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Tooth root fatigue fracture is one of the most critical gear failure modes. This is due to the fact that it may cause a sudden interruption of the power flow within the gearbox, which typically results in the complete failure of the transmission. Therefore, a crucial design aspect is the accurate characterization of the gear bending fatigue strength. Here, designers can rely on experimental tests in order to obtain data related to their specific industrial reality. Within this context, pulsator test, also called Single Tooth Bending Fatigue (STBF) test, is the most adopted experimental methodology. As such tests are performed only on selected teeth within a testing device and not on all teeth of a running gear pair, the pulsator experimental outcome has to be elaborated before using it in the actual design phase. Depending on the elaboration methods, several SN curves can be obtained, and those curves will differ from the one predicted by the standards (e.g. ISO 6336 and ANSI AGMA 2001-D04). Furthermore, different SN curves will provide a different assessment when load spectra are considered. Here, the usage of data obtained from pulsator tests is analyzed within the phase in which load spectra are considered while designing a gear. In particular, this article discusses the differences between various elaboration methodologies and an assessment based on standardized curves. • Several pulsator tests are elaborated by means of different methodologies to perform a load spectra assessment of gears. • When load spectra are considered, the elaboratoion methods do not affect the results of a linear damage accumulation assessment. • When load spectra are considered, even after the mandatory elaborations, pulsator test data are more conservative than meshing gears. • Such general trend is due to differences occurring in the limited life region. • Pulsator tests show a fatigue knee located at a number of cycles almost one order of magnitude lower than the one typical of meshing gears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes are used for desalination, wastewater reuse, and industrial water recovery but suffer from high-energy usage during operation. High-energy usage results from membrane fouling and concentration polarization (CP). Fouling is the time dependent deposition of organic macromolecules and particles, as well as the growth of bacterial biofilms on membranes. CP is the accumulation of rejected solutes on the membrane, which reduces the driving force for filtration. We demonstrate a simple, nanoparticle-based, in situ approach of inducing chemical reaction-based micromixing on the membrane surface that can simultaneously eliminate fouling and CP. Commercial desalination membrane surfaces were modified with the bioinspired adhesive polymer, polydopamine, and catalytic metal oxide nanoparticles (CuO or MnO 2 ) were grown and anchored to its surface. This modified membrane catalyzed the degradation of hydrogen peroxide pulse-injected into the feed solution at low concentrations (2–7 mM). The oxygen molecules and hydroxyl radicals generated degraded organic matter and efficiently prevented particle and cell deposition through bubble-generated mixing while causing no observable membrane damage. The reaction generated convection also enhanced solute back diffusion mass transfer coefficients by more than an order of magnitude, resulting in near-complete elimination of CP. Our preliminary results also indicate control of E. coli biofilm using the immobilized CuO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]