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• 4D-BIM applied to construction waste reuse and recycle planning. • Discretizing construction waste generation into quantities for reuse and recycle. • Visual identification and planning of on-site concrete waste reuse opportunities. • Two case studies demonstrated and validated with ground truth data and literature. Despite pressing attention on construction waste management (CWM) issues, low rates of construction waste (CW) reuse and recycling (R&R) remain a limitation in construction projects. In recent years, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has gained momentum for CWM purposes; its data-richness, visualization, and simulation capabilities provide an opportunity to enhance CW R&R planning at the project level. In this context, this study proposes temporal-based algorithms integrated with 4D-BIM for the planning of concrete and drywall waste R&R throughout construction projects. Two case studies from Central Texas were used for the demonstration of the algorithms, and estimates were validated with ground truth data and literature values from different projects in North America. The overarching objective of the proposed algorithms is to streamline estimation and visual planning of CW for on-site reuse, and off-site recycling – therefore promoting a more proactive and schedule-based CWM plan. In addition, the approach improves team communication around CWM goals of the project. Moreover, through the use of 4D-BIM, on-site waste reuse opportunities are planned in advance, thus, improving resource recovery and minimizing waste disposal in landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary restriction (DR) improves health and prolongs lifespan in part by upregulating type III endoribonuclease DICER in adipose tissue. In this study, we aimed to specifically test which missing dietary component was responsible for DICER upregulation. We performed a nutrient screen in mouse preadipocytes and validated the results in vivo using different kinds of dietary interventions in wild type or genetically modified mice and worms, also testing the requirement of DICER on the effects of the diets. We found that sulfur amino acid restriction (i.e., methionine or cysteine) is sufficient to increase Dicer mRNA expression in preadipocytes. Consistently, while DR increases DICER expression in adipose tissue of mice, this effect is blunted by supplementation of the diet with methionine, cysteine, or casein, but not with a lipid or carbohydrate source. Accordingly, dietary methionine or protein restriction mirrors the effects of DR. These changes are associated with alterations in serum adiponectin. We also found that DICER controls and is controlled by adiponectin. In mice, DICER plays a role in methionine restriction-induced upregulation of Ucp1 in adipose tissue. In C. elegans , DR and a model of methionine restriction also promote DICER expression in the intestine (an analog of the adipose tissue) and prolong lifespan in a DICER-dependent manner. We propose an evolutionary conserved mechanism in which dietary sulfur amino acid restriction upregulates DICER levels in adipose tissue leading to beneficial health effects. Image 1 • DICER is upregulated in adipose tissue by dietary sulfur amino acid restriction. • Adiponectin and DICER co-regulate each other in adipocytes. • Methionine restriction requires DICER to promote adipose tissue browning. • DICER is upregulated in Caenorhabditis elegans intestine upon dietary restriction. • Methionine restriction requires DICER to prolong lifespan in C. elegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BIM-based quantity takeoff reliability validated using cloud-based software. • Method relying on linear equations, BIM quantity takeoff and purchasing records. • Method demonstration through algorithms to estimate concrete and drywall waste. • Waste estimations validated with real-world project data and data from literature. Globally, the growth of construction activities over the past years has resulted in large quantities of waste generation. Much of this waste is not reused or recycled and is subsequently redirected to landfills. The environmental impact of construction waste (CW) generation and the shortage of land resources for the creation of new landfills have reinforced the need to adopt more innovative CW management practices. Estimation of CW is a necessary step for the adoption of CW management practices. In this study, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is used to automate CW quantification. In this context, CW generation is estimated as the materials purchased but not incorporated into the actual building structure. Algorithms developed to quantify concrete and drywall waste streams are presented to demonstrate the proposed CW estimation method. The proposed concrete algorithm is validated by comparing estimated waste to actual waste data reported in the waste hauling tickets of a real-world project. Furthermore, CW generation quantities reported in the literature are used to validate estimates of both concrete and drywall waste streams. By leveraging material quantities directly from BIM—as opposed to manual estimations—CW estimation can be streamlined, enabling decision makers to implement more efficient construction waste management practices in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia (E.) coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are an increasing problem for public health. The success of ESBLs may be due to spread of ESBL-producing bacterial clones, transfer of ESBL gene-carrying plasmids or exchange of ESBL encoding genes on mobile elements. This makes it difficult to identify transmission routes and sources for ESBL-producing bacteria. The objectives of this study were to compare the distribution of genotypic and phenotypic properties of E. coli isolates from different animal and human sources collected in studies in the scope of the national research project RESET. ESBL-producing E. coli from two longitudinal and four cross-sectional studies in broiler, swine and cattle farms, a cross-sectional and a case–control study in humans and diagnostic isolates from humans and animals were used. In the RESET consortium, all laboratories followed harmonized methodologies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, confirmation of the ESBL phenotype, specific PCR assays for the detection of bla TEM , bla CTX , and bla SHV genes and sequence analysis of the complete ESBL gene as well as a multiplex PCR for the detection of the four major phylogenetic groups of E . coli . Most ESBL genes were found in both, human and non-human populations but quantitative differences for distinct ESBL-types were detectable. The enzymes CTX-M-1 (63.3% of all animal isolates, 29.3% of all human isolates), CTX-M-15 (17.7% vs. 48.0%) and CTX-M-14 (5.3% vs. 8.7%) were the most common ones. More than 70% of the animal isolates and more than 50% of the human isolates contained the broadly distributed ESBL genes bla CTX-M-1 , bla CTX-M-15 , or the combinations bla SHV-12 + bla TEM or bla CTX-M-1 + bla TEM . While the majority of animal isolates carried bla CTX-M-1 (37.5%) or the combination bla CTX-M-1 + bla TEM (25.8%), this was the case for only 16.7% and 12.6%, respectively, of the human isolates. In contrast, 28.2% of the human isolates carried bla CTX-M-15 compared to 10.8% of the animal isolates. When grouping data by ESBL types and phylogroups bla CTX-M-1 genes, mostly combined with phylogroup A or B1, were detected frequently in all settings. In contrast, bla CTX-M-15 genes common in human and animal populations were mainly combined with phylogroup A, but not with the more virulent phylogroup B2 with the exception of companion animals, where a few isolates were detectable. When E . coli subtype definition included ESBL types, phylogenetic grouping and antimicrobial susceptibility data, the proportion of isolates allocated to common clusters was markedly reduced. Nevertheless, relevant proportions of same subtypes were detected in isolates from the human and livestock and companion animal populations included in this study, suggesting exchange of bacteria or bacterial genes between these populations or a common reservoir. In addition, these results clearly showed that there is some similarity between ESBL genes, and bacterial properties in isolates from the different populations. Finally, our current approach provides good insight into common and population-specific clusters, which can be used as a basis for the selection of ESBL-producing isolates from interesting clusters for further detailed characterizations, e.g. by whole genome sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Worldwide, the emergence and global spread of microorganisms with acquired carbapenemases is of great concern. The reservoirs for such organisms are increasing, not only in hospitals, but also in the community and environment. A new and important development is the presence of such organisms in livestock, companion animals and wildlife. During the last three years, carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. (VIM-1 producers) and Acinetobacter spp. (producing OXA-23 and NDM-1) in livestock animals (poultry, cattle and swine) and their environment have been reported. In addition, the isolation of NDM-1-producing E. coli, OXA-48 in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae or OXA-23 in Acinetobacter spp. from companion animals (cats, dogs or horses) has also been observed. Other reports have described the presence of NDM-1-producing Salmonella isolated from wild birds, as well as OXA-23-like-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in ectoparasites. However, until now carbapenemase producers from foods have not been detected. For humans in contrast carbapenem-producing Salmonella isolates are increasingly reported. The real prevalence of carbapenemase-encoding genes in zoonotic bacteria or commensals from animals is unknown. Consequently, there is a need for intensified surveillance on the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing bacteria in the food chain and other animal sources in order to assist in the formulation of measures to prevent their potential spread. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 (MRSA ST398) has emerged in livestock worldwide. In particular, areas in Europe with high densities of livestock farming are affected. Consequently, the incidence of human colonization and infection with ST398 is rapidly increasing. Distinguishing different ST398 isolates with standard typing tools is problematic. The objective of this study was to examine the discriminatory power of Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Fingerprinting (MLVF) on a highly diverse ST398 collection. Our data show that MLVF combined with spa-typing is an attractive approach for high-resolution typing of ST398 isolates and unveiling their relatedness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim: The present study examined the effects of glycolaldehyde (GC) on biochemical parameters of human neutrophils and whether the antioxidant astaxanthin associated with vitamin C can modulate these parameters. Methods: Neutrophils from healthy subjects were treated with GC (1mM) followed or not by the antioxidants astaxanthin (2μM) and vitamin C (100μM). We examined the phagocytic capacity, hypochlorous acid, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities, cytokines and [Ca2+]i. Also, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide production, antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione-recycling system were evaluated. Results: GC promoted a marked reduction on the phagocytic capacity, maximal G6PDH and MPO activities, hypochlorous acid production and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines. Some impairment in the neutrophils biochemical parameters appears to be mediated by oxidative stress through ROS/RNS production and calcium reduction. Oxidative stress was evidenced by reduction in the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes, GSH/GSSG ratio and in the increment of O2 − and H2O2 and NOple-para> Conclusions: Treatment of cells with the combination of the antioxidants astaxanthin and vitamin C was able to restore some neutrophils function mainly by decreasing ROS/RNS production and improving the redox state. Overall, our findings demonstrate that GC modulates several neutrophils biochemical parameters in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Construction consumes more than 3 billion tons of raw materials globally each year. Adopting circular economy principles can help reduce waste and save more than $100 billion per year by improving construction productivity. This study's overarching objective was to investigate the state of adoption of circular economy principles in the construction sector. A multiple case study approach was used, and adoption opportunities were investigated in a global scan of 81 companies implementing circular economy principles in the construction industry. A knowledge framework with 33 attributes was developed to classify the companies, and their initiatives were analyzed in terms of overall focus, lifecycle operations, and business operations. These companies were categorized into seven identified business types, and their adoption of nine major circular business models was evaluated. Opportunity gaps and areas for improvement were identified, and steps for accelerating the shift towards a circular economy in construction were suggested. Furthermore, specific opportunities and prospects were discussed for implementing a circular economy in the United States, Canada, and the European construction industries. Notably, this study fills a gap in the literature by providing empirical evidence of the state of adoption of circular economy principles in the construction sector. Presented findings can help both academics and industry practitioners understand the current state of adoption of circular economy principles by construction companies and accelerate steps towards circularity in construction. Furthermore, the present study highlights the current differences between circular economy in theory and practice. • Global scan of the state of adoption of circular economy in the construction sector. • Waste as a Resource is the most adopted circular business model in construction. • Product as a Service is the least adopted circular business model in construction. • Younger and smaller companies are mainly driving the adoption of circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are not any more isolated only from human settings, but also from livestock. We reported for the first time the presence of VIM-1 carbapenemases in a livestock farm in Germany. The VIM-1 resistance gene found in these farms was located on IncHI2 plasmids. In order to be able to analyse these plasmids in more detail, two different plasmids from a single farm (pRH-R27 from Salmonella enterica and pRH-R178 from Escherichia coli ) were completely sequenced and analysed for the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistances. The plasmids showed to harbour bla VIM-1 , aacA4 , aadA1 , sul1 , qacEΔ (encoded in an In 110 class 1 integron), as well as bla ACC-1 , strA / strB , and catA1 genes together with resistance to heavy metals ( ter -, mer -, sil -, ars -, rcn -, and pco ). Comparison with other IncHI2 plasmid revealed that while pRH-R27 is a mosaic IncHI2 plasmid with both high homology to the plasmid pSTm-A54650 and R478, both isolated from humans, pRH-R178 is a deletion derivative of pRH-R27, presumably caused by several IS-mediated deletions indicating genetic evolution of plasmids in this environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 21–24 June 2022, the European Food Safety Authority, together with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the European Chemicals Agency, the European Environment Agency, the European Medicines Agency, and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, held the "ONE – Health, Environment & Society – Conference 2022". The conference brought together experts and stakeholders to reflect on how scientific advice related to food safety and nutrition will need to develop to respond to a fast-changing world. The event also explored how institutions that provide such advice should best prepare for the challenges ahead, and how they can contribute to policy targets and societal demands for safe, nutritious and sustainable food. Overall, participants concluded that food safety assessments must be further advanced to remain fit for purpose and increase their relevance to society. To address the growing complexity in science and society, new ways of working that connect and integrate knowledge, data and expertise across a wide range of disciplines, sectors and actors must be embraced. One Health provides a valuable conceptual framework for advancing food safety assessments by ensuring the delivery of more integrated, cross-sectoral and collaborative health assessments. These assessments may help to better inform policies that support the transition towards a sustainable food system. As such, One Health could serve as a steppingstone to sustainable food. Urgent action is now required to define how the One Health principles can be implemented in food safety and nutrition. • Safe food is the basis for healthy diets and sustainable food systems. • New ways of working are needed to advance food safety assessments. • Such assessments require cross-sectoral cooperation and more integrated approaches. • Actions are recommended to build a collaborative ecosystem of food safety actors. • One Health can support the transition to safe, nutritious and sustainable food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A total of 469 isolates originating from 150 livestock farms in Germany were investigated. • In pig and cattle isolates, blaCTX-M family genes were most frequent (94.0%). • Phylogroups A (44.6%) and B1 (35.0%) were the most frequent. • Isolates from broilers differed substantially from those of other isolates. • Associations of farm-related factors with isolate characteristics are demonstrated. Abstract Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including third-generation cephalosporins, is of major concern for animal and human health. In this study, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) / plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamase -producing Escherichia coli isolates from German livestock farms were characterised and associations of these isolate characteristics with farm-related factors were investigated across different types of livestock. A total of 469 isolates originating from 150 farms (34 broiler farms, 38 fattening pig farms, 43 dairy cattle farms, 35 beef cattle farms) was included in the analyses. ESBL-gene family, phylogroup and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility for several antimicrobial agents were determined. This data was used to define different profiles characterising the isolates. Multivariate analyses using a distance-based non-parametric approach were performed to investigate associations between the profiles of the isolates and farm-related factors (e.g. management, husbandry, and environment of the farms). Co-occurrence of ESBL-gene families were not found in any of the isolates analysed. Sixty-eight percent of the isolates carried bla CTX-M variant genes. The frequency of phylogroups was as follows: A (55%), B1 (35%), D (17%) and B2 (3%). The most frequent phenotypic non-wildtype profile was non-wildtype status of solely cefepime (27%). Profiles of isolates from broilers differed substantially from those of other isolates. Associations between farm-related factors and characteristics profiles differed, depending on the isolate characteristics included in the analyses. Some factors describing the farm environment, like waterfowl in the surrounding of the farm, were associated with all tested profiles. The epidemiological method applied defines distances between isolates on basis of isolate characteristics data and is capable of analysing associations between isolate characteristics and epidemiological factors. As additional data, such as plasmid characteristics, gene type, or sequence information could be included in future studies, the method is suitable to identify points of action to reduce the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance to cephalosporins is commonly mediated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamases (pAmpC). In livestock bla CTX-M-1 is the most frequently detected ESBL-encoding gene. As transmission to consumers through contaminated food is often proposed, this study characterized ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli collected from food samples. Therefore, samples from food products of animal origin and vegetables were screened for phenotypically resistant E. coli by selective cultivation. The ESBL genotype was confirmed for 404 isolates with the majority of them (n = 212) harboring the bla CTX-M-1 gene. PFGE and MLST analyses as well as plasmid characterization were carried out for 89 isolates, selected under epidemiological aspects. In addition, 44 isolates were investigated by whole genome sequencing and/or sequencing of their plasmids on an Illumina Miseq platform. MLST and PFGE indicated a diverse population of CTX-M-1-producing E. coli in German food samples with no spread of single clonal lineages. The majority of the isolates harbored the bla CTX-M-1 gene on IncI1 plasmids. Frequently, the gene was associated with the IS Ecp1 element and located on a ∼100 kb IncI1 plasmid depicting the plasmid multilocus sequence type (ST) 3. The bla CTX-M-1 gene and its flanking sequences were located within the shufflon of the type IV pilus region in diverse orientations. In conclusion, dissemination of the CTX-M-1 β-lactamase within food samples of animal origin is driven by the transmission of a ∼100 kb large IncI1 ST3 plasmid. Apart from conjugal transfer of IncI1 ST3 plasmids the transmission of the bla CTX-M-1 gene might be further promoted through mobilization due to its location within a recombination hot-spot of IncI1 plasmids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in livestock is considered as a threat for public health. In Germany, VIM-1-producing Escherichia ( E .) coli sequence type (ST) 88 and Salmonella Infantis isolates harbouring bla VIM-1 Inc HI2 plasmids have been isolated from swine and poultry farms. A retrospective study was performed to determine if there was a broader distribution of VIM-1-positive isolates in any of the carbapenemase-positive swine farms. Selective incubation (carbapenem-containing broth) of 249 conserved cultures collected in three farms (2011–2012), allowed the detection of 40 bla VIM-1 -positive isolates. Apart from the already known non-motile Salmonella Infantis isolate R25 (farm S1) and R27 (S2), a third isolate was recovered from farm S3. For E. coli , additional to isolates R29 and R178 (S2), 35 new isolates were identified in the same farm during all the sampling periods (three dates, 2011) and in samples from different animals, farm environment, manure and flies. The newly identified E. coli and Salmonella isolates showed similar genetic and phenotypic characteristics (XbaI-PFGE profiles, antimicrobial resistance patterns, plasmid content, phylogroups, antigenic formula) to those in the previously described strains, suggesting microevolution within the clonal lines within one fattening period. The study shows that persistence of carbapenemase-producing clonal lines in livestock farms is possible, and underlines the need for harmonised monitoring and surveillance studies to follow up the occurrence of such bacteria in European livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has emerged in animal production worldwide. Most LA-MRSA in Europe belong to the clonal complex (CC) 398. The reason for the LA-MRSA emergence is not fully understood. Besides antimicrobial agents used for therapy, other substances with antimicrobial activity applied in animal feed, including metal-containing compounds might contribute to their selection. Some of these genes have been found in various novel SCC mec cassettes. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of metal-resistance genes among a LA- S. aureus collection [n = 554, including 542 MRSA and 12 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA)] isolated from livestock and food thereof. Most LA-MRSA isolates (76%) carried at least one metal-resistance gene. Among the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates (n = 456), 4.8%, 0.2%, 24.3% and 71.5% were positive for arsA (arsenic compounds), cadD (cadmium), copB (copper) and czrC (zinc/cadmium) resistance genes, respectively. In contrast, among the LA-MRSA non-CC398 isolates (n = 86), 1.2%, 18.6% and 16.3% were positive for the cadD , copB and czrC genes, respectively, and none were positive for arsA. Of the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates, 72% carried one metal-resistance gene, and the remaining harboured two or more in different combinations. Differences between LA-MRSA CC398 and non-CC398 were statistically significant for arsA and czrC . The czrC gene was almost exclusively found (98%) in the presence of SCC mec V in both CC398 and non-CC398 LA-MRSA isolates from different sources. Regarding the LA-MSSA isolates (n = 12), some (n = 4) were also positive for metal-resistance genes. This study shows that genes potentially conferring metal-resistance are frequently present in LA-MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of daily (45days) intake of fish oil (FO; 10mg EPA/kg body weight (BW) and 7mg DHA/kg BW) and/or natural ASTA (1mg ASTA/kg BW) on oxidative stress and functional indexes of neutrophils isolated from Wistar rats by monitoring superoxide (), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide (NO ) production compared to the progression of auto-induced lipid peroxidation and Ca2+ release in activated neutrophils. Furthermore, phagocytic capacity, antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione-recycling system, and biomarkers of lipid and protein oxidation in neutrophils were compared to the redox status. Our results show evidence of the beneficial effects of FO+ASTA supplementation for immune competence based on the redox balance in plasma (significant increase in GSH-dependent reducing power), non-activated neutrophils (increased activity of the glutathione-recycling enzymes GPx and GR) and PMA-activated neutrophils (lower , H2O2, and NO generation, reduced membrane oxidation, but higher phagocytic activity). Combined application of ASTA and FO promoted hypolipidemic/hypocholesterolemic effects in plasma and resulted in increased phagocytic activity of activated neutrophils when compared with ASTA or FO applied alone. In PMA-activated neutrophils, ASTA was superior to FO in exerting antioxidant effects. The bulk of data reinforces the hypothesis that habitual consumption of marine fish (e.g. salmon, which is a natural source of both astaxanthin and fish oil) is beneficial to human health, in particular by improving immune response and lowering the risk of vascular and infectious diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The habitual consumption of marine fish is largely associated to human mental health. Fish oil is particularly rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are known to play a role in several neuronal and cognitive functions. In parallel, the orange-pinkish carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA) is found in salmon and displays important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Many neuronal dysfunctions and anomalous psychotic behavior (such as anxiety, depression, etc.) have been strongly related to the higher sensitivity of cathecolaminergic brain regions to oxidative stress. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the combined effect of ASTA and fish oil on the redox status in plasma and in the monoaminergic-rich anterior forebrain region of Wistar rats with possible correlations with the anxiolytic behavior. Upon fish oil supplementation, the downregulation of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities combined to increased “free” iron content resulted in higher levels of lipid and protein oxidation in the anterior forebrain of animals. Such harmful oxidative modifications were hindered by concomitant supplementation with ASTA despite ASTA-related antioxidant protection was mainly observed in plasma. Although it is clear that ASTA properly crosses the brain-blood barrier, our data also address a possible indirect role of ASTA in restoring basal oxidative conditions in anterior forebrain of animals: by improving GSH-based antioxidant capacity of plasma. Preliminary anxiolytic tests performed in the elevated plus maze are in alignment with our biochemical observations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The guarantee of food safety and quality along the food chain is a principal demand of the citizen. Fundamental aspects in food safety and quality, such as the presence of pathogens and their potential risk, are important consumer concerns. Other questions such as the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production are also subjects where society demands total transparency. To guarantee food safety and quality and satisfy the requirements of the consumer, it is necessary to ensure that efficient analytical methodologies are possessed by the food industry. This review discusses current status and future challenges in two areas of analytical methodology in food safety and quality: the monitoring of microorganisms and the detection of GMOs. Current strategies for developing methods will be discussed. Lessons learnt through activities in method development and validation of leading research groups will be described. The review will also discuss the necessary requirements for the standardization of analytical tools in food safety monitoring. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]