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The latest evidence suggests that multi-hazards and their interrelationships (e.g., triggering, compound, and consecutive hazards) are becoming more frequent across Europe, underlying a need for resilience building by moving from single-hazard-focused to multi-hazard risk assessment and management. Although significant advancements were made in our understanding of these events, mainstream practice is still focused on risks due to single hazards (e.g., flooding, earthquakes, droughts), with a limited understanding of the stakeholder needs on the ground. To overcome this limitation, this paper sets out to understand the challenges for moving towards multi-hazard risk management through the perspective of European stakeholders. Based on five workshops across different European pilots (Danube Region, Veneto Region, Scandinavia, North Sea, and Canary Islands) and an expert workshop, we identify five prime challenges: i) governance, ii) knowledge of multi-hazards and multi-risks, iii) existing approaches to disaster risk management, iv) translation of science to policy and practice, and v) lack of data. These challenges are inherently linked and cannot be tackled in isolation with path dependency posing a significant hurdle in transitioning from single- to multi-hazard risk management. Going forward, we identify promising approaches for overcoming some of the challenges, including emerging approaches for multi-hazard characterisation, a common understanding of terminology, and a comprehensive framework for guiding multi-hazard risk assessment and management. We argue for a need to think beyond natural hazards and include other threats in creating a comprehensive overview of multi-hazard risks, as well as promoting thinking of multi-hazard risk reduction in the context of larger development goals. • We identify 5 core challenges for multi-hazard risk assessment and management in Europe. • Governance and knowledge of multi-hazard risk pose the greatest challenges. • Challenges in practices, science-to-policy, and data limit multi-hazard risk management. • We identify ways forward to ease the shift to multi-hazard risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ketamine's effects on cerebral blood flow were measured over 24 h. • Blood flow in thalamus and visual cortex changed after ketamine. • Ketamine's antidepressant response associated with fronto-striatal change. • These promising pilot results require further study. Ketamine provides rapid antidepressant response in those struggling with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study measured acute changes in brain activity over 24 h after a single infusion of ketamine using arterial spin labeled (ASL) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with MDD. ASL is a novel technique that provides quantitative values to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF). A single sub-anesthetic dose (0.5 mg/kg) of ketamine was delivered intravenously. Treatment-refractory patients (n = 11) were assessed at: Baseline (pre-infusion), and approximately 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h post-infusion. Linear mixed-effects models detected changes in CBF with respect to treatment outcome, and results were corrected for false discovery rate (FDR). After ketamine infusion, increased CBF was observed in the thalamus, while decreased CBF was observed in lateral occipital cortex in all patients. Time-by-response interactions were noted in ventral basal ganglia and medial prefrontal cortex, where CBF change differed according to antidepressant response. Modest sample size is a limitation of this pilot study; strict statistical correction and visualization of single-subject data attempted to ameliorate this issue. In this pilot study, a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine was associated with acute neurofunctional changes that may be consistent with altered attention, specifically increased thalamus activity coupled with decreased cortical activity. By contrast, antidepressant response to ketamine was associated with changes in reward-system regions, specifically ventral basal ganglia and medial prefrontal cortex. Further work is needed to determine whether these results generalize to larger samples and/or serial ketamine infusions associated with longer-lasting clinical effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food insecurity (FI) is estimated to affect over 30% of college and university students. While campus food pantries are the most common response to student FI, a comprehensive, systematic approach is needed to effectively address this issue. This study was conducted to assess the resources, processes, and policies associated with FI at four-year universities in Alabama. Researchers used the validated Campus Food Aid Self-assessment Tool (C-FAST) to gauge college campus performance in six dimensions: student services and supports; involvement; advocacy; campus culture and awareness of FI; education and training; and research, scholarship, and creative works. In this pilot study, researchers used purposive sampling to identify and recruit 12 four-year universities in Alabama to complete C-FAST. Each survey was completed by a small coalition of institutional representatives associated with FI services, who submitted one survey on behalf of their institution. Quantitative results were aggregated and analyzed to understand current efforts. Campus performance within C-FAST dimensions was assessed using 29 questions scored on a scale of 1.00 (minimal to non-existent response) to 4.00 (best practice achieved). Mean scores were calculated for each dimension and aggregated across campuses. On average, campuses scored a 2.97 (SD =.71) in Advocacy, 2.84 (SD =.60) in Services and Supports, 2.67 (SD =.65) in Involvement, 2.57 (SD = 1.11) in Awareness and Stigma, 1.81 (SD =.73) in Research, Scholarship, and Creative Works, and 1.66 (SD =.55) in Education and Training. All respondents indicated the existence of some form of emergency (M = 3.11, SD =.74) and long-term (M = 2.78, SD =.92) student services or supports, but no respondents indicated the ability to meet all nutritional needs of FI students (M = 2.22, SD =.63). This is the first statewide study of university responses to student FI in Alabama. While schools have taken steps to support FI students, progress is needed to comprehensively and systematically address student needs. C-FAST results provide an evidence-based foundation to determine the appropriate next steps to better support FI students. ECMC Foundation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence suggest that the endocannabinoid system might be a component of the brain reward system and, then, play a role, not only in cannabinoid tolerance/dependence, but also in dependence/withdrawal to other drugs of abuse. However, there are not many studies that compare the changes in endocannabinoid ligands and/or receptors in brain regions (particularly in those areas related to reinforcement processes) during dependence to opiates, cocaine or alcohol. The present study addressed this objective, by examining the changes in CB(1) receptor binding (measured by [3H]-CP55,940 autoradiography) and its mRNA levels (measured by in situ hybridization) in different brain regions of animals chronically exposed to morphine, cocaine or ethanol. The results showed that these three drugs produced different changes in CB(1) receptor binding and mRNA levels, a finding that precludes the existence of a common alteration of the endocannabinoid system during dependence states to these habit-forming drugs. Thus, chronic ethanol exposure was usually uneffective in altering both CB(1) receptor binding and mRNA levels in all regions examined. In contrast, chronic cocaine exposure produced significant changes only at the level of CB(1) receptor mRNA, with decreases of the transcript levels in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the superficial and deep layers of the cerebral cortex, but no changes in the hippocampal, motor and limbic structures. Finally, chronic morphine exposure increased the density of CB(1) receptors in the medial caudate-putamen, but decreased their mRNA levels in this region and also in the lateral caudate-putamen and the cerebellum. In limbic structures, chronic morphine exposure increased both binding and mRNA levels for CB(1) receptors in the septum nuclei. Binding was also increased in the nucleus accumbens, but reduced in the basolateral amygdala. In hippocampal structures, chronic morphine exposure reduced CB(1) receptor binding in the dentate gyrus, although mRNA levels were unaffected in this region, but increased in the CA2 subfield of the Ammon's horn. The results indicate that mechanisms of dependence for alcohol, cocaine and morphine are different in terms of their impact on the endocannabinoid system. Alcohol did not produce any effects on CB(1) receptor binding and mRNA levels, whereas cocaine only affected transcript levels in selected regions and morphine produced divergent and region-dependent effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hongqiao is one of China's largest ever urban development projects, and within Shanghai second only to Pudong. It is designed to kick-start growth in the western part of China's economic capital, just as Pudong did in the east. The project comprises a transport hub and a new central business district and involves the participation of an array of organizations, including government at various levels, specially created bodies, property developers and banks. The central argument of this paper is that these organizations formed what can best be conceived of as a government-led land-based urban growth coalition and that this coalition became the driving force behind the Hongqiao project. It further argues that, rather than being one monolithic coalition, this was a shifting constellation of corporate actors, forming informal subcoalitions with different but interlocking roles and functions. The paper concludes by arguing that land-based urban growth coalitions rely on participants benefitting from rising land and property values once land has been developed, but for this debt financing is required, and this comes with its own substantial problems. The concept of land-based urban growth coalition can be useful in helping to interpret urban change in China so long as the coalition is examined in some detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important tool for studying the temporal dynamics of the human brain''s large-scale neuronal circuits. However, most EEG applications fail to capitalize on all of the data''s available information, particularly that concerning the location of active sources in the brain. Localizing the sources of a given scalp measurement is only achieved by solving the so-called inverse problem. By introducing reasonable a priori constraints, the inverse problem can be solved and the most probable sources in the brain at every moment in time can be accurately localized.Methods and Results: Here, we review the different EEG source localization procedures applied during the last two decades. Additionally, we detail the importance of those procedures preceding and following source estimation that are intimately linked to a successful, reliable result. We discuss (1) the number and positioning of electrodes, (2) the varieties of inverse solution models and algorithms, (3) the integration of EEG source estimations with MRI data, (4) the integration of time and frequency in source imaging, and (5) the statistical analysis of inverse solution results.Conclusions and Significance: We show that modern EEG source imaging simultaneously details the temporal and spatial dimensions of brain activity, making it an important and affordable tool to study the properties of cerebral, neural networks in cognitive and clinical neurosciences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]