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Although postruminal glucose infusion into dairy cows has increased milk protein yield in some past experiments, the same trend has not been observed in others. A meta-regression of 64 sets of observations from 29 previously published glucose and propionate infusion studies in dairy cattle, treating study and experiment (study) as random effects, was performed to establish the general effects of glucose equivalent (GlcE) infusion rate on milk true protein (MTP) yield and content, if any, and to identify independent, fixed-effect variables that accounted for the changes in MTP yield and content that were observed. Candidate explanatory variables included rate and site of infusion, diet composition and intake, body weight and lactation stage of the cows, and the change in nutrient intake between GlcE and control treatments. Across all studies, according to a model containing only the random effects of study and experiment, GlcE infusion at an average of 954 g/d increased MTP yield by 26 g/d, on average, whereas mean MTP content was not affected. Backward stepwise elimination of potential explanatory variables from a full mixed model produced a final, reduced model for MTP yield that retained a positive, second-order quadratic effect of infusion rate of GlcE and a positive, linear effect of the change in crude protein intake (CPI) between GlcE treatment and control. This change in CPI due to GlcE infusion ranged from −0.546 to 0.173 kg/d in the dataset. The model fit indicated that when CPI was allowed to drop during GlcE infusion, the effect of GlcE on MTP yield was smaller than when CPI was maintained or increased, in a manifestation of the classic protein:energy interaction. The final reduced model for MTP content contained the same explanatory variables as for MTP yield, plus a negative effect of intravenous compared with gastrointestinal infusion. Overall, the meta-analysis revealed that both MTP yield, and content were positively related to GlcE infusion rate and to the change in CPI between glucose treatment and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 1-hour glucose in the 3 point OGTT, contributes only small numbers of GDM cases and a high number needed to screen (67 for 1 additional case in a selective high risk GDM screening strategy). • Omitting the 1 and/or 2-hour glucose measurements from the mid-trimester OGTT may reduce costs and burdens on pregnant women and the healthcare system, with only a marginal reduction in diagnostic yield. • The 2-hour and 1-hour glucose concentrations contributed only 7.4 % and 4.7 % to GDM diagnoses. The WHO 2013 guidelines recommend screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by 3-point oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate GDM diagnosed by an isolated high glucose. We included pregnant women deemed at risk for GDM were offered GDM screening. We examined the records of 1939 consecutively screened pregnancies at two teaching hospitals in Amsterdam during 2016–2020. Using the WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria, we calculated the proportion of GDM cases diagnosed by isolated abnormal glucose values. Among those screened in our high risk cohort, GDM incidence was 31.5%. Of the GDM diagnoses, 57.0% were based on an isolated fasting glucose value, 30.9% based on multiple raised glucose measurements, 7.4% on an isolated raised 2-hour glucose and 4.7% on an isolated raised 1-hour glucose. For 1-hour glucose, the number needed to screen was 67 persons for one additional GDM case. The 1-hour glucose in the 3 point OGTT, as suggested by the WHO 2013 guidelines for GDM, contributes only small numbers of GDM cases and a high number needed to screen (67 for 1 additional case in a selective high risk GDM screening strategy), and is likely even less effective in universally screened populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, alternative organic catalysts to metal-containing catalysts for glucose electrooxidation were prepared by the Suzuki Miyaura coupling reaction method and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). InTA-1, InPA-1, InFA-1, InTA-2, InPA-2, InFA-2, InTA-3, InFA-3, and InPA-3 were obtained with the yield of 74%, 82%, 72%, 70%, 75%, 68%, 60%, 71%, and 85%. Among the synthesized catalysts, the InTA-3 catalyst possesses the highest electrocatalytic activity (3.17 mA cm−2) and long-term stability compared to other organic catalysts. InTA-3 catalyst has the lowest charge transfer resistance toward glucose electrooxidation. It was concluded that as a metal-free catalyst, InTA-3 is a cheap and promising electrocatalyst for direct glucose fuel cell anode. [Display omitted] • Aldehyde-functionalized indoles were prepared by Suzuki Miyaura coupling reaction. • Aldehyde-functionalized indoles possessed long-term stability and high mass activity. • InTA-3 demonstrated the 3.17 mA cm−2 specific activity for the glucose electrooxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte abnormality that requires urgent treatment. Insulin is an effective treatment for hyperkalemia, but risk factors for developing insulin-induced hypoglycemia exist (e.g., low pretreatment glucose or renal impairment). This study evaluated the impact of a hyperkalemia protocol tailored to glucose concentration and renal function on insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This was a retrospective cohort study of emergency department patients with glucose ≤ 100 mg/dL treated with insulin for hyperkalemia. The primary outcome was incidence of hypoglycemia in patients treated prior to (July 1, 2018–June 30, 2019) vs. after (January 1, 2020–December 31, 2020) the protocol update, which individualized insulin and dextrose doses by glucose concentration and renal function. Secondary outcomes included change in potassium and protocol safety. We assessed factors associated with hypoglycemia using multiple logistic regression. We included 202 total patients (preimplementation: 114, postimplementation: 88). Initial insulin dose was lower in the postimplementation group (p < 0.001). We found a nonsignificant reduction in hypoglycemia in the postimplementation group (42.1% vs. 30.7%, p = 0.10). Degree of potassium reduction was similar in patients who received insulin 5 units vs. 10 units (p = 0.72). Higher pretreatment glucose (log odds ratio [OR] −0.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.08 to −0.02) and additional insulin administration (log OR −1.55, 95% CI −3.01 to −0.25) were associated with reduced risk of developing hypoglycemia. A hyperkalemia protocol update was not associated with a significant reduction in hypoglycemia, and the incidence of hypoglycemia remained higher than anticipated. Future studies attempting to optimize treatment in this high-risk population are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the accuracy and validity of the Determination of Diabetes Utilities, Costs, and Effects (DEDUCE) model, a Microsoft-Excel-based tool for evaluating diabetes interventions for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The DEDUCE model is a patient-level microsimulation, with complications predicted based on the Sheffield and Risk Equations for Complications Of type 2 diabetes models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. For this tool to be useful, it must be validated to ensure that its complication predictions are accurate. Internal, external, and cross-validation was assessed by populating the DEDUCE model with the baseline characteristics and treatment effects reported in clinical trials used in the Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Mount Hood Diabetes Challenges. Results from the DEDUCE model were evaluated against clinical results and previously validated models via mean absolute percentage error or percentage error. The DEDUCE model performed favorably, predicting key outcomes, including cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes. The model performed well against other models. In the Mount Hood 9 Challenge comparison, error was below the mean reported from comparator models for several outcomes, particularly for hazard ratios. The DEDUCE model predicts diabetes-related complications from trials and studies well when compared with previously validated models. The model may serve as a useful tool for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of diabetes technologies. • Existing cost-effectiveness models in diabetes are useful, but they are not suitable for all health technology assessment (HTA) agencies. The Determination of Diabetes Utilities, Costs, and Effects (DEDUCE) model was developed to better meet the needs of those HTA agencies. • To assess the accuracy and validity of the DEDUCE model in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. • DEDUCE predicts diabetes-related complications well when compared with previously validated cost-effectiveness models. • DEDUCE is suitable to assess the cost-effectiveness of diabetes technologies for HTA submissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increase in the number of adipocytes and fat load in adipocytes cause stress in adipose tissue leading to pro-inflammatory signalling and insulin resistance. Previously, aqueous extract of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don leaf (CRACE) was shown to be effective in inhibiting adipocyte differentiation and reduction of lipid load in mature adipocytes. Further, bioactivity-guided fractionation of the phytoextract following reverse phase HPLC and HR-LCMS analysis revealed that 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 is the bioactive moiety in CRACE. The current study investigated the effect of 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 containing phytoextract, CRACE, on inflammatory signalling in adipocytes-macrophage co-culture. CRACE treatment increased the secreted levels of key pro-inflammatory and pro-lipolytic cytokines TNFα and IL6 but reduced the secreted levels of other adipose-related pro-inflammatory cytokines- resistin, lipocalin2, and serpin E1. CRACE increased the secretion of important anti-inflammatory adipokines IGFBP3 and LIF1 while reducing the secreted levels of chemo-attractants MCP1, MCSF, VEGF, and IGFBP6. A significant reduction in RAW 264.7 macrophage migration towards mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes was observed in the presence of CRACE. While fatty acid uptake was increased in adipocytes and decreased in muscle cells in the presence of CRACE, glucose uptake was increased in both cells. In conclusion, 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 containing phytoextract, CRACE, is a potent inhibitor of pro-inflammatory signaling in adipocytes-macrophage cross talk. It also promotes glucose homeostasis in adipocytes and muscle cells. Thus, it has the potential to improve two conditions simultaneously: obesity and obesity-associated type-2 diabetes. [Display omitted] • 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 is the bioactive molecule in CRACE. • CRACE reduces inflammatory issues in mature adipocyte-macrophage co-cultures. • CRACE lowers macrophage migration towards mature adipocytes packed with intracellular lipids. • CRACE increases both fatty acid and glucose uptake activity in adipocytes. • CRACE inhibits fatty acid uptake in differentiating myoblasts while improving glucose uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose metabolism in granulosa cells (GCs) is essential for follicle development and oocyte maturation. Porcine follicular fluid exosomes promote the proliferation of porcine GCs and the synthesis of steroid hormones. However, their role in regulating glucose uptake in GCs is unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of porcine follicular fluid exosomes on glucose uptake in porcine GCs and the intrinsic mechanisms involved. First, transcriptome sequencing revealed that glucose metabolism-related pathways were altered in GCs treated with follicular fluid exosomes. Next, in vitro culture experiments showed that glucose uptake was increased and the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway was activated in GCs after treatment with follicular fluid exosomes. Finally, miRNA sequencing of follicular fluid exosomes revealed that miR-21-5p was the most abundant miRNA. Subsequent investigations indicated that miR-21-5p promoted glucose uptake in GCs by targeting BTG2 , which activated the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that porcine follicular fluid exosomes promote glucose uptake in porcine GCs by delivering miR-21-5p, which inhibits the expression of BTG2 , activating the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway. • Follicular fluid exosomes promoted glucose uptake in granulosa cells. • Overexpression of miR-21-5p promoted glucose uptake in granulosa cells. • The follicular fluid exosomes carried miR-21-5p targets BTG2 , activating the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose oxidase (GOx)-based enzyme therapeutics are potential alternatives for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment via glucose consumption and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). Given that H 2 O 2 can be eliminated by cytoprotective autophagy, autophagy inhibitors that can interrupt autolysosome-induced H 2 O 2 elimination are promising combination drugs of GOx. Here, we developed a multifunctional biomimetic nanocarrier for effective co-delivery of an autophagy inhibitor-chloroquine phosphate (CQP) and GOx to exert their synergistic effect by irreversibly upregulating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Poly (D, l -lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to encapsulate both GOx and CQP using a W/O/W multi-emulsion method. Calcium phosphate (CaP) was used to "fix" CQP to GOx in the internal water phase, where it served as a pH-sensitive unit to facilitate intracellular drug release. Folic acid-modified red blood cell membranes (FR) were used to camouflage the GOx/CQP/CaP encapsulated PLGA NPs (referred to as PLGA/GCC@FR). In an AOM/DSS-induced CRC mouse model, PLGA/GCC@FR exhibited improved antitumor effects, in which the number of tumor nodes were only a quarter of that in the free drug combination group. The enhanced therapeutic effects of PLGA/GCC@FR were attributed to the prolonged tumor retention which was verified by both dynamic in vivo imaging and drug biodistribution. This multifunctional biomimetic nanocarrier facilitated combined enzyme therapeutics by depleting glucose and augmenting intracellular ROS levels in tumor cells, which exerted a synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth. Therefore, this study proposed a novel strategy for the enhancement of combined enzyme therapeutics, which provided a promising method for effective CRC treatment. [Display omitted] • CQP was fixed to GOx via CaP formation to facilitate co-encapsulation by PLGA NPs. • PBA-PEG-FA was inserted on RBCm to realize "right-side-out" coating and CRC targeting. • Glucose consumption and ROS accumulation mediated CRC tumor regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of an α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist (detomidine) constant rate infusion (CRI) with and without an α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist (vatinoxan) CRI on blood insulin and glucose concentrations, heart rate, intestinal borborygmi, and sedation during and after infusion in horses. Randomized, blinded, crossover, experimental study. A total of nine healthy, adult Finnhorse mares. Horses were treated with an intravenous (IV) detomidine loading dose (0.01 mg kg–1), followed by CRI (0.015 mg kg–1 hour–1), and the same doses of detomidine combined with an IV vatinoxan loading dose (0.15 mg kg–1), followed by CRI (detomidine and vatinoxan; 0.05 mg kg–1 hour–1) with an 18 day washout period. Infusion time was 60 minutes and horses were monitored for 240 minutes after the infusion. Heart rate, borborygmi score and sedation were assessed, and blood glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ancova and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Insulin concentration decreased during (median nadir 1.7, range 0.0–2.9 μIU mL–1 at 60 minutes, p < 0.0001) and increased after detomidine CRI (median 36.6, range 11.7–78.4 μIU mL–1 at 180 minutes, p = 0.0001) significantly compared with detomidine and vatinoxan CRI. A significant elevation of blood glucose (peak 11.5 ± 1.6 mmol L–1 at 60 minutes, p < 0.0001) was detected during detomidine CRI. Vatinoxan alleviated the insulin changes and abolished the significant increase in blood glucose. Vatinoxan alleviated the decrease in heart rate (p = 0.0001) during detomidine infusion. No significant differences were detected in sedation scores between treatments. Vatinoxan attenuated the negative adverse effects of detomidine CRI and thus is potentially beneficial when used in combination with an α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist CRI in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To summarize the available evidence on metabolic parameters indicating metabolic adverse effects and risk of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotics, following a pre-specified protocol (PROSPERO ID 252336). We searched PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO until May 14, 2021, to identify systematic reviews (SR), meta-analyses (MA) and network meta-analyses (NMA) examining symptoms associated to metabolic syndrome in patients <18 years of age who required treatment with oral antipsychotic drugs. Evidence from quantitative analyses for all outcomes related to anthropometric, glyco-metabolic, and blood pressure parameters (measured from baseline to intervention-end and/or follow-up, in subjects exposed to antipsychotics and placebo) was reported on the basis of their metrics (median difference [medianD], mean difference [MD], standardized mean difference [SMD], odds ratio [OR], risk ratio ([RR]). A qualitative synthesis was also made. A formal quality assessment of the included studies was carried out by using the AMSTAR 2. We also provided a hierarchical stratification of the evidence from meta-analyses based on the class of evidence. A total of 23 articles (13 MA, 4 NMA and 6 SR) were included for review. As compared with placebo, an increase in triglyceride levels was associated with olanzapine (medianD [95% CI]: 37 [12.27, 61.74] mg/dL; MD [95% CI]: 38.57 [21.44, 55.77] mg/dL) and quetiapine (medianD [95% CI]: 21.58 [95% CI]: 4.27, 38.31 mg/dL; MD [95% CI]: 34.87 [20.08, 49.67] mg/dL; SMD [95% CI]: 0.37 [0.06, 0.068]), whereas decreased triglyceride levels were found for lurasidone. Increased total cholesterol level was associated with asenapine (medianD [95% CI]: 9.1 [1.73, 16.44] mg/dL), quetiapine (medianD [95% CI]: 15.60 [7.30, 24.05] mg/dL; olanzapine (MD [95% CI] from 3.67 [1.43, 5.92] mg/dL to 20.47 [13.97, 26.94] mg/dL]; and lurasidone (medianD [95% CI]: 8.94 [1.27, 16.90] mg/dL). Change in glucose levels did not differ among antipsychotics or placebo. Lurasidone, molindone, and ziprasidone were the best tolerated in terms of weight gain. According to the AMSTAR 2 scoring system, 13 (56.5%) reviews were rated as very low quality. According to classes of evidence, most MA were level 4, especially because of their limited total sample size. By collating meta-analyses assessing biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome in antipsychotic-treated children, we conclude that olanzapine should not be the antipsychotic of choice in patients at risk for hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia. Aripiprazole and lurasidone appear to be better tolerated in terms of metabolic adverse events. Insufficient meta-analytic data are available to provide a precise risk estimate of metabolic syndrome, and, overall, the quality of evidence is low. Association between the use of antipsychotic drugs and alterations of the parameters defining the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents: an umbrella review; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ; CRD42021252336. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life adapts to daily environmental changes through circadian rhythms, exhibiting spontaneous oscillations of biological processes. These daily functional oscillations must match the metabolic requirements responding to the time of the day. We focus on the molecular mechanism of how the circadian clock regulates glucose, the primary resource for energy production and other biosynthetic pathways. The complex regulation of the circadian rhythm includes many proteins that control this process at the transcriptional and translational levels and by protein-protein interactions. We have investigated the action of one of these proteins, cryptochrome (CRY), whose elevated mRNA and protein levels repress the function of an activator in the transcription-translation feedback loop, and this activator causes elevated Cry1 mRNA. We used a genome-edited cell line model to investigate downstream genes affected explicitly by the repressor CRY. We found that CRY can repress glycolytic genes, particularly that of the gatekeeper, pyruvate dehydro-genase kinase 1 (Pdk1), decreasing lactate accumulation and glucose utilization. CRY1-mediated decrease of Pdk1 expression can also be observed in a breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, whose glycolysis is associated with Pdk1 expression. We also found that exogenous expression of CRY1 in the MDA-MB-231 decreases glucose usage and growth rate. Furthermore, reduced CRY1 levels and the increased phosphorylation of PDK1 substrate were observed when cells were grown in suspension compared to cells grown in adhesion. Our data supports a model that the transcription-translation feedback loop can regulate the glucose metabolic pathway through Pdk1 gene expression according to the time of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oviduct provides a suitable microenvironment from the gametes' final maturation until initial embryo development. Dynamic functional changes are observed in the oviduct cells, mainly controlled by steroid hormones and well-orchestrated during the estrous cycle. However, based on the roles played by the oviduct, additional layers of complexity might be present in its regulatory process. There is a cellular process that includes metabolic adaptation that can guide molecular modifications. This process is known as metaboloepigenetics. Therefore, we aimed to better understand how this crosstalk occurs in oviductal epithelial cells (OEC). Due to limited in situ access to the oviduct, we used the primary in vitro cell culture as a culture model and glucose as a metabolic disturbed factor. For that, cells derived from the oviductal epithelial layer were collected from cows at either follicular or luteal stages (n = 4 animals per group). They were cultured on a monolayer culture system under normoglycemic (2.7 mM glucose) or hyperglycemic conditions (27 mM glucose). On day five of culture, attached cells were submitted to analysis of mitochondrial metabolism (mitochondrial membrane potential - MMP) and epigenetics markers (5- methylcytosine - 5 mC and histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation - H3K9ac). Moreover, the culture media were submitted to the metabolites analysis profile by Raman spectrometry. Data were analyzed considering the effect of glucose level (normoglycemic vs. hyperglycemic), stages when OEC were harvested (follicular vs. luteal), and their interaction (glucose level * cycle stage) by two-way ANOVA. As a result, the high glucose level decreased the H3K9ac and MMP levels but did not affect the 5 mC. Regardless of the metabolic profile of the culture media, the glucose level was the only factor that changed the Raman shifts abundance. Although this present study evaluated oviductal epithelial cells after being submitted to an in vitro monolayer culture system, which is known to lead to cell dedifferentiation, yet, these results provide evidence of a relationship between epigenetic reprogramming and energy metabolism under these cell culture conditions. In conclusion, the levels of metabolites in culture media may be crucial for cellular function and differentiation, meaning that it should be considered in studies culturing oviductal cells. • The crosstalk between metabolism and epigenetics seems to occur under in vitro conditions in oviductal cells. • Hyperglycemic in vitro conditions decrease H3K9ac levels in oviduct cells. • Hyperglycemic in vitro conditions decrease mitochondrial activity in oviduct cells. • Hyperglycemic in vitro conditions might cause the Crabtree effect in oviduct cells. • Higher in vitro proliferation occurs in oviductal cells harvested at the luteal than follicular stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If a mechanism of more efficient glycolysis depending on pyruvate is present in stallion spermatozoa, detrimental effects of higher glucose concentrations that are common in current commercial extenders could be counteracted. To test this hypothesis, spermatozoa were incubated in a 67 mM Glucose modified Tyrode's media in the presence of 1- or 10-mM pyruvate and in the Tyrode's basal media which contains 5 mM glucose. Spermatozoa incubated for 3 h at 37 °C in 67 mM Tyrode's media with 10 mM pyruvate showed increased motility in comparison with aliquots incubated in Tyrode's 5 mM glucose and Tyrode's 67 mM glucose (57.1 ± 3.5 and 58.1 ± 1.9 to 73.0 ± 1.1 %; P < 0.01). Spermatozoa incubated in Tyrode's with 67 mM glucose 10 mM pyruvate maintained the viability along the incubation (64.03 ± 15.4 vs 61.3 ± 10.2), while spermatozoa incubated in 67 mM Glucose-Tyrode's showed a decrease in viability (38.01 ± 11.2, P < 0.01). 40 mM oxamate, an inhibitor of the lactate dehydrogenase LDH, reduced sperm viability (P < 0.05, from 76 ± 5 in 67 mM Glucose/10 mM pyruvate to 68.0 ± 4.3 %, P < 0.05). Apoptotic markers increased in the presence of oxamate. (P < 0.01). UHPLC/MS/MS showed that 10 mM pyruvate increased pyruvate, lactate, ATP and NAD+ while phosphoenolpyruvate decreased. The mechanisms that explain the improvement of in presence of 10 mM pyruvate involve the conversion of lactate to pyruvate and increased NAD+ enhancing the efficiency of the glycolysis. • 10 mM pyruvate in a 67 mM Glucose-Tyrode's media maintains sperm functionality in comparison with a 67 mM glucose- Tyrode's. • Motility, linear motility, velocities membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and glutathione content were higher in the 10 mM pyruvate, 67 mM glucose media. • LACTATE and NAD+ content were higher in the spermatozoa incubated in the 10 mM pyruvate in a 67 mM Glucose-Tyrode's media. • The mechanism explaining the improvements may involve conversion of pyruvate to lactate and regeneration of NAD+. • The stallion spermatozoa may produce significant amounts of lactate under high Oxygen (Warburg effect). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient, economic, and environment-friendly electrocatalysts to meet the industrialized hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) needs is highly desired for dealing with the energy crisis. Under the known premise, how to reasonably control the doping amount of copper greatly influences the structure and is one of the key factors affecting the performance of the catalyst. Herein, a series of Ni–Cu–C electrocatalysts are successfully synthesized through a simple electrodeposition method. The unique dendritic morphology can be obtained by adjusting the different glucose concentrations. DFT simulation reveals that the proper proportion of copper can significantly modulate the H adsorption-free energy Δ G H ∗ It can boost the intrinsic activity of Ni–Cu–C catalysts. NCC-3 delivers an overpotential of 87 mV and 165 mV in alkaline media at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively and presents outstanding long-term stability for 50 h. Such excellent HER activity stems from a large ECSA area and better electron-transfer ability. The study presents a feasible way to control metal alloy catalysts' composition in the electrodeposition process. • Ni–Cu–C catalyst with lower overpotential (η 10mA cm −2 = 87 mV) and long-time stability (50 h) was synthesized successfully. • The doping ratio of the Ni–Cu can be controlled by the concentration of glucose in the electrodeposition process. • The Ni–Cu–C catalyst has a unique dendritic morphology with large ECSA area of 210 cm2. • DFT simulation verified that the reasonable doping of copper can moderated H adsorption free energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium oxide (In 2 O 3) is a promising semiconductor used for various photocatalytic reactions, yet the green and template-free synthesizing the different micro/nanostructured In 2 O 3 with tunable morphology is still full of challenge. In this study, the three morphological In 2 O 3 with 3D micro-cubelike (In 2 O 3 -MC), 3D micro-ricelike (In 2 O 3 -MR), and 2D nano-platelike (In 2 O 3 -NP) were successfully fabricated through a facile hydrothermal strategy without any organic template additives. Owing to the enlarged specific surface area, promoted charge migration rate and suitable surface oxygen vacancies density, the unique 3D ricelike In 2 O 3 -MR exhibited the best photocatalytic H 2 generation activity from biomass glucose solution, which was 1.9-fold and 1.7-fold higher than that of In 2 O 3 -MC and In 2 O 3 -NP under the same experimental conditions. In addition, the optimum photoactivity of In 2 O 3 -MR was achieved under the alkaline environment with pH = 11 and 1.0 wt% Pt cocatalyst loading, which was better than the most of previously reported In 2 O 3 -based photocatalysts. Simultaneously, the possible photocatalytic mechanism for solar H 2 evolution from glucose solution was also discussed. Our work will bring about potential application in preparation of other photocatalysts with controlling morphology for renewable photocatalysis. [Display omitted] • The micro/nanostructured In 2 O 3 were prepared by a template-free hydrothermal strategy. • In 2 O 3 materials were firstly used for photocatalytic H 2 generation from biomass glucose solution. • The photoactivity of In 2 O 3 -MR was higher than most of the reported In 2 O 3 -based materials. • The micro/nanostructured In 2 O 3 can be applied for sustainable glucose-to-H 2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-designed fabrication of glucose precursor carbon-doped TiO 2 heterojunction with high Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) for enhancing photocatalytic CO 2 conversion has been examined. Photocatalysts were fabricated using a single-step thermal method and tested in a fixed-bed reactor under visible light. The 6 % glucose precursor carbon-doped over TiO 2 (6 %C/TiO 2) photocatalyst has demonstrated excellent activity in converting CO 2 to CO and CH 4 under visible light. The main product yield, CO of 739.9 μmol g-cat−1 was produced over 6 %C/TiO 2 , which is 4.4 folds the amount of CO obtained over TiO 2 (168.7 μmol g-cat−1). The XPS findings reveal the presence of different surface components containing C-OH, C C, and C O functional groups, which contribute to the formation of a ligand-metal-charge-transfer (LMCT) complex between carbon and TiO 2 photocatalyst. Carbon-doped TiO 2 possesses a narrow energy band and the ability to effectively absorb solar light, which enables efficient transportation of electrons generated by photon excitation. The mechanism of the carbon-doped TiO 2 in CO 2 conversion to CO and CH 4 is postulated to be consistent with the LMCT complex phenomena. Therefore, carbon-doped TiO 2 provides heterojunction for localization of electrons, impedes the rate at which charges recombine, and reduces the band gap energy, leading to improved photocatalytic performance when exposed to visible light. • Carbon-doped TiO 2 nanocomposite synthesized via single-step thermal method. • Carbon-doped TiO 2 nanocoposite showed superior activity CO 2 conversion to CO and CH 4. • Carbon enhanced the performance of TiO2 by generating more electrons and holes. • CO yield over Carbon-doped TiO 2 nanocoposite was 4-fold of TiO 2. • LMCT complex of carbon-doped TiO2 introduced defects for localization of electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body's glucose concentration is influenced by carbohydrate intake, insulin-induced carbohydrate reduction, and hepatic glycogen breakdown induced by stress hormones. This study investigated the potential of employing glucose fluctuations as a measure of stress by examining the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) data and glucose levels during sleep in healthy subjects. In this cross-sectional study, a chest-worn electrocardiogram (ECG) and continuous glucose monitoring device (CGM) were respectively used to monitor the heart rate intervals and glucose fluctuations of five subjects (two males, three females) during sleep. A time-series correlation analysis was performed on the HRV data extracted from heart rate intervals and the corresponding glucose fluctuation data. The time-series analysis of ECG and CGM data collected from subjects during sleep (n = 25 nights) revealed a moderate negative correlation between glucose levels and HRV, with a cross-correlation coefficient of r = −0.453. Similar to HRV, changes in stress levels can be detected by observing glucose fluctuations, particularly during sleep when the impact of food intake can be eliminated. Our findings highlight a significant correlation between glucose levels and HRV, indicating that glucose fluctuations can be used as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity in an exploratory study. • Glucose levels were analyzed to assess their correlation with heart rate variability (HRV). • A cross-sectional study using continuous glucose monitoring and chest-worn electrocardiogram devices to collect data during sleep. • Glucose fluctuations can serve as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we established a comprehensive quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model using linagliptin as the model drug, where drug disposition, drug intervention on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, glucose, and insulin are integrated together with the cross talk and feedback loops incorporated among the whole glycemic control system. In the final linagliptin QSP model, the complicated disposition of linagliptin was characterized by a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model with an enterohepatic cycling (EHC) component as well as target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) processes occurring in both tissues and plasma, and the inhibitory effect of linagliptin on DPP-4 was determined by the linagliptin-DPP-4 complex in the central compartment based on target occupancy principle. The integrated GIP-GLP1-glucagon-glucose-insulin system contains five indirect response models as the "skeleton" structure with 12 feedback loops incorporated within the glucose control system. Our model adequately characterized the substantial nonlinear PK of linagliptin, time course of DPP-4 inhibition, as well as the kinetics of GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, and glucose simultaneously in humans. Our model provided valuable insights on linagliptin pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and complicated glucose homeostasis. Since the glucose regulation modeling framework within the QSP model is "drug-independent", our model can be easily adopted by others to evaluate the effect of other DPP-4 inhibitors on the glucose control system. In addition, our QSP model, which contains more components than other reported glucose regulation models, can potentially be used to evaluate the effect of combination antidiabetic therapy targeting different components of glucose control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as promising electrocatalytic materials because of its good designability and structural diversity. Herein, the composite materials of Cu 2 S/Ni 3 S 2 @Ni-BDC/NF are successfully synthesized through the hydrothermal and electrodeposition methods. The distinctive heterostructure provides ample active sites and retains structural integrity to promote durability. When it is explored as bifunctional electrocatalyst, the overpotential of 63 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current density for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the overpotential of 353 mV at 50 mA cm−2 current density for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In a two-electrode system, an extremely low cell voltage of 1.55 V is required to achieve 20 mA cm−2 current density. Moreover, Cu 2 S/Ni 3 S 2 @Ni-BDC exhibits satisfactory glucose sensitivity of 56,220 μA mM−1 cm−2 and outstanding anti-interference performance. This design not only successfully constructs 0D/2D heterogeneous interface of electrocatalyst, but also demonstrates the multifunctional application potential of water splitting and glucose electrochemical sensors. [Display omitted] • 0D/2D Cu 2 S/Ni 3 S 2 @Ni-BDC heterostructure are constructed. • The synergy between Cu 2 S/Ni 3 S 2 and Ni-BDC can improve electrochemical properties. • The Cu 2 S/Ni 3 S 2 @Ni-BDC has low watersplitting voltage and high glucose detection sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal gasification is a promising technology for converting biomass into syngas (H 2 /CO). A substantial challenge of hydrothermal gasification for producing hydrogen is the unwanted deposition of graphitic coke and metal particle agglomeration on the catalyst active sites. In this contribution, we hypothesize and examine controlling the active site nickel nanoparticle size (2, 9, 23 and 32 nm) through synthesis on supported mesoporous alumina (Al 2 O 3). Nanoparticles were synthesized from nickel acetylacetonate (Ni(acac) 2) by varying the molar ratio of oleylamine (OA) to trioctylphosphine (TOP) which gave controlled sizes of nanoparticles. Based on catalyst analysis, the 11 wt% Ni–Al 2 O 3 containing 2 nm Ni was further evaluated for hydrothermal gasification of glucose for the production of syngas (H 2 /CO) at 500 °C temperature and 30 min reaction time. This nanocatalyst was found to significantly increase H 2 yield compared to a previously prepared impregnated catalyst having larger Ni active sites. Graphitic coke deposition was minimized while the total organic carbon destruction (TOC) and carbon gasification efficiency (CGE) were both enhanced with the nanocatalyst. Almost double the yield of H 2 (1.94 times higher) was achieved compared to the impregnated catalyst. This is attributed to the larger surface area, higher percentage of metal dispersion and uniform size distribution of active metal nanoparticles on the support. [Display omitted] • Catalytic activity is enhanced by reducing the active metal particle size. • Colloidal synthesis of Ni nanoparticles significantly prevents agglomeration and enhances higher metal dispersion. • Ni nanoparticles decorated mesoporous Al 2 O 3 is an efficient catalyst for H 2 production from glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide-based materials show promising activity in biomass electrooxidation. However, systematic study of active sites evolution under electrochemical condition was rarely studied. In this work, we report copper oxide undergoes potential-dependent structure evolution with successive formation of Cu(OH) 2 and CuOOH, which exhibit distinct activities in electrocatalytic glucose oxidation. [Display omitted] Electrocatalytic oxidation of renewable biomass (such as glucose) into high-value-added chemicals provides an effective approach to achieving carbon neutrality. CuO-derived materials are among the most promising electrocatalysts for biomass electrooxidation, but the identification of their active sites under electrochemical conditions remains elusive. Herein, we report a potential-dependent structure evolution over CuO in the glucose oxidation reaction (GOR). Through systematic electrochemical and spectroscopic characterizations, we unveil that CuO undergoes Cu2+/Cu+ and Cu3+/Cu2+ redox processes at increased potentials with successive generation of Cu(OH) 2 and CuOOH as the active phases. In addition, these two structures have distinct activities in the GOR, with Cu(OH) 2 being favorable for aldehyde oxidation, and CuOOH showed faster kinetics in carbon–carbon cleavage and alcohol/aldehyde oxidation. This work deepens our understanding of the dynamic reconstruction of Cu-based catalysts under electrochemical conditions and may guide rational material design for biomass valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differing findings concerning outcomes for burn patients with obesity indicate additional factors at play. One possible explanation could lie in determining metabolically healthy versus unhealthy obesity, which necessitates further study. A retrospective study was conducted using the Cerner Health Facts® Database. Deidentified patient data from 2014 to 2018 with second or third-degree burn injuries were retrieved. A moderator analysis was conducted to determine if the association between increased body mass index (BMI) and mortality is moderated by baseline glucose level, a surrogate marker associated with metabolically unhealthy obesity. The study included 4682 adult burn patients. BMI alone was not associated with higher mortality (β = 0.106, p = 0.331). Moderation analysis revealed that baseline glucose level significantly modulated the impact of BMI on burn-related obesity; patients with higher BMI and higher baseline blood glucose levels had higher mortality than those with lower baseline blood glucose levels (β = 0.277, p = 0.009). These results remained unchanged after adjusting for additional covariates (β = 0.285, p = 0.025) and inthe sensitivity analysis. Increased baseline glucose levels indicate increased mortality in obese patients with burn injuries, emphasizing the differentiation between metabolically unhealthy versus healthy obesity. • Differing findings regarding outcomes for burn patients with obesity are available. • The primary cause could be their underlying metabolic health. • Baseline glucose level had a moderator effect on the association between BMI burn-related obesity • Patients with higher BMI and blood glucose levels had increased mortality. • Baseline glucose may delineate between metabolically unhealthy vs. healthy obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling of valuable elements from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is of critical significance for both economic benefits and environmental sustainability by preventing potential safety hazards and reducing environmental pollution associated with improper disposal. In this study, a glucose reduction-acid leaching approach was proposed to recover valuable metals from spent LiNi x Co y Mn 1−x-y O 2. Under the optimized extraction conditions, 99.54% Li, 99.84% Ni, 99.58% Co, and 99.1% Mn were leached out. The kinetic analysis of the glucose reduction-acid leaching process revealed that the reaction rate was controlled by internal diffusion of valuable metals. The oxidation derivatives of glucose were mainly C 6 H 12 O 7 , C 6 H 10 O 7 , C 5 H 10 O 6 , C 4 H 8 O 5 and C 4 H 6 O 6. Through the reductive leaching process, high-valence Ni(III), Co(III), and Mn(IV) metals were reduced to the low-valence state by glucose, allowing for their fast leaching, while glucose was oxidized and decomposed into smaller molecular weight organics. The findings of this study may provide a new strategy for the effective recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to address the need for accurate and real-time monitoring of glucose levels in college athletes during physical activities. This work reports on the development of an electrochemical sensor that uses glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on PdO nanoparticles to reduce graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite printed on a cellulose substrate (GO x /PdO-rGO/C-PE). The successful reduction of GO to rGO, the production of the PdO-rGO nanocomposite, and the electropolymerization of GOx on the PdO-rGO nanocomposite were all validated by the material characterization. The biosensor's electrochemical response investigation showed that its detection limit was 0.046 μM and its sensitivity was 0.03239 μA/μM. Excellent stability, reproducibility, and glucose selectivity were shown by the GOx/PdO-rGO/C-PE, which makes it a viable option for consistent and dependable glucose sensing in real-world applications. The real sample analysis assessed how well the combination of GOx/PdO-rGO/C-PE could identify glucose in human serum. Furthermore, under a variety of real-world conditions, such as during various physical activities and at different times of the day, the sensor demonstrated outstanding performance in real-time glucose monitoring. These findings imply that the GOx/PdO-rGO/C-PE offers accurate and dependable readings in the field of non-invasive glucose monitoring, which will be especially helpful for college and professional athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosomes sense glucose availability through modulations in mTORC1 signaling via Rag GTPases, PFKFB3, HK2, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and GAPDH. Lysosomes sense glucose availability through AMPK signaling via the enzyme's aldolase and GAPDH. The mechanisms of glycogen transport to lysosomes are not clear. In the liver, there is evidence of an STBD1-dependent mechanism of glycogen transport to lysosomes, while in skeletal muscle there is some evidence of an STBD1-independent mechanism through macroautophagy. Lysosomes isolated from mouse liver contain GLUT1, 2, and 8 in addition to the SPNS1 glucose transporter, while lysosomes isolated from kidney cells contain GLUT8 and SPNS1, in addition to GLUT1 and 3 when mTORC1 is inhibited. Dysregulated lysosomal glucose sensing and glycophagy occurs in metabolic diseases such as cancer, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. Lysosomes are cellular organelles that function to catabolize both extra- and intracellular cargo, act as a platform for nutrient sensing, and represent a core signaling node integrating bioenergetic cues to changes in cellular metabolism. Although lysosomal amino acid and lipid sensing in metabolism has been well characterized, lysosomal glucose sensing and the role of lysosomes in glucose metabolism is unrefined. This review will highlight the role of the lysosome in glucose metabolism with a focus on lysosomal glucose and glycogen sensing, glycophagy, and lysosomal glucose transport and how these processes impact autophagy and energy metabolism. Additionally, the role of lysosomal glucose metabolism in genetic and metabolic diseases will be briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares hydrothermal and diluted acid-thermal pretreatments at 100 °C for hydrolysate production from Ulva spp. Aiming at bioH 2 production at 55 °C. Three extractants were evaluated in hydrothermal pretreatment: distilled water (H-DW), natural (H-NS) and synthetic seawater (H-SS). The HCl concentration (N), the Ulva spp. Percentage (% w/v), and hydrolysis time (h) in diluted acid-thermal pretreatment were optimised using a central composite design and a desirability function to maximise the total carbohydrate concentration and yield while minimising the HMF and furfural concentration. The hydrolysate from hydrothermal pretreatments, depending on the pretreatment time and % Ulva , achieved bioH 2 production from 20 to 47% lower than the optimised diluted acid-thermal pretreatment (0.3 N HCl, 35% Ulva, and 2.5 h), which was 66.83 (±3.89) NmL g glucose −1. The hydrolysate also indicates potential for lactic acid (HLa) production, resulting in 1.47 molHLa mol glucose −1, before being consumed after 1.6 days and contributing to the bioH 2 production. [Display omitted] • Acid-thermal pretreatment optimisation of HCl concentration, %Ulva and process time. • Desirability function for sugars release maximisation and inhibitor minimisation. • Carbohydrate yield improved in 300%, HMF 10.48 mg L−1 and no furfural. • Optimised hydrolysate generated lactic acid yield of 1.47 mol mol glucose −1. • 66.8 NmL-H 2 g glucose −1 was produced from optimised hydrolysate by mixed culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe 2 O 3 is an appealing anode material due to its high specific capacity (1007 mAh g−1), low cost, natural abundance, and nontoxicity. However, its unstable structure during cycling processes has hindered its potential. In this study, we present a "green" synthesis method to fabricate stable porous Fe 2 O 3 encapsulated in a buffering hollow structure (p -Fe 2 O 3 @ h -TiO 2) as an effective anode material for Li-ion batteries. The synthesis process only involves glucose as an "etching" agent, without the need for organic solvents or difficult-to-control environments. Characterizations of the nanostructures, chemical compositions, crystallizations, and thermal behaviors for the intermediate/final products confirm the formation of p -Fe 2 O 3 @ h -TiO 2. The synthesized Fe 2 O 3 anode material effectively accommodates volume change, decreases pulverization, and alleviates agglomeration, leading to a high capacity that is over eleven times greater than that of the as-received commercial Fe 2 O 3 after a long cycling process. This work provides an attractive, "green" and efficient method to convert commercially abundant resources like Fe 2 O 3 into effective electrode materials for energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) binds retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) with nanomolar affinities, in contrast to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), which binds only RAR with nanomolar affinities. RXR heterodimerize with type II nuclear receptors, including RAR, to regulate a vast gene array. Despite much effort, 9cRA has not been identified as an endogenous retinoid, other than in pancreas. By revising tissue analysis methods, 9cRA quantification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry becomes possible in all mouse tissues analyzed. 9cRAoccurs in concentrations similar to or greater than atRA. Fasting increases 9cRA in white and brown adipose, brain and pancreas, while increasing atRA in white adipose, liver and pancreas. 9cRA supports FoxO1 actions in pancreas ß-cells and counteracts glucose actions that lead to glucotoxicity; in part by inducing Atg7mRNA, which encodes the key enzyme essential for autophagy. Glucose suppresses 9cRA biosynthesis in the ß-cell lines 832/13 and MIN6. Glucose reduces 9cRA biosynthesis in 832/13 cells by inhibiting Rdh5 transcription, unconnected to insulin, through cAMP and Akt, and inhibiting FoxO1. Through adapting tissue specifically to fasting, 9cRA would act independent of atRA. Widespread occurrence of 9cRAin vivo, and its selfsufficient adaptation to energy status, provides new perspectives into regulation of energy balance, attenuation of insulin and glucose actions, regulation of type II nuclear receptors, and retinoid biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate additives can provide a suitable physiological environment for storage of fish sperm and facilitate the large-scale breeding of endangered species and commercial fish. Suitable additives for fish sperm storage in vitro are required for artificial insemination. This study evaluate the effects of 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 mg/L selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the quality of Schizothorax prenanti and Onychostoma macrolepis sperm storage in vitro at 4 °C for 72 h. We found that 0.5 mg/L SeNPs was a suitable concentration for maintaining the normal physiological state of O. macrolepis sperm during storage at 4 °C (p < 0.05). Higher adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of O. macrolepis sperm before and after activation was present at that concentration. To further explore the potential mechanism of action of SeNPs on O. macrolepis sperm, western blotting and glucose uptake analyses were performed. The results implied that after 24 h of in vitro preservation, 0.5 mg/L SeNPs significantly improved p-AMPK levels and glucose uptake capacity of O. macrolepis sperm, while compound C (CC), the inhibitor of activated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), significantly restricted the function of SeNPs on stored sperm. Similar effects of 0.5 mg/L SeNPs were found on Schizothorax prenanti sperm. Our study demonstrates that SeNPs maintained ATP content and O. macrolepis and Schizothorax prenanti sperm function during storage in vitro for 72 h, possibly because SeNPs enhanced the glucose uptake capacity of sperm by maintaining the level of p-AMPK. • Fish sperms could absorb glucose to stabilize ATP content during in vitro storage. • p-AMPK is important in maintaining fertilization ability of fish sperm. • Selenium nanoparticles can maintain ATP content of fish sperm via AMPK activation. • 0.5 mg/L selenium nanoparticles can improve the quality of in vitro stored fish sperm by stabilizing ATP content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumen-protected Lys (RPL) fed to Holstein cows prepartum resulted in a greater intake and improved health of their calves during the first 6 wk of life. However, whether increased supply of Lys in late gestation can influence placental tissue and, if so, which pathways are affected remain to be investigated. Therefore, we hypothesize that feeding RPL during late gestation could modulate placental metabolism, allowing for improved passage of nutrients to the fetus and thus influencing the offspring development. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of feeding RPL (AjiPro-L Generation 3, Ajinomoto Health and Nutrition North America) prepartum (0.54% DM of TMR) on mRNA gene expression profiles of placental samples of Holstein cows. Seventy multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of TMR top-dressed with RPL (PRE-L) or without (control, CON), fed from 27 ± 5 d prepartum until calving. After natural delivery (6.87 ± 3.32 h), placentas were rinsed with physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride solution) to clean any dirtiness from the environment and weighed. Then, 3 placentomes were collected, one from each placental region (cranial, central, and caudal), combined and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen to evaluate the expression of transcripts and proteins related to protein metabolism and inflammation. Placental weights did not differ from cows in PRE-L (15.5 ± 4.03 kg) and cows in CON (14.5 ± 4.03 kg). Feeding RPL prepartum downregulated the expression of NOS3 (nitric oxide synthase 3), involved in vasodilation processes, and SOD1 , which encodes the enzyme superoxide dismutase, involved in oxidative stress processes. Additionally, feeding RPL prepartum upregulated the expression of transcripts involved in energy metabolism (SLC2A3 , glucose transporter 3; and PCK1 , phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1), placental metabolism and cell proliferation (FGF2 , fibroblast growth factor 2; FGF2R , fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor; and PGF , placental growth factor), Met metabolism (MAT2A , methionine adenosyltransferase 2-α), and tended to upregulate IGF2R (insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor). Placental FGF2 and LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) protein abundance were greater for cows that received RPL prepartum than cows in CON. In conclusion, feeding RPL to prepartum dairy cows altered uteroplacental expression of genes and proteins involved in cell proliferation, and in metabolism and transport of glucose. Such changes are illustrated by increased expression of SLC2A3 and PCK1 and increased protein abundance of FGF2 and LRP1 in uteroplacental tissue of cows consuming RPL. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in maternal nutrient availability due to diet or disease significantly increase the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). Because the incidence of metabolic disease continues to rise, it is urgent that we better understand how altered maternal nutrient levels can influence embryonic neural tube development. Furthermore, primary neurulation occurs before placental function during a period of histiotrophic nutrient exchange. In this review we detail how maternal metabolites are transported by the yolk sac to the developing embryo. We discuss recent advances in understanding how altered maternal levels of essential nutrients disrupt development of the neuroepithelium, and identify points of intersection between metabolic pathways that are crucial for NTD prevention. Changes in maternal metabolism due to diet or disease significantly increase the risk of fetal neural tube defects that severely impact quality of life if the fetus survives. During primary neurulation, maternal–fetal nutrient exchange is coordinated across the yolk sac. Points of intersection between the folate and glucose pathways, including the conversion between serine and 3-phosphoglycerate, suggest that modulation or fortification of one pathway can impact other pathways. An imbalance in maternally supplied essential nutrient levels can disrupt histiotrophic nutrition and neuroepithelial morphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe hypoglycaemia (SH) imposes a significant burden for people with diabetes (PwD), their caregivers (CGs), and the healthcare system. The study aimed to identify barriers and solutions in the management of SH in PwD in Spain, gathering consensus from physicians and nurses. Expert opinion from physicians and nurses who manage PwD was collected via a 2-round online Delphi method. Consensus was predefined as ≥ 70% of the panellists agreeing or disagreeing with the statement. Physicians (n = 25) and nurses (n = 17) reached ≥ 90% consensus on the following barriers for the management of SH: absence of symptoms, cost to the health system, lack of implementation of glucose monitoring devices, lack of patient training to identify and manage SH, and the fear of SH in children and CGs. Main solutions, identified with ≥ 70% consensus, included training, education, and psychological support using diabetes nurse educators and the use of new glucose monitoring technologies and applications. This study provides valuable insights on the barriers and solutions in the management of SH in Spain. Structured self-management training, the support of diabetes educators, and the use of insulin delivery devices and glucose monitoring technologies is required for the management of SH. • Severe hypoglycaemia (SH) imposes a significant burden for people with diabetes. • Using the Delphi method, expert opinion from physicians and nurses was collected. • Structured self-management training and skilled diabetes educators are needed. • Insulin delivery devices and glucose monitoring technologies should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TyG-related indices has the utility for risk assessment and prevention of CVD. • TyG-BMI, TyG-WC and TyG-WHtR are significantly associated with new-onset CVD in non-diabetic populations. • TyG-WC and TyG-WHtR have remarkable predictability in non-diabetic populations. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment is a crucial component of public health. We aimed to determine the predictive value of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and TyG-related indices for new-onset CVD. This prospective study included 7,808 participants aged 40-69 years from the Ansung-Ansan cohort database. Our analysis was stratified by diabetes status. The hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident CVD was computed using multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression models. To evaluate the predictive performance of these indices for new-onset CVD, we calculated the Harrell's C-index (95% CI). In this study, a total of 6,890 participants did not have diabetes at baseline, while 918 participants had diabetes. In participants without diabetes, compared to the lowest tertile, fully adjusted HR and 95% CI for new-onset CVD in the highest tertile were as follows: TyG (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.06–1.90), TyG-body mass index (BMI) (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.19–3.10), TyG-waist circumference (WC) (HR 2.37, 95% CI 1.61–3.49), and TyG-waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.47–3.28). However, no significant associations were observed between TyG, modified TyG indices, and new-onset CVD in participants with diabetes. Notably, the C-indice of TyG-WC and TyG-WHtR were significantly higher than those of TyG and TyG-BMI in participants without diabetes. TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR were associated with an increased risk of new-onset CVD in participants without diabetes. Furthermore, TyG-WC and TyG-WHtR showed better predictive performances for new-onset CVD than TyG and TyG-BMI in participants without diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global prevalence of obesity has continued to rise and poses public health concerns. Current anti-obesity medications are mainly focused on suppressing appetite. Thermogenic fat cells that increase energy expenditure may be a promising alternative target to combat obesity. Our study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training on thermogenic gene expression in white adipose tissue in high fat diet induced obese mice. Fifty 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were initially divided into control group and high fat diet group for obesity induction. After 8 weeks of obesity induction, obese mice were subdivided into sedentary, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and high intensity interval training groups. Trained obese mice were submitted to 8 weeks of exercise. Our results showed that all three exercises significantly decreased body weight, and improved metabolic profiles including glucose tolerance, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, aerobic exercise training increases serum irisin levels and thermogenic gene expressions such as Prdm16 , Cidea , and Pgc-1α in epididymal white adipose tissue of obese mice. Our findings suggest that when it comes to the adaption of thermogenic fat cells, the modality of exercise should be taken into consideration. Aerobic exercise may induce a modest increase in the expression levels of certain thermogenic genes in epididymal white adipose tissue. • All 3 exercises significantly reduced weight and improved metabolic profiles. • Aerobic exercise significantly increases serum irisin level. • Aerobic exercise upregulates thermogenic gene expressions in epididymal fat pad. • Modalities of exercise should be considered in stimulating thermogenic fat cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with chemodynamic therapy (CDT) presents an appealing complementary anti-tumor strategy, wherein PTT accelerates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CDT and CDT eliminates residual tumor tissues that survive from PTT treatment. However, nanomaterials utilized in PTT/CDT are limited by non-specific damage to the entire organism. Herein, a glucose-responsive enzymatic Fe@HRP-ABTS/GOx nanodot is judiciously designed for tumor-specific PTT/CDT via a simple and clean protein-templated biomimetic mineralization synthesis. By oxidizing glucose in tumor cells, glucose oxidase (GOx) activates glucose-responsive tumor therapy and increases the concentration of H 2 O 2 at the tumor site. More importantly, the self-supplied peroxide hydrogen (H 2 O 2) can convert ABTS (2,2′-Hydrazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamine salt) into oxidized ABTS (oxABTS) through horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalysis for PTT and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Furthermore, the Fe2+ arising from the reduction of Fe3+ by overexpressed GSH reacts with H 2 O 2 to generate intensely reactive •OH through the Fenton reaction, concurrently depleting GSH and inducing efficient tumor CDT. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate superior cancer cell killing and tumor eradication effect of Fe@HRP-ABTS/GOx nanodot under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Collectively, the nanodots provide mutually reinforcing catalytic PTT/CDT anti-tumor strategies for treating liver cancer and potentially other malignancies. Combinatorial antitumor therapy with nanomedicines presents great prospects for development. However, the limitation of non-specific damage to normal tissues hinders its further clinical application. In this work, we fabricated tumor-selective biomimetic Fe@HRP-ABTS/GOx nanodots for H 2 O 2 self-supplied catalytic photothermal/chemodynamic therapy of tumors. The biomimetic synthesis strategy provides the nanodots with enzymatic activity in response to glucose to produce H 2 O 2. The self-supplied H 2 O 2 initiates photothermal therapy with oxidized ABTS and enhances chemodynamic therapy through simultaneous •OH generation and GSH depletion. Our work provides a new paradigm for developing tumor-selective catalytic nanomedicines and will guide further clinical translation of the enzymatic biomimetic synthesis strategy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-pot conversion of carbohydrate-derived biomass compounds to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using an environmentally green solvent such as water is meritorious, yet challenging, which requires the strategic design of catalysts. We prepare an ordered bifunctional organocatalyst (MS-AB) containing 3-aminopropylacetic acid grafted within the silica nanocage that converts glucose-to-HMF, exhibiting the highest HMF yield (60 wt.%/85.7 mol%) in water and under microwave conditions. Moreover, the calculated activation energies (150–170 °C) for glucose isomerization to fructose, vis-à-vis dehydration to HMF were 59.06 and 138.05 kJ mol−1, respectively which can even be comparable with the metal-catalyzed reactions. Further evidence was shown from the rate constant values, indicating fructose dehydration is faster (rate constant: k 2 : 1.92 x 10−2 to 1.13 x 10−1 min−1) than glucose isomerization (rate constant: k 1 : 2.5 to 5.3 x 10−3 min−1). Considering the advantages associated with MS-AB, the results might showcase the potential of organocatalyst for sustainable utilization of lignocellulosic biomass to platform chemicals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a static magnetic field (SMF) on the microbial activity of anaerobic granular sludge was investigated using a SMF field provided by a magnetic platform with intensities between 30 and 90 mT. BioH 2 production was assessed in fed batch fermentation tests from glucose using anaerobic granular sludge with (HT) and without (WHT) heat shock pretreatment (100 ºC, 1 h). Under the conditions tested, 70 mT SMF was the best condition for bioH 2 production, with a threefold decrease of lag time, a 12–50% increase in bioH 2 production rate, and an improved consumption of iron and phosphate, compared to the controls (no SMF). Exposure to the SMF induced modifications in volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, pH and conductivity, biomass concentration, exopolysaccharide (EPS) composition as well as size and settleability of the granular anaerobic sludge. Microbial analysis showed that in the presence of the SMF, the relative abundance (RA) of Clostridium and Lactobacillus increased in both HT and WHT sludges, while it decreased the RA of Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium. The RA of Terrisporobacter increased with the heat shock, and also the stimulation along the fed batch cycles improved the RA of Terrisporobacter with and without SMF. The application of the SMF as a pre-treatment of inoculum and during bioH 2 production seems to be an interesting and easy scaling up strategy to shorten the start-up of the dark fermentation process and help reducing the microbial diversity of the sludge, favouring more specialized species for bioH 2 production. [Display omitted] • SMF exposure reduced the lag time for biohydrogen production by a factor 3. • 70 mT SMF was the optimal intensity for biohydrogen production. • High consumption of iron and phosphate in experiments under SMF were observed. • The SMF induced slight changes in biomass growth, EPS, sludge size and settleability. • SMF exposure increased the RA of Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Terrisporobacter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new straightforward protocol for the deposition of the platinum oxide (PtO–PtO 2) particles onto the TiO 2 semiconductor via controllable hydrolysis of the sulfuric acid solution of Pt(IV) hydroxide was developed. The developed approach represents a simple and "green" way to prepare the supported Adams-type catalysts. In the constructed composites (PtO 2 ·xH 2 O/TiO 2) the Pt ionic species (hydrated PtO and PtO 2 nanoparticles) weakly interact with the titania surface, but under heating the Pt–O–Ti bonds are established, resulting in the stabilization of the Pt(II) ionic state. This state dominates in the obtained catalysts PtO x /TiO 2 with a low platinum loading, while at a higher Pt content the metallic Pt particles also appear. The prepared PtO x /TiO 2 photocatalysts have been successfully tested in the production of hydrogen under UV light from aqueous solutions of ethanol and glucose, the products of starch biomass processing. Appreciable activity in the production of hydrogen from water/ethanol mixtures was achieved, even at a Pt content of up to 0.05%. PtO x /TiO 2 photocatalysts with Pt content of 0.2–0.4 wt% have been successfully used to produce hydrogen from aqueous glucose solutions, and PtO x (0.29)/TiO 2 photocatalyst has demonstrated an exceptionally high rate of H 2 production per gram of platinum introduced and the quantum efficiency comparable to the highest published values. [Display omitted] • New facile synthetic approach is proposed for the active PtO x /TiO 2 photocatalysts. • PtO x /TiO 2 is prepared starting from the sulfuric acid solution of platinum hydroxide. • Activity is tested in H 2 production from ethanol and glucose solutions (λ = 380 nm). • Excellent activity 1.65 mmol g−1 h−1 is possessed by 0.29% PtO x /TiO 2 photocatalyst. • 0.24% PtO x /TiO 2 achieves outperforming specific activity of 0.7 mol·h−1 per 1 g of Pt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit many structural advantages, such as large specific surface area and abundant active sites, which make them promising candidates as electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. In this work, using MOFs as templates, MOFs derived Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) were in-situ synthesized on the surface of NiCo 2 O 4 nanowires (NWs), forming a self-supporting electrode based on nickel foam (NF), which was directly used for the detection of glucose. Because of the presence of MOFs derivatives and self-supporting structures, NF/NiCo 2 O 4NWs @Co 3 O 4NPs electrode exhibits good structural stability and high conductivity, which ensure the excellent electrocatalytic performance. The NF/NiCo 2 O 4NWs @Co 3 O 4NPs electrode shows prominent electrocatalytic performance toward glucose with a wide testing range (0.001–1.7 mmol/L), high sensitivity (8163.2 μA cm−2 mM−1), fast response time (within 1 s), high anti-interference ability and long-term stability. Further, the electrode was used to test different glucose levels in live mouse serum samples, showing acceptable reliability and high accuracy comparing with blood glucose meter test (medical test method). Thus, NF/NiCo 2 O 4NWs @Co 3 O 4NPs electrode with self-supporting core-shell nanostructure will be a promising candidate applied in non-enzymatic glucose sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In adult patients with CF and at least one copy of F508del, treatment with the triple CFTR modulator was associated with significant improvement of glucose tolerance. • ELX/TEZ/IVA significantly improved FEV1, weight, sweat chloride, and in 48.5% the glucose tolerance without an increase of insulin and C-Peptide secretion. • Insulin sensitivity as estimated by the HOMA-IR and Matsuda-Index did not change significantly. • Inflammatory and proinflammatory markers such as CRP, IgE and IgG significantly declined after treatment initiation consistent with the hypothesis that the triple modulator therapy may improve glucose tolerance indirectly, e.g. by reducing inflammation. The novel triple CFTR modulator therapy Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) improves lung function, body mass index (BMI), sinus clearance, and quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis. Whether treatment with ELX/TEZ/IVA is associated with improved glucose tolerance is unknown. This cohort study included adults with CF and at least one copy of F508del.. Study assessments before treatment and at least 3 months after ELX/TEZ/IVA initiation included an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with glucose and insulin measurements, BMI, lung function test, and sweat chloride levels. We used an analysis of response profiles to calculate changes in outcomes. 33 patients (27.8 ± 6.3 years; 73% male; 64% F508del homozygous) were included. After a median of 184 [IQR, 107 - 278] days following treatment initiation 16 (48.5%) patients improved their glucose tolerance category, while 13 (39.4%) remained unchanged and 4 (12.1%) deteriorated. Overall, 60, 90 and 120 min OGTT glycemia decreased significantly from 11.9 ± 2.7 mmol/l to 10.6 ± 2.8 mmol/l (p = 0.012), 10.4 ± 3.0 mmol/l to 8.4 ± 3.6 mmol/l (p = 0.002) and 7.3 ± 3.1 mmol/l to 5.7 ± 3.0 mmol/l (p = 0.012). HbA 1c levels also improved significantly, from 5.50±0.24% to 5.39±0.25% (p = 0.039). In adult patients with CF and at least one copy of F508del, treatment with the triple CFTR modulator was associated with possible improvement of glucose tolerance without increases of insulin secretion. Early initiation of treatment as assessed through long-term prospective trials is mandatory to demonstrate if decreased glucose control is preventable or even reversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The robustness of scientific results is partly based on their reproducibility. Working with animal models, particularly in the field of metabolism, requires to avoid any source of stress to rule out a maximum of bias. Housing at room temperature is sufficient to induce thermal stress activating key thermogenic organs such as brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle. BAT covers most of the non-shivering thermogenesis in mice and burns a variety of fuels such as glucose and lipids. A high prevalence of BAT is associated with a strong protection against type 2 diabetes risk in humans, implying that BAT plays a key role in glucose homeostasis. However, thermal stress is poorly and inconsistently considered in experimental research. This thermal stress can significantly impede interpretation of phenotypes by favoring compensatory signaling pathways. Indeed, various studies revealed that thermoneutrality is essential to study metabolism in mice in order to reach a suitable level of "humanization". In this review, we briefly discuss if and how ambient temperature influence blood glucose homeostasis through BAT and muscle-fat crosstalk. • Housing at room temperature induces a significant thermal stress in mice. • Brown adipose tissue plays a major role in regulating systemic glucose flux. • Housing at thermoneutrality offsets thermal stress and can uncover frank phenotypes. • Thermoneutrality is required to "humanize" mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By twice pre-milling γ-Al 2 O 3 in absolute ethyl alcohol plus in glucose aqueous solution, γ-Al 2 O 3 was first coated by carbon via hydrothermal treatment technique. Then, at a fast heating speed of 50 °C/min, nano-sized pure AlN powders were synthesized through carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) at 1550–1600 °C for 60–120 min in N 2. The pre-milling in absolute ethyl alcohol effectively broke the initial aggregation of γ-Al 2 O 3 , and the subsequent milling in glucose aqueous solution led to well contact between γ-Al 2 O 3 and glucose, which contributed to the formation of intact carbon coating on the surface of γ-Al 2 O 3 during hydrothermal treatment. The coated carbon served as one reactant and inhibitor of particle aggregation for CRN, which also led to retention of γ-Al 2 O 3 and its morphology during heating with the help of high heating speed. As a result, fine AlN of ∼100 nm was directly formed by nitridation of γ-Al 2 O 3. The synthesis mechanism of nano-sized AlN powder by the carbon coated Al 2 O 3 /C precursor was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are mutagenic compounds found in cooked meat. Recent epidemiological studies reported significant associations between dietary HCA exposure and insulin resistance and type II diabetes, and we recently reported that HCAs induce insulin resistance and glucose production in human hepatocytes. It is well known that HCAs require hepatic bioactivation by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and N -acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). NAT2 expresses a well-defined genetic polymorphism in humans that, depending on the combination of NAT2 alleles, correlates to rapid, intermediate, or slow acetylator phenotype that exhibits differential metabolism of aromatic amines and HCAs. No previous studies have examined the role of NAT2 genetic polymorphism in the context of HCA-mediated induction of glucose production. In the present study, we assessed the effect of three HCAs commonly found in cooked meat (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoline [MeIQ], 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoxaline [MeIQx], and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine [PhIP]) on glucose production in cryopreserved human hepatocytes with slow, intermediate, or rapid NAT2 acetylator phenotype. HCA treatment did not affect glucose production in slow NAT2 acetylator hepatocytes, while a slight increase in glucose production was observed in intermediate NAT2 acetylators treated with MeIQ or MeIQx. However, significant increases in glucose production were observed in rapid NAT2 acetylators following each HCA. The current findings suggest that individuals who are rapid NAT2 acetylators may be at a greater risk of developing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance following dietary exposure to HCAs. [Display omitted] • HCAs promote insulin resistance and glucose production in human hepatocytes. • HCA-induced glucose production required N -acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) metabolism. • Rapid NAT2 acetylators may be more susceptible to the metabolic effect of HCAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are among the most promising materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE) owing to their stability and unique optoelectronic properties. However, the fact that they easily oxidize in chemical environments has limited their applications in devices such as electrochemical batteries, supercapacitors, and sensors. In this study, flexible Ni@AgNW/PET was prepared using the electrochemical deposition method. This electrode architecture prevented the delamination of the flexible electrodes during bending tests. Further, the Ni shell structure protected the AgNWs from oxidation and improved the stability of the conductive substrate. The Ni@AgNW/PET electrodes showed good electrochemical stability with a sheet resistance and optical transmittance of 6.8 Ω/sq and 64.1%, respectively. The electrocatalytic anodic currents correlated with the concentration of glucose, which had a detection limit of 40 μM (S/N = 3), a wide range of 0.01–5.0 mM (with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.998), and a high sensitivity of 915 μA mM−1 cm−2. The flexible Ni@AgNW/PET electrodes remained stable after 1000 bending cycles under different shapes. The excellent electrocatalytic performance for glucose showed that Ni@AgNWs/PET is a promising wearable electrode that can be used in glucose detection. [Display omitted] • The core-shell architecture prevented oxidation, corrosion, and delamination. • A flexible and transparent glucose sensor was fabricated based on Ni@AgNWs/PET. • The sensor exhibits high sensitivity, reasonable detection range, and excellent stability after bending 1000 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allitol and gluconic acid (GA) are important industrial compounds that are preferably produced via bio-production processes. In this research, d -psicose-3-epimerase (DPEase), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and ribitol dehydrogenase (RDH) were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli , realizing the co-production of allitol and GA. Compared to the loss of carbon flux from formate dehydrogenase (FDH), glucose dehydrogenase can produce GA while generating NAD(H). The recombinant strain Ec/pA d -pR rg boosted NADH production to 2.4 μmol/gDCW, 118% higher than with the control strain. Under the optimized conditions, 12.0 g/L allitol and 14.8 g/L GA were produced from 25 g/L d -fructose and 20 g/L d -glucose; i.e., 66.7% and 66.3% higher yields compared to the case of fermentation without optimization, respectively. Furthermore, 42.7 g/L allitol and 56.2 g/L GA can be obtained from pretreated molasses (containing 139.2 g/L d -fructose and 149.1 g/L d -glucose). This work provides a practicable strategy for industrial and efficient co-production of allitol and GA from a cheap raw substrate. [Display omitted] • Co-production of GA improves the economy of allitol production. • d -Glucose used as cosubstrate for NADH regeneration facilitated allitol production. • 12.0 g allitol and 14.8 g GA were produced from 25 g d -fructose and 20 g d -glucose. • Up to 42.7 g/L allitol and 56.2 g/L GA were produced from pretreated molasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Both stability and compatibility of parenteral nutrition solutions (PNS) with drug products are major concerns for clinicians and clinical pharmacists, especially when concurrent administration of PNS with intravenous medications (IVM) is unavoidable. Since the same physicochemical principles apply to both adult's and paediatrics' PNS, concerns about stability and compatibility may still apply to both. However, these concerns are relatively more common in paediatrics and neonatal clinical settings, where limited vascular access can be problematic and the coadministration of PNS and drugs is more common. In neonatal and paediatric populations, there have been few experimental studies and comprehensive evaluations looking at medication compatibility with frequently used PNS. This work is part of a larger research project concerned for compatibility of PNS with commonly used intravenous medication in paediatric and neonates. This paper captures and reviews published data on factors influencing stability and compatibility of parenteral nutrition solutions. This information will help clinicians and clinical pharmacists to understand the principals of the stability and compatibility of PNS, furthermore, it will inform better design of future compatibility studies, as it highlights the complexity of PNS and the multiple factors influencing the stability of PNS, and hence its compatibility with IVM. When preparing, prescribing, and administering the PNS, especially when co-administration with IVM is unavoidable, it is important to take into account the physicochemical properties of the PNS components and IVM as well as administration conditions and environmental factors. These factors should also be considered in the design of the compatibility studies of the PNS with the IVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard freezing protocols of clinically relevant cell lines commonly employ agents such as fetal bovine serum and dimethyl sulfoxide, which are a potential concern from both a regulatory and a patient safety perspective. The aim of this work was to develop formulations with safe and well tolerated excipients for the (cryo-) preservation of cell therapy products. We evaluated the cryoprotective capabilities of urea and glucose through measurements of cell metabolic activity. Freezing of clinically relevant human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and human dermal fibroblasts at ≤ - 65°C at equimolar ratios of urea and glucose resulted in comparable viabilities to established dimethyl sulfoxide. Pre-incubation of human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in trehalose and addition of mannitol and sucrose to the formulation further enhanced cell viability after freeze-thaw stress. Other cell types assessed (A549 and SK-N-AS) could not satisfactorily be preserved with urea and glucose, highlighting the need for tailored formulations to sustain acceptable cryopreservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4) batteries represent a critical energy storage solution in various applications, necessitating advancements in their performance. In this investigation, we employ an innovative hydrothermal method to introduce an organic carbon coating onto LiFePO 4 particles. Our study harnesses glucose as the carbon source, a readily available and cost-effective material. Through a controlled synthesis process, a uniform carbon layer is formed on LiFePO 4 particles, enhancing both their electrical conductivity and stability. This novel approach effectively curbs undesirable side reactions and facilitates improved electrochemical performance. Our comprehensive characterization utilizing SEM, XRD, and electrochemical tests underscores the significant enhancements achieved. Specifically, SEM analysis reveals smaller and more uniform particle sizes, correlating with increased contact area and improved electrochemical interfaces. XRD patterns validate the maintenance of the desired crystal structure even with the incorporation of carbon. The specific capacity results underscore the positive influence of our approach, as the sample with 10 wt% glucose exhibits remarkable enhancements, suggesting optimized electronic conductivity and Li+ diffusion kinetics. Moreover, our investigation into rate capability illuminates the sample's robust performance under varying current densities. Crucially, our study introduces a noteworthy advancement in LiFePO 4 battery technology. By combining the hydrothermal method with glucose as a carbon source, we achieve a refined balance between conductivity and stability. This approach not only offers a more coherent synthesis process but also emphasizes the novel contribution of our work to the field of energy storage. Overall, our findings signify a substantial step towards enhancing LiFePO 4 -based batteries for emerging energy demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variants in 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) were demonstrated to protect against NAFLD, which is highly related with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. However, the effects of NAFLD associated HSD17B13 variants on circulating glucose and lipids have not been adequately investigated in children. This study aimed to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of HSD17B13 and NAFLD or its related phenotypes, such as blood glucose and serum lipids in Chinese children. We studied 1027 Chinese Han children aged 7–18 years old, which included 162 NAFLD children and 865 controls without NAFLD. Three SNPs (rs13112695, rs7692397, rs6834314) in HSD17B13 were genotyped. The multivariable logistic and linear regression models were applied to detect the associations between three SNPs and NAFLD or its related phenotypes [alanine transaminase (ALT), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and serum lipids]. The effect allele A of rs7692397 was negatively associated with FPG [β (SE) = −0.088 (0.027) mmol/L, P = 0.001], whereas the effect allele G of rs6834314 was positively associated with FPG (β (SE) = 0.060 (0.019) mmol/L, P = 0.002). After Bonferroni correction, the significant associations still remained (both P < 0.0024). No significant associations were found for NAFLD or serum lipids. The study firstly revealed the association between two HSD17B13 variants and FPG in Chinese children, providing evidence for HSD17B13 variants and abnormal glucose metabolism. • HSD17B13 rs6834314 was not protected against NAFLD in Chinese children. • A-allele of HSD17B13 rs7692397 was negatively associated with fasting plasma glucose. • G-allele of HSD17B13 rs6834314 was positively associated with fasting plasma glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]