It suggests urban recommendations to achieve a rich user experience and build a sustainable relationship between the heritage sites and the surrounding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A choice experiment was used to assess tourist preferences and willingness to pay for the conservation of a national intangible cultural heritage. • The results show that tourists have a strong preference and high willingness to pay for the performance and inheritance of the intangible cultural heritage. • The models reveal the heterogeneity of respondent preferences, providing empirical support for diversified conservation strategies in practice. The conservation and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage is of great significance to local communities and all mankind. Combining intangible cultural heritage with tourism is considered to be a viable mechanism to support and protect the heritage. This study aims to assess tourist preference and willingness to pay for various conservation measures by taking the national intangible cultural heritage of the Changdao fishermen's work song as a case study. Based on 892 respondents, the analysis showed that tourists have a strong preference and high willingness to pay for the performance and inheritance of the Changdao fishermen's work song. This implies that Changdao fishermen's work song may contribute to socioeconomic development. The results provide valuable practical implications for the conservation of intangible cultural heritage. Additionally, the random parameters logit model with error component (RPL-EC) and the latent class (LC) logit model reveal the heterogeneity of respondent preferences, providing empirical support for diversified conservation strategies in practice. Finally, this study further validates the applicability of the choice experiments method in the assessment of intangible cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the sustainable ntegration of culture and tourism can facilitate recovery from an economic recession, and digital power is a critical variable in this process. Based on logical deduction, this study expounds four theoretical mechanisms of digitalization to promote the sustainable integration of culture and tourism. To understand the actual situation of "digitalization toward promoting the sustainable integration of culture and tourism", we found three mechanisms using factor analysis, which were applied to regions with different levels of economic development or cultural and tourism resources. Meanwhile, we establish the following problems: first, part of the public is still apprehensive about the virus, and the enthusiasm to participate in the culture and tourism market is not high. Second, some regions are rich in cultural/tourism resources but lack the ability to develop them. Third, a mismatch exists between cultural/tourism resource utilization and digital technology in some regions. To this end, we suggest that the government should provide timely public policies toward social services, resource planning, and infrastructure construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writing of this paper and the creation of this application is a means to improve and add on facilities on the local state-run attraction. This subject matter was picked in conjunction with the decline of tourism in the said historical site due to a pandemic that rankles Indonesia's tourism industry and drives it to the ground. Augmented Reality as a method of deliverance was picked due to its popularity and freshness in the tourism market. The research method was conducted starting with analysis, development, implementation, then evaluation. Analysis was done using sourcing available to the public and a questioner. Implementation was done using Unity, Vuforia, and Maya. And with the positive responses of 66.6 percent of the sample market finding enjoyment in the use of this application in their exploration during User Acceptance testing with the existing prototype. This shows that the resulting use of this application improves user enjoyment in experiencing the state attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Development Strategy of the Czech Republic 2021+ set aside economically and socially endangered rural regions. This paper aims to analyse the situation of these regions in the South Moravian Region in more detail to specify individual threats and possible approaches to rural development. In addition, the paper seeks to determine whether these regions are significantly differentiated internally, allowing the neediest areas to be focused on for growth. The research used geographical analysis and synthesis methods to identify the two most peripheral microregions as the most endangered. Their most significant strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were summarised, and possible strategies for further development were indicated. Although the conditions and development assumptions in the two microregions were different, the significance of tourism development was indicated as the most important direction in one case and as a second direction in the other. • The Czech Republic's Regional Development Strategy 2021+ outlined endangered areas. • The endangered rural areas in the South Moravian Region were analysed in detail. • Only the most peripheral parts of the designated regions are at risk. • Regardless of the general strategy, each of the micro-regions must be managed separately. • The development of cultural tourism is one of the promising possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object identification is a part of the field of computer science, namely, image processing, whose research continues to innovate. Object identification describes an object based on the main characteristics of the object. Many research innovations related to object identification have been carried out to obtain optimal identification results. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the algorithms that is widely used by researchers in the field of object identification or object recognition in digital images. The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of object identification in the search for the best algorithm in terms of the speed and efficiency of identification. The article data used were obtained from several sources, namely, Dimensions AI, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The database search results obtained 1041 articles in the form of publications from 2010–2021. Through a systematic literature review based on the articles obtained, 32 articles were selected. The evaluation of the articles was carried out in the form of article data visualization, object identification algorithm development, and the research objects used. CNN's research innovation is growing rapidly, with improvements being made to the identification techniques in its algorithmic architecture. The use of the CNN algorithm in the identification of image objects, starting with the region CNN technique, is improved with Fast R-CNN, Faster-CNN, and Mask R-CNN. The object of research has developed from facial recognition and the identification of moving images to the introduction of ancient manuscripts that are useful for the development of history and tourism. The successful identification of ancient scripted texts will greatly assist the availability of such manuscripts in a digital format, which allows for further multidisciplinary research. The availability of ancient manuscripts in a digital format also helps the government to preserve culture and increase people's understanding of the culture they have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism plays a crucial role in delivering and constructing women's heritage values. However, the construction of women's heritage is often carried out in a gendered social and tourism context. Drawing on a critical gender perspective, this study examines how the women's heritage site is constructed in a Chinese context, and how the constructions are experienced by tourists. The heritage site of China's sole woman general, Qin Liangyu, is used as a case. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews and on-site observations, and thematic analysis was conducted. Findings indicate that the constructed heritage and tourism product emphasises Qin's military prowess as a general; however, its contribution to using this woman heritage tourism product towards gender equality is limited. The research highlights that a gender perspective of heritage construction and heritage tourism is needed in delivering the value of women's heritage for gender equality. • It examines how the women's heritage site is constructed and how the constructions are experienced in a Chinese context. • The heritage site of the sole woman general in Chinese official history, Qin Liangyu, is used as a case. • The existing unbalanced gender power structure affects the transmission of the desired heritage. • A gender perspective is needed in delivering the value of women's heritage for gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist destination management involves many resources, including local culture and landscape but rarely are both considered together. To address this deficiency this study focused on the visual softening of a Chinese traditional village to enhance visitor experiences by planting vegetation consistent with cultural and heritage principles. It does so by using empirical data from the case study site of Lu Village in China. The study is directed toward explaining how a fusion of nature possessing cultural values might visually improve a village destination to make it more attractive for tourists. It represents a little explored aspect of the policy of "cultural consumption" currently espoused by the Chinese authorities, yet one that is low cost for Chinese villages. However, application of the policy requires planning of routes, locations, and messaging to provide information for tourists and maintain privacy for residents. The required consultative process may enhance senses of village cohesion. • The study examines how enhancing landscape can improve cultural visitor experiences in a village setting. • The context is a Chinese village with a cultural and heritage appeal. • Plants are selected for their cultural symbolism and health associated properties. • Village is located near to Huangshan and shan-shui inspired planting is proposed. • The research is qualitative and examines visitor responses with QDA Miner software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the series of works that Brian Linden, an American citizen and the founding president of the cultural tourism brand the Linden Centre (LC), has undertaken in Xizhou, a rural township in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Drawing on the counterurbanisation scholarship, this study recognises the place-based and endogenous qualities and assets of rural place that motivate the migration of Linden and the LC staff to Xizhou. However, we concurrently argue that the counterurbanisation thesis needs to be enriched through a conversation with the ascendancy of relational rurality and the global countryside, as counterurbanisation inevitably entail rich circularities of discourses, meanings, materials, and cultural knowledge. This has resulted in new ways that rural places are valued and appropriated by different actors on the move. Probing into a miscellany of cultural practices and educational programmes masterminded by the LC, this paper analyses how they deviate from the "authentic" meanings and uses of the heritage buildings but respond to broader visions and aspirations for a more fulfilling life vis-à-vis modernity. This study contributes to the counterurbanisation debate by revealing how counterurban movements can be mobilised to provide cultural, discursive, and material resources that address cultural sensibilities, aspirations, and projects articulated at broader scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing call for heritage management to decentralise and involve stakeholders outside of the sphere of governance. This research focuses on participatory conservation of heritage resources and the value of narrative in heritage conservation and tourism development. The case study is situated in the city of Makhanda, which was established in 1812 and possesses a significant number of individual built environment heritage resources and historic streetscapes. These urban features have been identified as assets to the city by various stakeholders and institutions, but they remain under threat. Utilising semi-structured interviews with owners of historic residential properties in the city, the paper argues that homeowners are an underutilised resource in the management of the historic urban fabric. The study found that homeowners held an appreciation for and identified the value of the historic features of their properties, and it argues that this appreciation can be harnessed in heritage management. Interviews revealed, however, that homeowners faced many challenges in managing and maintaining their historic properties and received little support in this regard. Citizen participation in heritage conservation was limited and a top-down approach to heritage resource management predominated. • Local built environment heritage resources linked to the character of the city. • The conservation of these heritage resources is threatened. • Residential property owners value historic buildings, but face challenges. • Property owners are not consulted, supported or empowered. • Top-down heritage management needs to shift towards citizen participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Validated tourist weather sensitivity differences across different climate zones. • Identified factors tourists are sensitive to when hiking using hiking big data. • Calculated comfort threshold intervals for sensitive meteorological factors. • Introduced the "Comfort Day per Year" (CDY) index to assess tourism suitability. • Assessed historical and future tourism climate suitability in six climate zones. Many people are highly exposed to climate change through tourism activities. However, conventional evaluations of tourism climate suitability have consistently relied on uniform indicators. In reality, the combination of meteorological factors that tourists are sensitive to and the threshold ranges for their comfort vary across different climate zones. This study, for the first time, utilizes a dataset of 2,326,954 tourist behaviors in hiking to validate the differences in sensitivity to meteorological conditions among tourists in different climate zones and to assess the historical and future tourism suitability in various climate zones. The findings reveal the following key results: (1) The sensitivity of hiking activities to meteorological factors varies among tourists in different climate zones. For instance, tourists in the mid-subtropics and south temperate zones show a lesser sensitivity to precipitation, while those in the southern subtropics are less affected by temperature fluctuations. Tourists in plateau climate zones appear to be insensitive to both precipitation and average relative humidity. (2) Significant differences exist in the climate comfort ranges for tourists from different climatic regions when engaging in hiking activities. Tourists in the mid-subtropics exhibit the highest tolerance for daily maximum temperatures during hiking, whereas those in arid and semiarid regions have a greater comfort threshold for average relative humidity compared to individuals in humid and subhumid regions. (3) Over the past decade, the southern subtropics experienced the highest number of days suitable for hiking among tourists, while the plateau climate zone recorded the fewest. The frequency of comfortable hiking days per year (CDY) increased for tourists in the north subtropics, mid-subtropics, southern subtropics, and plateau climate zones but declined for tourists in the mid-temperate and south temperate zones. (4) Looking ahead to the future, climate conditions conducive to hiking for tourists in different climate zones are generally trending towards deterioration. By the year 2080, both the mid-subtropics and south temperate zones are projected to have the fewest CDY. While the southern subtropics may still have the most CDY for tourists' hiking, it is anticipated to experience the most rapid decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the structures of value propositions in cultural heritage tourism site business models in the context of the concept of open innovation. The objective of the study is to identify value propositions in tourism sites and the tendency of managers to use open innovation. The analysis was based on the example of European cultural heritage tourism sites associated with the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The research process included literature analysis and empirical research in the form of interviews conducted with managers of 73 sites. The research allowed for identifying 16 key values observed in the business models of cultural heritage tourism sites and then classify them into three groups, i.e., values proposed to the customer, values captured by the enterprise and social values. The following values were of the highest importance: promotion of historical industrial heritage, satisfying cognitive needs, acting as a symbol of the area, brand strengthening and organization of tourist traffic, so that the industrial heritage is preserved. It was noticed that some values were significantly correlated with the attitudes of managers towards the exchange of knowledge within open innovation. The majority of managers participating in the research were convinced that the revitalization of cultural heritage sites and the business models of these sites should be in the form of open innovation. The limitation of the research carried out is the inability to deepen the interviews, which was caused by the lack of direct contact with managers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly describes the overall concept of "TRAVEL TYCOON GREECE" (TTGR), a novel business simulation game which aims to simulate realistically a complete tourism experience. The latest image processing and computer graphics technologies were utilized to create accurate 3D backgrounds with different levels of detail, which were incorporated in the game engine and serve as a realistic and accurate terrain allowing the user to navigate in selected historical and touristic areas of Greece. A series of real-world scenarios representing multiple components of the tourism section were designed primarily for entertainment and marketing purposes. In order to motivate users to participate in the game or remain active, an incorporated ticketing platform allows users to win offers such as touristic products and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a conceptual article that aims to propose the concept of sensory and emotional smart cultural tourism, whose main idea is to promote the use of digital technologies in an approach that makes them transparent in the tourist experience and that this experience is focused on the sensory and emotional experience, capable of triggering memorable sensory states, that is, unforgettable experiences. The proposal of sensory and emotional smart cultural tourism was conceived through an analytical-reflective literature review and proposes that the empirical approaches to be implemented from the concept take into account the co-design approach. Hence the essential triad (3P) - People, Places, Patrimony. The proposal presented by sensory and emotional smart cultural tourism aims to be a contribution to the process of innovation in the area of smart tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-design is characterized as a key process so that researchers can count on the collaboration of those who are bearers of knowledge and wisdom of a certain subject, so that together they can work towards a common end. This paper focuses on the case study of Amiais, a small village located in the central region of Portugal in which a project is being developed that intends to replicate the village in the Second Life metaverse so that visitors can get to know the place virtually. To make this possible, several visits to the place were made and co-design sessions were developed so that there would be a participative and ethnographic proximity research. In this way, the inhabitants also became members of the research team, and their knowledge was central to the project. Thanks to the sharing of knowledge, experiences and stories, the contribution of these inhabitants will have an impact on the preservation and dissemination of the cultural heritage of Amiais. This article focuses on the two co-design sessions held by the project, which gave voice to the inhabitants of Amiais, making them also members of the team. The main objective of these co-design sessions was to create brainstorms with the purpose of sharing the knowledge and life experiences of those who live in the village. Thanks to the sessions, it was possible to recreate and share the cultural heritage of Amiais in the Second Life metaverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In approaching museum digitalisation, museum professionals are under-represented in tourism research. Yet they are key stakeholders whose opinions can help refine tourism knowledge. To address this gap, the present study assessed their social representation of digitally enriched exhibitions. In this two-phase qualitative study, 146 blog posts and 26 videos generated by museum professionals were retrieved and 22 interviews were completed. The analysis suggested the social representation is featured by 1) educational intent, 2) artefact-centred design, 3) complex visitor experience management, 4) critique of lacking cultural values, and 5) phygital strategy. Three themata were identified and explicated through in-depth interviews, namely education—entertainment, artefact-centred—visitor-centred, and materiality—digitalisation. The research serves as a meaningful portrayal of museum experts' views. The museum context is socially and institutionally distinct. Studying and making digital experiences with museums adheres to heritage discourse and artefact materiality, in which concepts like hierolatry and factishism deserve contemplation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As relatively independent ecological units, islands have unique characteristics that are different from marine and continental ecosystems. Island ecosystems are even more sensitive and fragile due to the influence of both human activities and coastal effects. However, there is still a lack of studies on ecosystem service trade-off relationships in island terrestrial areas, and few studies have included coastal ecosystems and measured coastal vulnerability. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of carbon storage, water yield, soil conservation, and habitat quality ecosystem services in Hainan Island in 2000, 2010, and 2020 based on the Invest model. The strength of the ecosystem service trade-offs in the island's terrestrial area was measured using correlation analysis and the ecosystem service trade-off coordination degree method. In addition, this study considered the impact of coastal ecosystems on coastal vulnerability. The study showed that (1) all four ecosystem services had a decreasing trend at both scales, with the most pronounced impairment of services at low elevations and in areas of high human activity, where the natural topography and land use types greatly influenced ecosystem service change. (2) The four services showed overall synergistic effects at two scales, and this synergistic effect decreased with the decrease in the scale. There was a trade-off state locally at the county scale. (3) Mangrove, coral reef, and swampy wetland ecosystems provided great protective services for the coast of Hainan Island. (4) Recreation and tourism cultural services had a broad trade-off with the four services, and the cultural services on Hainan Island may be compromised to some extent by an increase in the terrestrial ecosystem services. The findings can provide a theoretical basis for realizing the harmonious coexistence of "island-city-people" on the island. The synthesis of terrestrial and coastal ecosystem services provides suggestions for the sustainable development of island-wide ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of glocalisation for developing tourism destinations has long been recognised, there needs to be more research on the dynamics of its emergence and developmental changes. Taking Wuzhen, a historical village in China, as an example, using semi-structured interviews from three field surveys and historical archives as data sources and combining tourism history and the critical event technique method, this paper applies qualitative research to analyse the process of glocalisation practice in Wuzhen. It is found that glocalisation is a basic fact that objectively exists in the development process of Wuzhen. At different stages of development, Wuzhen has actively faced the influence of globalisation in different attitudes. Organising and hosting international conferences and exhibitions has been a guide for Wuzhen to overcome the homogenisation crisis. The theoretical research contribution of this paper is to provide an example to test the applicability of the glocalisation theory in the field of tourism destination evolution research and to expand the theoretical boundaries of tourism destination evolution research further. The practical research contribution is to help people understand and know Wuzhen comprehensively, thus providing a reference for the transformation and development of historic villages and towns in globalisation. • Glocalisation in Tourism Destination Evolution (TDE). • Global ties key for historic village revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage tourism interpretation is a crucial link to cultural inheritance. However, how to design heritage tourism interpretation content to enhance tourists' willingness to inherit culture is unclear. Therefore, we examined how heritage tourism interpretation content (knowledge- and affection-based content) affects tourists' willingness to inherit culture. The results indicate that the affection-based content effect on tourists' willingness to inherit culture is stronger. Moreover, the interpretation effect is driven by tourists' perceived responsibility and cultural identity, representing an affective process. Additionally, personalized power activation is more effective in cultivating tourists' willingness to inherit culture, while there is no significant difference in the interpretation content effect with socialized power motivation. Our study reveals the influence mechanism of heritage tourism interpretation on tourists' willingness to inherit culture, thereby advancing the research on heritage tourism interpretation and sustainable development. It also provides practical insights into cultural inheritance and sustainable development by improving the interpretative functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although heritage tourism receives increasing attention, researchers have not yet considered heritage residents' cultural self-improvement and heritage responsibility. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of perceived authenticity, localized identity, cultural self-improvement, and heritage responsibility. With empirical evidence from two well-known world cultural heritage sites (i.e., Kaiping and Yongding in China), the study identifies that local residents' localized identity and cultural self-improvement, activated by perceived authenticity of the cultural heritage, significantly stimulate their heritage responsibility. Results further reveal the positive impact of localized identity on cultural self-improvement. The mediating effect of localized identity and cultural self-improvement and the moderation effect of two heritage sites are also confirmed. Important theoretical and practical implications are discussed. • Examine local residents' perceived authenticity in Kaiping and Yonding. • Identify the mechanism behind local residents' heritage responsibility. • Explore the mediating roles of localized identity and cultural self-improvement. • Uncover the moderating effect of hollowed and solid villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sense of place primarily reflects the relationship between people and places. Dark tourism is an activity that establishes an emotional interaction between tourists and the destination. However, research on tourists' sense of place in dark tourism is scarce. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between tourists' sense of place and heritage protection in dark tourism. The results show that destination attractiveness and tourism function's contribution to the sense of place is positive and significant. Additionally, sense of place affects heritage protection positively. Furthermore, sense of place mediates the positive relationship between heritage protection and tourist involvement, destination attractiveness, as well as tourism function. • This study explores tourists' sense of place and heritage protection in dark tourism. • Tourism attractiveness and tourism function have a positive effect on sense of place. • There is a positive relationship between tourists' sense of place and heritage protection. • Sense of place plays a mediating role between the model's stimuli and response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report insights on barriers to active travel among the Pakistani heritage community in Bradford UK, generated using the participatory Photovoice method. This is the largest minoritized ethnic group in Bradford, and though most segments of the UK population need to be more physically active, those of non-white ethnicities, and South Asian heritage in particular, are generally significantly less active than average. Insufficient physical activity (including active travel) contributes to a significant health burden for minoritized communities as well limiting progress with increasing active travel among these communities. Increasing active travel is known to contribute to both positive health outcomes and to key transport decarbonisation aims. To meet public health goals and Net Zero emissions targets by 2050, increasing walking and cycling for short journeys will be essential but it remains difficult to achieve. There is a lack of knowledge relating to how specific cultural groups perceive active travel as an option within their local areas. We sought to explore the use of Photovoice to understand whether this method has potential to enable minoritized communities to actively consider active travel, and to provide connections between these communities and their local authorities. We recruited eight Pakistani heritage families living in Bradford to do this. Their photos were used in semi-structured interviews, and the data collectively analysed. The analysis suggested key barriers to walking and cycling could be grouped into four main categories: personal factors, social factors and those related to the local and wider environment. We also found that people's travel choices in this study are influenced by cognitive biases and social norms that are quite connected to their cultural heritage and societal position as minoritized. There were also both generational and gendered effects that need to be accounted for in intervention design. Based on participants' reflection and feedback, this report concludes participatory techniques like Photovoice offer an opportunity to break the status quo for those who are struggling to make a change by raising their social consciousness and helping them to gather evidence of their concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture and cultural difference are widely discussed as factors influencing tourists' destination choices. However, whether or not this effect varies and exhibits a general pattern depending on the distance between origin and destination remains unknown. Therefore, based on travel motivation theory and assuming that the effect of cultural differences on destination choice varies across different travel distances, this paper measures cultural distance with cultural elements, quantifies destination preference with tourism flow, and analyzes their correlation. Results show that cultural distance has evident impact on destination choice, which is heterogeneous across different regions and different travel distances. Specifically, most short-haul tourists prefer culturally similar areas, but a small proportion differs. While most long-haul tourists prefer culturally diverse areas. The study demonstrates the regional heterogeneity and distance effect in tourism motivation and expands study of cultural distance from a single national scale to a multi-regional scale. The research framework can be extended to construct cultural distance integrated by other elements and explore its relationship with travel behaviors. • The impact of cultural distance on tourism destination choice shows regional heterogeneity and distance effect. • Reveals laws and mechanisms of the impact of cultural distance on tourism destination choice in different regions and travel distances. • Proposes a cultural distance measurement method for quantifying cultural differences between arbitrary regions. • Proves the spatial effect of culture as the push-pull factors emphasized in the theory of tourist motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural heritage settlements have encountered many challenges and risks due to the rapid evolution of the cultural tourism economy, such as changing demographics, overcrowding, evolving consumer demands, and biodiversity loss. Conservation of environmental and sociocultural assets of these rural settlements and strengthening community resilience have been considered indispensable in global sustainable development. In this regard, a growing body of research has investigated the implications to wider issues of environmental sustainability through lessons learned from these rural, vernacular settlements. However, discussions on transformation driven by tourism and socio-cultural resilience in rural contexts have attracted limited attention. Contributing to this gap in the literature, based on a longitudinal survey study (spanning from 2000 to 2022) conducted in Behramkale (rural, vernacular village in Türkiye), this paper investigates rural community resilience strategies adopted by residents to cope with transformation led by cultural tourism and strict heritage conservation restrictions. The study results showed that the new development area (new settlement) of the village served as an infrastructure of the old settlement, by means of a home for the local residents, and an economic asset for the village. The establishment of the new settlement, to some extent, prevented the displacement of local residents and provided the continuation of the traditional rural economy in the village. • There is a lack of literature on resilience about heritage conservation and tourism. • Tourism development has severe impacts on rural heritage settlements and community. • A framework is proposed for tourism and rural heritage community resilience. • The framework is applied on a rural vernacular village, Behramkale in Türkiye. • Resilience is to absorb tourism-driven changes without altering heritage identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the way tourism activities are conducted. Restrictions on moving from place to place have likely limited the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but have also led to economic crisis in many countries around the world. In this article, we assessed the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the activities of cultural heritage tourism sites in Europe. Scientific research was carried out in industrial heritage tourism sites associated with the European Route of Industrial Heritage (ERIH). Analysis of the literature and the results of our own research indicated a strong impact of the pandemic on the examined sites, expressed in the limitation of the operating time of the sites, a decrease in the number of tourists attended to, and a decrease in revenues. No significant reduction in employment was noticed. These sites were not generally used in preventive actions during the health crisis. Only some managers took an active part in supporting emergency services in a difficult situation. We concluded that taking up innovative functions by tourism enterprises should be open innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behramkale, also known as the ancient city of Assos, has gained considerable national and international visibility after its declaration as an Archaeological site in 1982 and later in 2000 as Urban Archaeological site. The declaration brought with it stringent regulations limiting new constructions and simple extensions in the historical village and opened new construction site outside the ancient city walls for future developments. After declaration, the village has become a major destination for cultural heritage led tourism. This largely growth oriented transformation is concerning as less attention given to shift in class structure. The paper uses the concepts of rural and tourism gentrification to understand this transformation in Behramkale using empirical evidence from a longitudinal, case study approach spanning between 2000 and 2017. The longitudinal, case study documents transformation in terms of (i) demographic and socio-economic changes; (ii) conservation practice in old settlement and development of new settlement; and (iii) change in property prices and ownership. It is seen that the authentic characteristics of the landscape and traditional buildings that is being abandoned but remains desirable have led to a population influx from, bigger cities of Turkey and also other countries, purchasing these homes as a primary or secondary house. This has led to renovation of the existing buildings with an increase in the property prices and displacement of the local population to the new development area. Consequently, the conservation practice in Behramkale served merely encouraging investment in building renovation rather than a function of preserving local community. The paper contributes to limited literature on rural gentrification within the Mediterranean context. • Heritage led transformation of rural villages have severe impacts on inhabitants. • Tourism activities are important factor for the development of the rural economies. • Rural village Behramkale has transformed with the conservation site declaration. • Declaration of conservation site enhanced the interest of the urbanities and intensified tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies the potential interrelations between nostalgia, experiential tourism and watermill heritage and its implications for the local community. The study area is represented by the catchment area of the Someșul Mare River (Romania). Some 15 semi-structured interviews were carried out attempting to grasp the perception of the local community on the role played by mills in the 18th-20th centuries, namely to show their polarization and social functions. The interviews were supplemented by 10 observation sheets filled out in the field. These contain information on the current state of the mills, the items being focused on the following aspects: type and dynamics of ownership, current use, structure of water-powered facilities, polarization area, and age. Results showed that some functional mills still exist and could be subject to investments for tourism purposes. The importance of mills for the local community stems both from the stories of the former millers or their customers and also by considering the significant number of working mills during the 18th – 20th centuries, which were cartographically reconstructed in this paper. If nostalgia can become a standalone resource in individualizing a particular tourism type, we may conclude that the watermill heritage, by all its attributes, provides strong heritage tourism potential. • The main contribution of this paper is to extend the academic debates on the Romanian industrial heritage. • The originality of watermill heritage is emphasized by their authenticity and representativeness. • The watermill authenticity is connected to the traditional way of living of the local communities. • The watermill heritage represents the basis of a potential nostalgic tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine the key issues and challenges in wine tourism entrepreneurship and to identify the behavioral, cultural and strategic success factors underlying the development of wine tourism. A biographical research has been used to encompass the total life of a wine tourism entrepreneur in rural area in Turkey named Elmalı town. Through the use of thematic biographical narrative analysis, four primary dimensions have been determined namely; personal characteristics, the strategic perspective, cultural, historic and geographical attributes of the region, and problems of business succession. Associated with these were 23 sub-dimensions. The study also found evidence of how niche tourism ventures such as wine tourism can invigorate a local agricultural economy and stresses the importance of small tourism enterprises successfully complementing each other to create a strong local destination image. • The attitudes and behaviors such as imagination, creativity, pioneering behavior, courage, risk taking are important for the wine tourism entrepreneur in rural areas. • The strategic entrepreneurial features play roles in the investor's success such as having a vision, being able to see opportunities, social sensitivity. • The wine tourism entrepreneur has to analyze and understand the dynamics and the local conditions of the rural areas. • The wine tourism entrepreneur has to be able to manage changes in order to maintain the continuity of the enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented Reality (AR) offers transformative potential for augmenting and replacing realities within a wide range of business and social applications. Within this, this study explores antecedents of behavioral adoption of AR mobile travel apps to visit a heritage site by substituting in-person and corporeal tourism experiences through a visualization technique that overlays 3D simulated architecture in front of a user. This research specifically investigates the collective impact of perceived app attributes of the AR service model, and critical characteristics of users in terms of their underlying psychological predispositions impacting their behavioral intention to use AR travel apps for heritage tourism in an emerging nation. In pursuance of this, we adopt a unique mixed-method research methodology where industry experts and travel enthusiasts are invited to delve into the phenomenon and identify facilitators of AR mobile app adoption for heritage tourism in India. Empirical findings find that experiential authenticity, service quality, and user innovativeness are the significant underlying factors expediting the use of AR mobile apps. Additionally, with a focus on the sustainability aspect of AR tourism, this study considers sustainability within travel. This construct is critical since it discerns how it affects the boundary conditions in the light of consumers' personality characteristics for determining intention to use AR apps, thereby providing insightful inferences for the tourism industry and research. • Augmented Reality (AR) Adoption. • Augmented Reality (AR) Travel Applications. • Heritage Sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a novel quantitative measurement of place-based symbolic value using computational text analysis of the New York Times travel writing data. • European regions are most well-represented in travel writing and valorized for cultural tourism according to the broadest meanings of culture – its history, art, and food. • When a place's "cultural" values are recognized in non-European regions, the meanings of culture tend to be limited. • Non-European regions, particularly those with legacies of past colonization, are underrepresented in travel writing while primarily valorized for their nature's scenic beauty, obscuring the significance of their "cultural" values. We study the symbolic value of places using the case of global tourism where places are explicitly objectified for valorization. Unlike most prior research that uses tangible measurements like UNESCO's World Heritage Sites for global comparison of place-based symbolic values, we harness the power of computational text analysis to measure the symbolic value of places based on travel writings of the New York Times Travel Section. Our results demonstrate that there is a symbolic hierarchy among places depending on the various meanings of culture and nature and the degree of engagement with either topic. NYT travel writers valorize European regions for cultural tourism according to the broadest meanings of culture, and often engage with the region's history as a main topic of the travel article. However, other regions – particularly the ones with legacies of past colonization – are valorized for their nature's scenic beauty while obscuring the significance of their "cultural" values. Even when a place's "cultural" values are recognized, the meanings of culture tend to be limited in non-European regions. Our findings have implications for the enduring symbolic inequality of places at the global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural inheritance-based innovation (CIBI) is based on paradoxical phenomena and its development clarifies conflicts between cultural inheritance and innovative development at heritage tourism destinations (HTDs). This study uses innovation systems theory and qualitative methods to explore the influencing factors and formation process of CIBI. Our findings demonstrate that CIBI is influenced by multilevel factors of the environment, government, enterprises and public, encompassing basic innovation management conditions and sociocultural constraints. Moreover, CIBI is a process that counterbalances the paradoxical elements of cultural inheritance and innovation through innovation system support. This study deepens the understanding of the paradoxical relationship between heritage conservation and innovation. By incorporating cultural inheritance constraints, it extends the framework of factors influencing cultural innovation at tourism destinations (TDs) and enriches related process research. Additionally, our results provide insights into the paradoxical management and synergistic promotion of cultural inheritance and innovation at HTDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work addressing the determining role of knowledge strategy, specifically the controversial ambidextrous knowledge strategy and its effects on strategic orientation, is scarce and has been demanded recently. Additionally, the intensity of adversity is an unexplored contingent factor that may affect a firm's strategic orientation, specifically the pioneering orientation in the context of recent adverse events as the COVID-19 pandemic or the war in Ukraine. This paper analyses the relationship between ambidextrous knowledge strategy and pioneering orientation in the face of intensity of adversity. The empirical study was conducted on a sample of 302 tourism firms in Peru. The results show that ambidextrous knowledge strategy has an inverted U-shaped relationship with pioneering orientation, although the maximum threshold is reached for very high levels of ambidexterity. Moreover, in contexts of high intensity of adversity the curvilinear relationship is accentuated, driving firms with greater ambidextrous knowledge strategy to enhance their pioneering orientation to a maximum level. • Ambidextrous knowledge strategy (AKS) has a curvilinear relationship (inverted U-shape) with pioneering orientation (PO). • This curvilinear relationship is moderated (strengthened) by intensity of adversity. • Companies might strengthen their PO by developing higher levels of AKS until a certain level. • Managers should assess the level of intensity of the adversity in order to control the effect of AKS on PO. • AKS, PO and intensity of adversity are studied in cultural tourism destinations in a developing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact of WHSs on Spanish tourism examined using panel data. • WHSs proven to be a determinant of tourism demand. • Impact of Cultural WHSs on tourism greater in inland than coastal provinces. • "First generation effect" found, with greater impact of WHSs declared during the 1980s. • No global tourism policies should be applied to entire Spanish territory, due to significant differences between provinces. No consensus has been reached on the effectiveness of World Heritage Sites (WHSs) in attracting tourism. This paper analyzes the impact of WHSs on tourist demand in Spain at a disaggregated level for all Spanish provinces (NUTS-3 regions), based on original panel data for 50 Spanish provinces for the 2000–2019 period. The results show a positive impact of WHSs on domestic and foreign tourism demand when considering all the provinces together and that the first WHSs (designated in the 1980s) have a greater tourism-enhancing effect ("first generation effect"). However, there are differences between Spanish inland and coastal provinces: only cultural WHSs have an impact on tourism in inland provinces, whereas, in coastal provinces, only natural WHSs have the power of tourism attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a two-step mixed method approach, this study firstly identifies salient dimensions of home-sharing stay experience based on the premises of the intimacy theory through a qualitative analysis and then empirically examines the mechanism through which home-sharing stay experience impacts tourism experience and destination image perceptions. Six salient dimensions of home-sharing stay experience (i.e., space presence, social presence, knowledge sharing, activity sharing, host interaction, and guest interaction) are identified through the qualitative research. Utilizing the instrument developed to measure salient dimensions of home-sharing stay experience holistically, this study finds that space presence, social presence, and knowledge sharing positively contribute to tourists' authentic tourism experience. Findings further indicate that knowledge sharing, activity sharing, and host interaction are positively related to tourists' cultural experience. Tourists' cultural and authentic tourism experiences are found to be positively related to their cognitive and affective perceptions of destination image. • Home-sharing lodging experience has six salient dimensions. • Space presence, social presence, and knowledge sharing are positively related to authentic tourism experience. • Knowledge sharing, activity sharing, and host interaction are positively related to cultural tourism experience. • Both cultural and authentic tourism experiences influences cognitive and affective destination image perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to extend understanding of the way Chinese domestic tourists and local communities understand and use the World Heritage Ancient Villages of Xidi and Hongcun. Tourism in each of these villages is managed differently, with the tourism companies respectively managed by a local collective and by an external operator. The paper argues that understanding the emotional engagement of tourists interacting not only with the heritage sites but also with residents allows a deeper understanding of the social impacts of tourism. Moreover, it reveals how historical and heritage meaning may be reinforced or remade through individual and collective tourism practices, and the consequences of local inclusion or exclusion in tourism management. Understanding the affective and emotional content of the cultural and social interactions of tourists and residents at these sites illustrates the agency of both tourists and residents in the making and remaking of heritage values and meaning. • Tourists are active and engaged in ways not always understood. • Emotion is an important aspect of the agency of tourists. • The social and cultural interactions of tourists and residents are important aspects of heritage tourism. • Heritage tourism is not always about physical space. • The inclusion of residents in tourism management can engender deep emotional engagement from tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study set out to investigate how authenticity affects tourist satisfaction with, and loyalty to, an attraction and its heritage value. Different factors were seen as likely to influence the various types of loyalty. Hahoe village in South Korea, a World Cultural Heritage listed area, was chosen as the research site. A survey of tourists was conducted, and 535 responses obtained for statistical analysis. The study discovered that tourist satisfaction from experiencing constructive and existential authenticity is a strong indicator of their intention to revisit. The results of this study can be applied to heritage tourism management, with the insightful message that constructive authenticity can strongly contribute to the satisfaction of heritage tourists when intangible tourism resources become tangible. • Constructive authenticity affects existential authenticity and tourist satisfaction. • Existential authenticity influences the tourist satisfaction and cognitive loyalty. • Tourist satisfaction has an influence on cognitive and affective loyalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

360-degree video is an immersive technology used in research across academic disciplines. This paper provides the first comprehensive review on the use of 360-degree video for virtual place-based research, highlighting its use in experimental, experiential, and environmental observation studies. Five key research domains for 360-degree video are described: tourism and cultural heritage; built environment and land use; natural environment; health and wellbeing; and transportation and safety. 360-degree video offers considerable advantages compared to unidirectional video, computer-generated virtual reality, and map-based geographic representation. Benefits include ease of use, low-cost, interactivity, sense of immersive realism, remote accessibility, and the ability to capture and analyze places in a fully panoramic field of view. Limitations include additional costs associated with virtual reality viewing technologies, simulation sickness and discomfort, and viewer distraction due to the technology's novelty and immersive affordances. This paper also outlines a future research agenda, including the possibility of moving beyond the 'testing and trialling' of 360-degree video since it provides novel research opportunities distinct from either 'real' experience or conventional forms of visual and spatial representation. Overall, this paper provides detailed evidence for researchers interested in using 360-degree video for virtual research on built, social, and natural environments and human-environment interactions. • 360-degree video is a novel technology for virtual place-based research. • This review represents the first synthesis of evidence across research domains. • Rapid growth is attributed to increasing availability of cameras and VR technology. • This review identifies 5 key thematic research areas for 360-degree video. • Advantages over video and other forms of geographic and representation are documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism has an increasing influence on the environment, including a significant impact on the landscape. This article presents a method of assessing the Tourism Landscape Footprint in selected archaeological sites (in Poland), understood as a degree of the influence of tourist facilities on the landscape physiognomy. The more numerous the facilities, the more visible they are in the landscape, and the closer to the archaeological forms they are located, the greater is their visual impact. An index of the Tourism Landscape Footprint was proposed based on the assumption, that the impact of tourism facilities on the landscape depends on the number of the facilities, their type (a coefficient indicating the scale of the impact of the facilities on the landscape), and their location (distance to the archaeological forms). The results show that the landscape of the sites under consideration has not been strongly transformed, however, the obtained Tourism Landscape Footprint index is diversified. The differentiation of the index, of the archaeological forms (their number and area) and the tourism infrastructure, allowed us to group the sites (using the cluster analysis), in terms of the character of the landscape and the influence of the tourist development. Presented method provides a tool for comparing and diagnosing changes induced by tourism development in the historical landscape. [Display omitted] • Tourist facilities impact the archaeological landscape. • Tourism Landscape Footprint quantifies the influence of facilities on the landscape. • Impact of facilities depends on their number, type and spatial distribution. • Landscape of the studied sites is not strongly transformed by the facilities. • Tourism Landscape Footprint can be helpful in the planning of tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution examines the case of Naples and the impacts of mass tourism on its historical centre. Naples is the third largest city in Italy and the first in the south. The case is presented within the framework of critical urban studies that have delved into the rise of displacement and overtourism in Southern European cities. The paper aims to contribute to the debate, deepening the case of a city that has been less considered, although it has been severely affected by tourism-driven displacement in recent times. The case is presented through quantitative data, maps and short interview excerpts. The findings suggest the need for urgent urban planning intervention in order to avoid the expulsion of inhabitants. In particular, it argues the importance of addressing the issue through land use policy. [Display omitted] • The paper discusses the case of Naples within the frame of the "touristification of the residential", a concept proposed by the author to highlight a phenomenon common to many other European cities. • Italy and Naples are treated as contexts in which can be observed an "housing market rentierisation" (Ryan-Collins & Murray 2021) as a consequence of the "homeownership ideology". • The paper points out that platform mediated short-term rentals are displacing low-income inhabitants from the ancient centre of Naples. • It suggests the adoption of public policies to limit short-term rentals and the adoption of public housing plan in the historic centre to avoid depopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The crisis reveals mass tourism's structural cracks in capital and labour relations. • Labour precarity is hidden in good times but is revealed by the Covid crisis. • Post-Covid fieldwork exposed significant shifts in Penang's tourism recovery. • The vulnerability of tourism to lose labour to more attractive sectors • Slower recovery than other sectors as labour intensive with complex supply chains [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nomenclature of the 12 cranial nerves as we know it today was developed over a series of anatomic findings by some of history's most famous anatomists from Galen to Von Soemmerring. In this paper, we review the literature to present an overview of the remarkable historical journey that brought our forefathers to trace the pathway of individual cranial nerves from origin to destination. In particular, we discuss the evolution of the naming of the cranial nerves and highlight relevant eponymous descriptions. We also include some poignant illustrations of cranial nerves by ancient anatomists that set the scene to their discoveries. In reviewing this legacy, we summarize the important product of centuries of discoveries and investigations and the limitations of cranial nerve classification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Orientalism' has been used as a lens to understand consumption of heritage sites in non-Western contexts. Through the supplementary lens of 'Balkanism', we examine a European region with a significant heritage reflecting the c.500 year rule of the Ottoman Empire. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of North Macedonia and Albania are selected for study given their concentration of Ottoman heritage sites. We note first that these countries' heritage tourism sectors anticipate and modify interpretation to accommodate 'Western' tourists' affectation of 'surprise' and 'delight' at a 'remarkable' crossroads between 'West/East' or 'Christendom/Islam'. To understand why Ottoman heritage is often understood to be in but not of Europe, our analysis draws on scholarship interrogating 'Europe's' longstanding discursive erasure of its Ottoman-Islamic-Oriental 'self' and Tourism's role in this. • Interrogates Said's notion of 'Orientalism' within a European context. • Contextualises the above in Heritage Tourism in the Balkans. • Raises the profile of critical question on Ottoman heritage and European identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract There is potential for immersive technology, such as augmented and virtual reality, to create memorable tourism experiences, specifically for heritage tourism. However, there is a lack of conceptual clarity surrounding the management of heritage for memorable tourism experiences. Subsequently, this research note proposes a four-stage conceptual model of heritage preservation for managing heritage into digital tourism experiences. The four stages include the presentation of historical facts; contested heritage; integration of historical facts and contested heritage; and/or an alternate scenario. This research note demonstrates that integrating history with cutting-edge technology in immersive environments has the potential to not only preserve and manage heritage but to enrich the visitor experience and subsequent engagement with history. Highlights • Explores immersive technology for the management of heritage and tourism experience. • Proposes a four-stage conceptual model for immersive heritage tourism experiences. • Connects heritage preservation and memorable immersive heritage tourism experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how tourists interpret authenticity is important for the marketing and management of heritage attractions. By engaging critical debate around the topic of existential authenticity, this study explores the influence of intrapersonal and interpersonal authenticities on cognitive, affective, and conative loyalties in heritage tourism. A survey was conducted at the Yongding Earth Buildings, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in southeastern China. Data analysis of 365 heritage visitors to the site, via PROCESS analysis, indicates that: (1) existential authenticity is an antecedent to tourists' loyalty toward heritage sites; (2) neither intra- nor interpersonal authenticity directly contributes to conative loyalty; (3) intra- and interpersonal authenticity indirectly impact conative loyalty via cognitive loyalty and/or affective loyalty; and (4) affective loyalty has a stronger effect on conative loyalty than cognitive loyalty. Complementing the latest developments of existential authenticity in tourism, this study brings valuable theoretical insight to the area of heritage destination marketing and management. • Explores how existential authenticity influences loyalty in heritage tourism. • Surveys 365 visitors at a UNESCO World Heritage Site. • Existential authenticity is an antecedent to tourists' loyalty toward heritage sites. • Identifies direct and indirect links between the two concepts.. • The sub-dimensions of existential authenticity influence different loyalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Promoting co-existence and synergies amongst maritime uses is a key issue in maritime spatial management. Maritime economies are developing globally, leading to competition for marine resources and increasing environmental pressures. Multi-use (MU) is the joint use of marine resources in close geographic proximity. Focusing on the Eastern Atlantic sea basin, this article provides an overview of the MU context, existing and potential MUs, and the main drivers and barriers thereof. Based on desk research, literature review and stakeholder engagement, this study highlights differences between countries, regarding the implementation and advancement of sea strategies, and sector-specific and other Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP)-related policies. The legal, administrative and operational processes required to realise MUs are highly diverse and are related to the maturity of national maritime policies including MSP. A total of 25 MUs were identified and the three most relevant (Fisheries & Tourism & Environmental protection; Underwater cultural heritage & Tourism & Environmental protection, and; Offshore wind & Aquaculture) were analysed in-depth. The general conclusion refers to the need for multi-dimensional and multi-level policy actions overcoming technology constraints, and improving regulatory and policy frameworks. European strategies and actions might assist these efforts, however, the identified gaps are resolvable mainly at the national level within its specific context and through the engagement of innovative stakeholders. Recommendations for promoting MUs are presented. In summary, MUs are recognised as joint ventures, enabling synergy of interests and minimising conflicts. Findings suggest that early stakeholder engagement in the process of planning and implementing MU is necessary to achieve synergies, while respecting national planning cultures and existing MU experience leads to conflict solving solutions. Highlights • Multi-use is the joint use of marine resources in close geographic proximity. • Desk research and stakeholder engagement outlined multi-uses on the Eastern Atlantic. • Legal, administrative and operational requirements to multi-uses are highly diverse. • Multidimensional and multi-level policy actions overcoming constraints are needed. • Stakeholder engagement is desired respecting national planning culture and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]