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Toxicology studies suggest that neonicotinoids may be associated with adiposity development via thyroid hormone disruption and increased oxidative stress. Prior epidemiological studies report mixed results for the association between neonicotinoids and adiposity measures. To examine the association between detectable concentrations of parent neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin) and neonicotinoid metabolites (5-hydroxy-imidacloprid, N -desmethyl-acetamiprid) with adiposity measures among US adults, and whether sex modifies the associations for neonicotinoid metabolites with adiposity. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2016 data was utilized to estimate covariate-adjusted associations between detectable neonicotinoids and fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body mass index (BMI) using multiple linear regression. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for overweight or obese status with detectable neonicotinoid concentrations using Poisson's modified regression. Sampling strategies were accounted for in the regression models. Detectable levels of acetamiprid were associated with a decrease in FMI (β = −3.17 kg/m2, 95% CI [-4.79, −1.54]), LMI (β = −3.17 kg/m2, 95% CI [-5.17, −1.17]), body fat percentage (β = −4.41, 95% CI [-8.20, −0.62]), waist circumference (β = −9.80 cm, 95% CI [-19.08, −0.51]), and BMI (β = −3.88kg/m2, 95% CI [-7.25, −0.51]) among adults. In contrast, detectable levels of 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid were associated with greater rates of being overweight/obese (IRR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.04, 1.18)) and increased LMI (β = 0.67 kg/m2, 95% CI [0.04, 1.29]). Sex modified the association between N -desmethyl-acetamiprid and LMI (p int = 0.075) with a positive association among males (β = 1.14 kg/m2, 95% CI [0.38, 1.90]), and an insignificant inverse association in females. Sex also modified the association for N -desmethyl-acetamiprid with FMI (p int = 0.095) and body fat percentage (p int = 0.072), with suggestive evidence showing positive associations for males and inverse associations for females. Detectable concentrations of acetamiprid were inversely associated with adiposity, while there were mixed findings for 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid. Findings suggest sex differences, though results are not clear with regard to the directionality of the association by sex. • Neonicotinoid compounds may be associated with the pathogenesis of adiposity. • Acetamiprid was inversely associated with all the adiposity measures examined. • 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid was positively associated with being overweight/obese. • Sex differences were seen with N -desmethyl-acetamiprid and some adiposity measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• No hops-derived volatiles were found in bottom fermented beer samples. • Top and bottom fermented beers presented more volatiles than spontaneous. • 4-Ethyguaiacol and trans-β-ionone were positive towards overall liking of beers. • Styrene had a negative and significant effect on consumer liking of beers. • A highly accurate machine learning model to predict acceptability was obtained. Identification of volatiles in beer is important for consumers acceptability. In this study, triplicates of 24 beers from three types of fermentation (top/bottom/spontaneous) were analyzed using Gas Chromatograph with Mass-Selective Detector (GC-MSD) employing solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Principal components analysis was conducted for each type of fermentation. Multiple regression analysis, and an artificial neutral network model (ANN) were developed with the peak-areas of 10 volatiles to evaluate/predict aroma, flavor and overall liking. There were no hops-derived volatiles in bottom-fermentation beers, but they were present in top and spontaneous. Top and spontaneous had more volatiles than bottom-fermentation. 4-Ethyguaiacol and trans-β-ionone were positive towards aroma, flavor and overall liking. Styrene had a negative effect on aroma, flavor and overall liking. An ANN model with high accuracy (R = 0.98) was obtained to predict aroma, flavor and overall liking. The use of SPME-GC-MSD is an effective method to detect volatiles in beers that contribute to acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]