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Garlic contains bioactive compounds such as organosulfur, phenols and saponins with biological activities, namely antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, renal protective, neuroprotective antibacterial, and antifungal. However, its organosulfur compounds are chemically unstable and susceptible to degradation, volatilization and oxidation when exposed to harsh environmental conditions, such as high temperature, oxygen and light. This review describes the main encapsulation methods used to protect bioactive compounds obtained from two derived garlic products (garlic essential oil (GEO) and garlic extract (GE)). The fundamental principles, advantages, disadvantages/limitations of encapsulation methods, namely molecular inclusion, spray drying, complex coacervation, and three types of lipid-based nanoencapsulation methods (nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes and nanophytosomes) are highlighted. Each of these techniques is discussed, since the choice of the most suitable encapsulation technique depends upon the processing conditions involved during the production of nano(micro)particles and its final applications. This review also covers the techniques used to characterize the physicochemical, structural and thermal properties of nano(micro)particles, such as zeta potential, rheological measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). The spray drying technique revealed the least suitable technique, since the high inlet air temperature involved in the drying process causes loss of garlic heat-sensitive compounds. The GEO and GE nano(micro)particles have high potential to be used as active ingredients in food products, and to act as antimicrobial and insecticide agents. [Display omitted] • Clinical trials regarding the effects of garlic bioactive compounds (GBC) are highlighted. • Encapsulation approaches and their enhanced mechanisms for the protection of GBC. • GBC can be better preserved using non-thermal encapsulation methods. •Current trends an of encapsulated GEO and GE in food industry are presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic extract (GE) was encapsulated into the matrices of two types of multilayer walls composed of whey protein isolate (WPI)/chitosan (CH)/polydextrose (POL) and gum Arabic (GA)/CH/POL. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the compounds of GE were encapsulated within the matrices of the wall materials by physical interactions. The water adsorption isotherms of the powders were determined at 30, 40 and 50 °C. The GAB model was the most suitable to fit the adsorption data. The adsorption sorption of the powders was enthalpy-controlled and the thermodynamic functions demonstrated that the WPI/CH/POL powders had hydrophilic surface with higher number of polar sites available to binding with water molecules than GA/CH/POL powders. The experimental data of water and nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to determine the surface areas and pore sizes of the powders. All the results can be used to improve the processing, handling, and storage conditions of the powders. Unlabelled Image • Garlic extract (GE) was encapsulated into the matrices of the wall materials. • The encapsulated GE powders exhibited high retention of phenolic compounds. • Water adsorption experimental data were well fitted by GAB model. • Differential and integral thermodynamic properties of powders were determined. • The adsorption isotherms of water and nitrogen were type II sigmoid-shaped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable films based on agar with glycerol (GLY) as a plasticizer were developed by incorporating hydroalcoholic garlic extract (HGE) on the film surface. The effect of GLY content (0, 15, or 30 wt%) and different concentrations of HGE (0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5 μg/mL) on the physicochemical and transport properties of the films was evaluated. The optical (color and transparency), mechanical (tensile test), transport (diffusion and water vapor transmission rate), thermal (thermogravimetric analysis) structural (infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction), and morphological (scanning electron microscope) properties were analyzed. The impregnation of HGE increased the transparency values and decreased the luminosity, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and crystallinity of the agar films. The formulation of 30 wt% GLY with 1.5 μg/mL HGE, identified as 30 GLY [1.5], showed a similar thermal stability that of a neat agar film. The agar films with 30 wt% GLY showed the lowest diffusion coefficient and water vapor transmission rate, indicating that volatile compounds are slowly released. From the results the formulation 30 GLY [1.5] could be used as a film to transport and to release HGE which is supported by a biodegradable matrix and this system has a potential use as insect semiochemical for plague control. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of the present work was the development of antimicrobial films containing garlic extract to be applied as active packaging for preservative-free sliced pan loaf, with the goal of extending its shelf-life. First, the antimicrobial capacity of garlic extract, a compound used as active agent, was tested against Penicillium expansum by the disc diffusion method. The extract showed high antimicrobial activity, 0.1 μL per Petri dish being the minimum inhibitory amount, and 0.25 μL the minimum fungicidal amount. Bread aroma was also used to mask the pungent odour of garlic and it was confirmed to have no antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, polyethylene (PE) aqueous emulsion and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and zein hydroalcoholic solutions containing 0.25 and 0.5% (w/w per dry polymer) of garlic extract and bread aroma were used to coat PE films, producing PE/PE, PE/EVOH and PE/zein active films. The antimicrobial capacity of the films was studied in vitro against Penicillium expansum , and in vivo with natural sliced bread. The results showed that all the films presented some antimicrobial activity, PE film coated with zein containing 0.5% of garlic extract and bread aroma being the film presenting the best results, maintaining bread free of mould infection for 30 days. Sensory tests showed that the addition of 1% of bread aroma improved the sensory experience of consumers and also revealed good purchase intention. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Zein solutions are suitable for film coating, preserving the thermosealable properties. • Garlic extract (GE) presents excellent antifungal properties against P. expansum. • Active packages based on zein coating containing GE are suitable for pan loaf. • Bread aroma reduces sensory effect of GE on bread in this promising active package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the corrosion behavior of the brass alloy in the 1 M HNO 3 solution with the different concentrations of the green inhibitor (Garlic extract). In the first step, the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the chemical composition of the inhibitor. The inhibition effect of the garlic extract on the corrosion behavior of the brass alloy was investigated by the polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test. The results of the polarization test showed that the garlic extract in the acidic environment acted as a mixed-type inhibitor, and with increasing the inhibitor concentration, the inhibitor efficiency increased from 60 % to 93.74 %. In addition, the results of the electrochemical impedance test revealed that by increasing the inhibitor concentration, the capacitance of the capacitor of electric double layer decreased, while the solution resistance increased. In follow, the effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of the brass alloy with the presence of the garlic extract in the acidic solution was investigated using the electrochemical techniques as well. The results showed that by increasing the temperature, the inhibitor efficiency decreased from 93.74 % to 83.47 % at 3 g/L of inhibitor. Furthermore, the surface of the sample after dipping in the nitric acid solution containing garlic extract was examined using a scanning electron microscopy and an atomic force microscopy. The adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the surface of the brass alloy at all temperatures was studied using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and then both chemical and physical mechanisms were observed due to the adsorption of the garlic extract on the surface of the brass alloy in the 1 M HNO 3 solution. • Garlic extract was prepared from the raw garlic (white color) in ethanol. • Garlic extract is an efficient inhibitor for Brass alloy in the 1 M HNO3 solution. • Temperature and concentration are effective on the inhibition behavior of garlic extract on brass protection in 1 M HNO 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MgO nanoparticles are gaining popularity because of their potential applications in several different industries, such as bioengineering, medicine, and environmental protection. The fabrication of MgO nanoparticles with enhanced biological properties remains difficult, despite the growing interest in this area. In this paper, we describe a method that minimizes environmental impact when manufacturing MgO nanoparticles using garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract. For ages, one of the most vital functions in human nutrition and medicine has been played by garlic. Garlic also contains phytochemicals that are effective against cancer and microbes. Our goal was to increase the medicinal relevance of MgO nanoparticles while decreasing our reliance on harmful chemicals. Various characterization techniques were employed to confirm the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles, including SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD. The study findings indicate that the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles yielded a polycrystalline cubic configuration with a crystal size of 55–60 nm. The results of the EDX analysis suggest that only Mg and O elements are present, without any detectable impurities. The efficacy of MgO nanoparticles against gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and a fungal pathogen (Candida albicans) was investigated. The results indicated that MgO nanoparticles exhibited high effectiveness against all three microorganisms. The study revealed that MgO nanoparticles exhibit potent anticancer properties against human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species production in cancer cells by MgO nanoparticles suggests oxidative stress pathway-mediated anticancer action. The present research highlights the significance of utilizing medicinal plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer and microcidal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The antidotal efficacy of aqueous garlic extract, methylene blue, and velenium (Vitamin E + sodium selenite) was compared against experimental nitrate intoxication in rabbits. Forty-two, albino rabbits of identical age, gender, and body weight were randomly divided into 7 groups (A to G) and subjected to experimental treatments for a period of 40 days. Rabbits of group A were offered only normal feed and served as negative control, while, rabbits of group B constituted the positive control group and received feed supplemented with sodium nitrate at 400 mg/kg body weight. Sodium nitrate-containing feed and intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight were administered to group C. Rabbits of group D were given sodium nitrate-supplemented feed and aqueous garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight through oral route. Group E was treated with sodium nitrate-added feed, intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight, and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg. Velenium (25 mg of Vitamin E + 2.2 mg of sodium selenite per ml) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 ml/kg body weight to rabbits of group F along with the provision of sodium nitrate-supplemented feed. In addition to being fed with sodium nitrate-containing feed, group G obtained intraperitoneal injection of velenium at 1 ml/kg body weight and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of antidotes was assessed on the basis of changes in blood nitrite level, biochemical profile, and gross pathological lesions manifested by the treated rabbits. The combination of methylene blue and garlic extract was highly effective in treating nitrate toxicity followed by methylene blue, garlic extract, and velenium, respectively. Whereas, the concurrent administration of garlic extract and velenium was least efficacious in terms of antidotal efficacy. In conclusion, aqueous garlic extract can be effectively used either alone or in combination with methylene blue when treating rabbits diagnosed with nitrate toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyto-synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using aqueous garlic, green tea and turmeric extracts, and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of rich amount of biochemicals in these extracts, which serve as reducing and capping agents for converting silver nitrate into AgNPs. FT IR spectroscopy confirmed the role of biomolecules in the bioreduction and efficient stabilization of AgNPs. UV–Vis DRS spectra showed a band around 450 nm characteristics of AgNPs. XRD patterns revealed the crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs with fcc structure. SEM and TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of the synthesized AgNPs with an average particle size of 8 nm. EDX analysis confirmed the purity of the synthesized AgNPs with a strong signal at 3.2 keV. The antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS, DPPH, p -NDA, H 2 O 2 and DMSO scavenging assays, in which the AgNPs synthesized using green method showed remarkable activity with respect to the standard antioxidants ascorbic acid and rutin. In vitro cytotoxicity activity was tested on four cancer cell lines such as human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical (HeLa), epithelioma (Hep-2) and lung (A549) along with one normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cell line. The AgNPs synthesized using turmeric extract exhibits excellent antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity compared to that synthesized using other extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic (Allium sativum) is generally known to be of medicinal value, possessing potentials that include antimicrobial activity, but are often consumed in foods after subjection to cooking heat. The antimicrobial potential of heat stressed garlic may become decreased or lost when cooked, making its medicinal benefit unavailable to consumers. The potential of uncooked and cooked extracts from garlic imported to Jamaica, to inhibit the growth of eight microbes of clinical significance was investigated. Aqueous extracts of fresh garlic of 15 g/100 ml (fw), and dried and pulverized garlic cloves of 12.5 g/100 ml, 25 g/100 ml, 50 g/100 ml, and 100 g/100 ml (dw), were tested for inhibition of microbial growth. Extracts were tested uncooked, and cooked by boiling for 5, 10, and 15 min respectively. Of all the microbes studied, C. albicans incurred the largest zone of inhibition (57.7 ± 0.6 mm at the 100 g/100 ml of the dried extract, F (3, 8) = 51.778, p < 0.001, ω2 = 0.93). Cooking of garlic extracts resulted in statistically significant decreases in zones of inhibition of microbes, as evident in the linear regression and one-way ANOVA analyses, and/or complete loss of microbial inhibition. C. albicans was the most inhibited microbe, followed by E. coli , and Salmonella sp., respectively. The use of uncooked garlic may be the best route for obtaining the greatest antimicrobial potential of garlic against susceptible bacteria and fungi because cooking heat stress resulted in the decrease and complete loss of the antimicrobial potentials of the garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid methods to optimize the development of low-sodium meat products using consumers are a mandatory goal for the industry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sensory profile of low sodium sausages containing garlic compounds obtained by Polarized Projective Mapping (PPM) performed by naive consumers. Descriptive Analysis (DA), with trained assessors was also carried out for comparison purposes. Adequate correlation (RV = 0.649, p < 0.001) was observed between both sensory methodologies for product characterization; however, Polarized Projective Mapping provided better discrimination of the samples when compared to the sensory space provided by DA. Additionally, the PPM was also able to generate a discriminative vocabulary of sensory characteristics of low sodium sausages. The results suggest the great potential for using PPM as a quick alternative to classical descriptive method in the sensory characterization and development of reformulated of food products concerning the sodium reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calf diarrhea is the most common reason for mortality and antimicrobial therapy in preweaned calves on dairy farms in the United States. Conventional and organic livestock producers require alternative therapies for calf diarrhea to reduce the necessity of conventional antimicrobials. Alternatives administered for mild cases or early in the disease course may be useful to mitigate disease progression and reduce the likelihood of septicemia and negative sequelae. Lactoferrin is a bioactive protein naturally found in colostrum that has been shown to prevent septicemia in high-risk infants. Among organic producers, garlic extract is widely used for the treatment of disease and perceived to be efficacious. The objectives of the study were to determine the effectiveness of lactoferrin and garlic extract to reduce mortality and culling, improve weight gain, and reduce the duration of disease in preweaned calves with the first diagnosis of diarrhea. In total, 628 calves with diarrhea from a single commercial dairy were enrolled in a blinded, randomized field trial. Calves diagnosed with diarrhea (fecal score ≥3), were randomized to 3 consecutive days of oral garlic extract, lactoferrin, or water (control). Calves were clinically evaluated for up to 10 d. Body weight was measured at enrollment and 10 d later. For calves receiving garlic extract, the risk of death or culling was not significantly different than calves in the control group; however, calves that received lactoferrin had approximately half the risk of death or culling in the 120 d following diagnosis. Additionally, the relative risk of death or culling in the 60 d following diagnosis was significantly lower for the subset of calves with severe diarrhea at enrollment. Neither garlic nor lactoferrin had a significant effect on disease duration or average weight gain during the 10-d period. Lactoferrin significantly reduced mortality and culling when administered to preweaned calves with the first diagnosis of diarrhea; however, additional studies conducted across multiple farms are necessary to corroborate the observed reduction in mortality and culling. If the results are confirmed, lactoferrin may become an important tool to improve treatment outcomes and reduce the necessity of antimicrobials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The current study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy and SBS after conditioning LDC discs bonded to luting cement. • Garlic extract and Rose Bengal mediated by PDT can be anticipated as the effective substitute for the disinfection of lithium disilicate ceramic discs. • Self-etching ceramic primers and Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate + Silane possess the potential to be used for the surface conditioning of lithium disilicate ceramics discs alternate to hydrofluoric acid+Silane to improve the bond integrity with resin cement. To assess and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of disinfectants on lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC) used in dental applications and shear bond strength (SBS) of LDC after using different conditioners hydrofluoric acid (HF), self-etching ceramic primers (SECP) and Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd: YVO4). One hundred and twenty LDC discs were fabricated by auto-polymerizing acrylic resin using the lost wax technique. S. aureus , S. mutans, and C. albican were inoculated on thirty discs (n = 30 each). Each group was further divided into three subgroups based on different disinfecting agents used (n = 30) Group 1: Garlic extract, Group 2: Rose Bengal (RB) activated by PDT, and Group 3: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). An assessment of the survival rate of microorganisms was performed. The remaining thirty samples were surface treated using three different LDC surface conditioners (n = 10) Group 1: HF + Silane (S), group 2: SECP, and Group 3: Nd: YVO4 laser+S. SBS and failure mode analysis were performed using a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope at 40x magnification, The statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey test. Garlic extract, RB, and 2% NaOCl sample displayed comparable outcomes of antimicrobial potency against C. albicans , S aureus, and S. mutans (p > 0.05). Furthermore, SBS analysis showed HF+S, SECP, and Nd: YVO4+S exhibited comparable outcomes of bond strength (p > 0.05). Garlic extract and Rose bengal activated by PDT can be contemplated as alternatives to the chemical agent NaOCl used for LDC disinfection. Similarly, SECP and Nd: YVO4 possess the potential to be used for the surface conditioning of LDC to improve the bond integrity with resin cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nisin and garlic extract (GE) were co-encapsulated into phosphatidylcholine nanoliposomes. The mean diameter and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 179 nm and − 27.7 mV, respectively, with an entrapment efficiency of about 82% and 90% for nisin and GE, respectively. The efficiency of free and encapsulated nisin-GE to control the development of Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed over time in whole milk at 37 °C. At such abuse temperature conditions, both free and liposomal nisin-GE resulted a difference of 1–4 log CFU/ml against the strains tested, when compared with free nisin and GE separately. A difference of 5–6 log CFU/ml in viable counts of Gram-positive strains and 3–4 log CFU/ml for Gram-negative bacteria was observed for treatments with nisin-GE when compared to the control. The effect of nisin-GE on L. monocytogenes was evaluated under refrigeration (7 ± 1 °C) for up to 25 days. Viable counts for treatments with free and encapsulated nisin-GE were 4–5 log CFU/ml lower than the values reached by the control. Liposome encapsulation of natural antimicrobials with synergistic effect may be important to overcome stability issues and undesirable interaction with food components. The results of this study indicated that nanoliposome-encapsulated nisin-GE has potential as an antimicrobial formulation for food use. Industrial relevance There is increased interest for minimally processed foods and natural additives, which agrees with the use of natural antimicrobials as food preservatives. Co-encapsulation of antimicrobials may extend the inhibitory spectrum and effectiveness in controlling food pathogens. The use of nanoliposomes for delivery of natural antimicrobials in dairy products represents an interesting alternative for controlled release of biopreservatives and improvement of food quality and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines have been extensively used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Garlic, known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, can be coadministered with standard treatments to combat COVID-19. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of Gallecina oral capsules (Samisaz Pharmaceutical Company, Mashhad, Iran), a fortified garlic extract, as adjunctive therapy to improve the clinical status and symptoms in noncritically ill patients hospitalized for COVID-19. This triple-blind randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on noncritically ill patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the nonintensive care wards of Imam Hassan Hospital. Patients received remdesivir plus 90 mg Gallecina capsule or a placebo every 8 hours for 5 days or until discharge. The clinical status, respiratory symptoms, and laboratory parameters were recorded during the study period. Patients were enrolled between April 24 and July 18, 2021. Data from 72 patients in the Gallecina group and 69 patients in the placebo group were analyzed. Oxygen saturation, C-reactive protein levels, and the distribution of respiratory distress and cough were similar between groups on the day of discharge. Although body temperature was significantly lower in the Gallecina group than that in the placebo group on the day of discharge (P = 0.04), it was within the normal range for both groups. The proportion of patients requiring supplemental oxygen for at least 1 day during the study was significantly reduced in the Gallecina group on days 3 and 4 and the day of discharge (P < 0.05). Gastrointestinal complaints were more prevalent in the Gallecina group than in the placebo group but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.12). There was no significant effect on the primary outcome of clinical status on study day 6. Although the proportion of Gallecina-treated patients who needed supplemental oxygen significantly decreased on days 3 and 4 and the day of discharge, there was no significant difference between the groups on other days. The possible beneficial effects on oxygen requirements in noncritically ill COVID-19 patients may warrant further investigation. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2023; 84:XXX–XXX). Clinical trial registration: IRCT20201111049347N1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beneficial effects of garlic ( Allium sativum ) consumption in treating human diseases have been reported worldwide over a long period of human history. The strong antioxidant effect of garlic extract (GE) has also recently been claimed to prevent cancer, thrombus formation, cardiovascular disease and some age-related maladies. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, aqueous GE was herein shown to increase the expression of longevity-related FOXO transcription factor daf-16 and extend lifespan by 20%. By employing microarray and proteomics analysis on C. elegans treated with aqueous GE, we have systematically mapped 229 genes and 46 proteins with differential expression profiles, which included many metabolic enzymes and yolky egg vitellogenins. To investigate the garlic components functionally involved in longevity, an integrated metabolo-proteomics approach was employed to identify metabolites and protein components associated with treatment of aqueous GE. Among potential lifespan-promoting substances, mannose-binding lectin and N -acetylcysteine were found to increase daf-16 expression. Our study points to the fact that the lifespan-promoting effect of aqueous GE may entail the DAF-16-mediated signaling pathway. The result also highlights the utility of metabolo-proteomics for unraveling the complexity and intricacy involved in the metabolism of natural products in vivo . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Pneumolysin (PLY) is a key virulence factor contributes to the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In this study we investigated the effect of allicin and aqueous garlic extracts on hemolytic activity of PLY both in prelysed and intact cells. Additionally the antimicrobial activity of allicin was tested against the bacteria. All tested materials potently inhibited the PLY hemolytic activity. Allicin neutralizes PLY in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Twenty five minute incubation of PLY (2 HU/mL) with 0.61 μM/mL concentration of allicin, totally inhibited hemolytic activity of PLY (IC50 = 0.28 μM/mL). The inhibitory activity of old extract of garlic was similar to pure allicin (IC50 = 50.46 μL/mL; 0.31 μM/mL; P < 0.05). In contrast fresh extract of garlic inhibits the PLY hemolytic activity at lower concentrations (IC50 = 13.96 μL/mL; 0.08 μM/mL allicin). Exposure of intact cells to allicin (1.8 μM) completely inhibited hemolytic activity of PLY inside bacterial cells. The inhibitory effect of the allicin was restored by addition of reducing agent DTT at 5 mM, proposing that allicin likely inhibits the PLY by binding to cysteinyl residue in the binding site. The MIC value of allicin was determined to be 512 μg/mL (3.15 μM/mL). These results indicate that PLY is a novel target for allicin and may provide a new line of investigation on pneumococcal diseases in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Exposure of male (55.1mg/kg b.wt. orally for 60days) and/or pregnant female Wistar rats (55.1mg/kg b.wt. orally at days 6–15 of gestation), to the insecticide cypermethrin (CYP); resulted in the development of a lot of external morphological deformities and visceral malformations in their offspring pubs, which signify the potential of such insecticide to induce reproductive toxicity and teratogenesis. Data cleared that CYP treatment induced significant increase in the percentages of post-implantation deaths, dwarf foeti and subcutaneous oedema beside significant decrease in percentages of live borne foeti and uterine implants. CYP also caused many visceral malformations among different treated groups including nasal, ophthalmic, cerebral, pulmonary, cardiac and renal malformations. Concomitant oral administration of garlic extract or vitamin C (5days/week) to treated fathers and/or pregnant mothers with CYP provided significant reduction in the percentage of the foetal malformations induced by the insecticide, when compared with the control. The current study proves that garlic and ascorbic acid dampen the reproductive toxicity and/or teratogenicity of cypermethrin toxicity in rats; therefore might prove to be effective dietary supplements in developing countries where pesticide pollution is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The cytogenetic damage inflicted by the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin (CYP) on the bone-marrow of male white rats, as well as possible protective role of two natural elements: garlic extract (GRE, 500mg/kg) and vitamin C (VTC, 20mg/kg) against the mutagenic potential of the insecticide were assessed. CYP was orally intubated in a single treatment (1/2 LD50) or in repeated treatments (1/5 LD50 daily, for 5 successive days), either alone, or concomitantly with repeated oral intubations (5 successive days) of each individual putative protector, or with their combination (GRE or/and VTC). One hundred and twenty male rats were divided over into five groups of each 24 animals. The groups received nothing, a single dose or repeated treatments with insecticide alone, or associated with putative natural elements, separately or in combinations. Animals were sacrificed at their scheduled times and their femoral bone-marrows were flushed out to be utilized in the micronucleus test and metaphase chromosomal aberration assay. The results show that CYP administration significantly induced clastogenic effects, as revealed by the significant increase in the mean frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and various structural chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow metaphase cells of all groups of treated rats. On the other hand, this investigation clearly revealed the protective role of GRE and VTC, either each alone or in combination, against the mutagenic potential of cypermethrin: the garlic extract was often more efficient in its protective action against the insecticide toxicity than vitamin C. while the combination of both natural elements produced, in most cases, a more pronounced protective effect than when each was administered alone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background and aim: Tissue transglutaminase contributes to liver damage in the development of hepatic fibrosis. In a model of neurodegeneration, the therapeutic benefit of cystamine has been partly attributed to its inhibition of transglutaminase activity. Garlic extract contains many compounds structurally related to cystamine. We investigated the anti-fibrotic effect of garlic extract and cystamine as specific tissue transglutaminase inhibitors. Methods: Rat liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 7 weeks. Cystamine or garlic extract was administrated by daily intraperitoneal injection, starting from the day after the first administration of CCl4. Hepatic function, histology, tissue transglutaminase immunostaining and image analysis to quantify Red Sirius stained collagen deposition were examined. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect alpha-SMA, IL-1β and tissue transglutaminase expression and Western blot for tissue transglutaminase protein amount were performed. Transglutaminase activity was assayed on liver homogenates by a radio-enzymatic method. Results: Transglutaminase activity was increased in CCl4 group and reduced by cystamine and garlic extract (p <0.05). Treatment with cystamine and garlic extract reduced the liver fibrosis and collagen deposition, particularly in the garlic extract group (p <0.01). Moreover, the liver damage improved and serum alanine aminotransferase was decreased (p <0.05). Tissue transglutaminase immunolocalised with collagen fibres and is mainly found in the ECM of damaged liver. Alpha-SMA, IL-1β, tissue transglutaminase mRNA and tissue transglutaminase protein were down-regulated in the cystamine and garlic extract groups compared to controls. Conclusion: These findings concurrently suggest that transglutaminase may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and may identify garlic cystamine-like molecules as a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of liver injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mirid bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important pests in apple and pear production in both Europe and the United States. Mirids feed on sap in shoot tips, flower buds and fruitlets, resulting in deformation and stony pits in the fruit. Due to withdrawal of pesticides and concern about the environment alternative control methods against capsids are needed. In this study the effect of neem extract (NeemAzal), garlic extract (Ecoguard), vegetable oil (soybean or rapeseed) and kaolin (Surround) were evaluated for their effect on populations and damage of mirids in apples. Results show that neem extract is a promising alternative, giving as good control of mirid damage as several synthetic pesticides. Kaolin, garlic extract and vegetable oil did not significantly reduce damage. Many omnivorous species were present in the experimental orchards, and a positive correlation between the numbers sampled and fruit damage indicated that several of them could be pests. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Erger® as a budburst inducer is an alternative substitute for hydrogen cyanamide. • Garlic extract as a budburst inducer is not efficient in 'Castel Gala' apple trees. • Hydrogen cyanamide is more efficient at 1% than at 2%. Hydrogen cyanamide is the main budburst inducer applied in Brazil, even though it is highly toxic to the environment. This fact has triggered the search for alternatives with similar efficiency and lower toxicity. This study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of different budburst inducers by using phenology on the field and by applying the biological method of single bud. The experiment was conducted in an experimental orchard of 'Castel Gala' apple trees in both 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Seven treatments, divided into three concentrations of Erger® associated with calcium nitrate, three concentrations of garlic extract associated with mineral oil and control (no application), were applied in the first season. The second season consisted of the seven treatments applied in the first season and two treatments of hydrogen cyanamide, at different concentrations, associated with mineral oil. Evaluation was carried out on the field by checking budburst and flowering percentages, fruit set and dates of phenological stages. In the second season, the test of the single bud evaluated percentages of total budburst and mixed buds, average budburst time (ABT) and average time for leaf opening (ATLO). The results show that garlic extract is not efficient inducing budburst in 'Castel Gala' apple trees; while the budburst inducers hydrogen cyanamide 1% + mineral oil 3% and Erger® 7% + calcium nitrate 5% are the best alternative for inducers, being the last main alternative to hydrogen cyanamide in 'Castel Gala' apple trees budburst induction. The biological method of single bud did not show to be a good alternative to evaluate the efficiency of budburst inducers in 'Castel Gala' apple trees.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The reactivity of the thiol groups in urease with thiosulphinate contained in garlic extract was spectroscopically characterised. The enzyme was incubated with the garlic extract and the reaction progress curves were recorded in the presence of thiol-selective reagent 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Simultaneously the enzyme residual activity was also determined. The process was studied in 50mM phosphate buffer, at pH 7.8 and ambient temperature. It was found that thiosulphinates act as time- and concentration-dependent inactivators of urease. The observed decrease of the enzyme activity corresponds to the number of the urease thiols modified by thiosulphinates. The modification of half of all the urease thiols (18 of 36) causes a slight (only 8–10%) decrease of the catalytic activity. The modification of the remaining 18 thiols results in significant disturbance of urease action until complete loss of the catalytic function occurs. This provides the evidence that Cys592, the critical residue for urease activity, belongs to the enzyme thiols, which are less reactive and more resistant to chemical modification than the other thiols. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study investigated the homocysteine lowering potential of garlic in rats rendered folic acid (FA) deficient. Rats fed AIN-93G diet devoid of FA exhibited mild folate deficiency and had a plasma level of total homocysteine higher than that for those fed AIN-93G diet containing FA (9 vs 5 μmol/L). Supplementation with aged garlic extract (AGE, 4%) to either diet did not alter plasma homocysteine levels. Subsequently, rats were made severely deficient in folate by feeding a folate-deficient l-amino acid diet containing succinyl sulfathiazole. Although folate concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, liver, and kidneys were markedly depressed, plasma total homocysteine was increased to 32 μmol/L by the severe deficiency. Supplementation of AGE to the deficient diet reduced plasma protein-bound, free, and total homocysteine by 28% to 33%. The supplementation did not change plasma cysteine, cysteinylglycine, or glutathione concentrations. Liver concentration of S-adenosylmethionine was elevated by 26%, and S-adenosylhomocysteine was lowered by 15% in the AGE-supplemented group. It is speculated that the reduction of plasma homocysteine level by AGE stems, in part, from stimulation of transsulfuration via cystathionine β-synthase and inhibition of remethylation of homocysteine resulting from inactivated N5,N10-methylenehydrofolate reductase. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An inhibiting effect of fresh garlic extract (GE) on jack bean urease has been investigated in order to elucidate the kinetics and mechanism of inhibition. The system: jack bean urease-garlic extract-urea, can be treated as a model system in the studies on the utility of garlic in the therapy of diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria producing urease. The influence of fresh aqueous garlic extract on the activity of jack bean urease at 22 °C in 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7 was investigated. The loss of urease activity was found to be directly proportional to alk(en)yl thiosulfinates (TS) content in the garlic extract. The inhibitory activity of GE was compared with the activity of synthetic allicin. The results indicate that the inhibition of urease by GE is irreversible and incubation time-dependent. The kinetics of the inhibition was found to be biphasic; each phase obeyed first-order kinetics. Thiol reagents (L-cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, glutathione, dithiothreithol) strongly protect the enzyme from the loss of enzymatic activity, while urea and boric acid show weaker protection. GE-modified urease could be reactivated with dithiothreitol. This study demonstrates, that the inhibition of urease by GE should be atrributed to the reaction of TS with the SH-group (Cys592) found in the active site of urease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Helicobacter pylori infection is intimately involved in stomach cancer development and recent epidemiological studies have indicated that the consumption of allium vegetables reduces the risk of gastric neoplasia. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of a garlic extract on H. pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Garlic extract was fed to animals at doses of 1, 2 and 4% in the diet from 4 h after H. pylori inoculation until the end of the experiment, at week 6. With the administration of garlic extract, H. pylori-induced gastritis in animals was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly so at 4%. The numbers of hemorrhagic spots in the glandular stomach and the microscopic score for gastritis were significantly reduced from 19.2±15.6 and 5.9±0.8 in control gerbils to 8.1±11.2 and 4.2±1.5, respectively, by 4% garlic extract treatment. The stomach wet weight (1.04±0.22 g) of control gerbils was also reduced by 4% garlic extract (0.86±0.18 g). However, the number of viable H. pylori was not changed by the garlic extract treatment. The above observations indicated that garlic extract might be useful as an agent for prevention of H. pylori-induced gastritis, leading to reduction in the risk of gastric cancer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Garlic is known as a potent spice and a medicine with broad therapeutic properties ranging from antibacterial to anticancer, and anticoagulant. One major protein has been isolated and purified; it is the 14-kDa glycoprotein. This protein has shown to have immunomodulatory effects. In this study, two sources of garlic (freshly prepared and commercial tablet) were used. Both sources of garlic were augmented delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, the optimum enhancement were detected at 20 mg/kg. Histological studies indicate that 20 mg/kg caused a hyperplasia and hypertrophy of periarteriolar lymphoid sheath of spleen and paracortical zone of lymph nodes. Partial purified fraction could increase the DTH response comparing to garlic extract, and purified protein could highly increase the DTH response comparing to both garlic extract and partial purified fraction. Garlic at all doses employed did not exhibit any effect on enhancement of antibody titer to SRBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, and according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it is leaded by the deficiency of essence, qi, and blood. Allii sativi bulbus , acrid and warm, is traditionally used as the important adjuvant and conductant drug to distribute essence-qi throughout the body, fortify the spleen and harmonize the stomach. Garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae) has also been reported to display potential anti-AD effect both in vitro and in vivo studies, while no systematic review of these studies has been conducted. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effect and underlying mechanism of garlic extract against cognitive impairment and AD neuropathology through meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE from February to March in 2020, and 13 studies describing the effect of garlic extract in AD animal models (551 mice and 88 rats) were identified. Analysis of these studies showed that garlic extract could reduce cerebral Aβ levels [Aβ 40 : SMD -8.62(-11.75, -5.49), p < 0.00001 and Aβ 42 : SMD -11.70(-18.01, -5.39), p =0.0003], and increase the number of right crossings in MWM [SMD 2.87(1.48, 4.26), p < 0.0001] in AD animals. However, moderate risk of bias (quality score ranged from 40% to 60%) is revealed by SYRCLE's checklist, mainly because of the lacks of sample size calculation, random allocation and blind assessment. This review shows that garlic extract may be effective in alleviating cognitive impairment and neuropathology in AD animal models. High quality AD animal studies with enough sample size and more comprehensive evaluation of outcomes are needed to further confirm the results. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MoS 2 have been successfully synthesized using allicin. • MoS 2 was formed in the synthesis by the support of a high purity allicin. • Partially oxidized MoS 2 was formed using the garlic extract with allicin content. • The morphology of synthesized MoS 2 was in cauliflower-like shape. Three-dimensional (3D) MoS 2 have been successfully synthesized for the first time through a simple and environmentally friendly hydrothermal method using allicin as the sulfur source. The difference in polarity between molybdate salt and allicin results in a two-phase system reaction was considered to contribute to the morphology of the cauliflower-like MoS 2 with very thin multi-layered petals. By using the commercial high purity allicin, high purity of MoS 2 could be successfully synthesized, while the formation of MoS 2 was accompanied with molybdenum oxide when using garlic extract with allicin content. However, the use of garlic extract can generate smaller size of the cauliflowers probably due the presence of other metabolites in the extract which contributed as the capping agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Allium sativum (garlic extract) (Gar) efficiently disperses DWCNTs. • The organosulfur residues present in the Gar allow the selective complex formation with Pb(II). • Pb(II) is preconcentrated at GCE/DWCNT-Gar through complex formation at open circuit potential. • GCE/DWCNT-Gar allows the highly sensitive and selective quantification of Pb(II). In the present work, we report an electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive quantification of Pb(II) based the use of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) modified with double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) non-covalently functionalized with Allium sativum extract (garlic extract, Gar), (GCE/DWCNTs-Gar). FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the DWCNTs-Gar dispersion. Pb(II) was accumulated at GCE/DWCNTs-Gar at open circuit potential for 20.0 min via complex formation with the organosulfur compounds residues present in the Gar extract, followed by the reduction at −0.900 V, and final reoxidation by voltammetric stripping. The sensitivity was (72 ± 8) × 10−3 μA μg−1 L, the reproducibility was 11.1% using five different dispersions, and the detection limit was 1.5 μg L−1. The quantification of Pb(II) was highly selective even in the presence of other cations of ecotoxicological relevance such as Cd (II), Hg(II), As(III), Co(II), and Cr(III). The proposed sensor was successfully used for the quantification of Pb(II) in river and lagoon water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effect of gum arabic (GA), Aloe vera (AV) gel, ginger (GE) and garlic (GR) extract was studied on guava. • GR + GA extended shelf life and showed less weight loss with higher titratable acidity. • GR + GA showed reduced total soluble solids and sugars with higher ascorbic acid content. • GE + GA showed higher carotenoids while flavonoids were higher in AV + GA treatment. • GA could be used in combination with AV, GE or GR for quality conservation of guava. Guava is an important climacteric fruit that exhibits short shelf life at ambient conditions. Due to short shelf life, marketing and subsequent storage of guava is difficult. Therefore, some treatments that can extend shelf life and conserve quality of guava fruits are required. In the present work, the effect of ginger extract, garlic extract, gum arabic and Aloe vera gel coating (in combinations) was investigated on guava fruits at 25 ± 3 °C for 15 days. The combination of garlic extract + gum arabic markedly suppressed weight loss, skin browning and disease severity. In addition, fruits of garlic extract + gum arabic treatment had higher titratable acidity and this combination also suppressed excessive increase in total soluble solids till the end of storage period compared with control. Similarly, garlic extract + gum arabic combination significantly extended shelf life of guava fruits as compared with control. Garlic extract + gum arabic treatment showed significantly higher ascorbic acid content and lower total sugars. In contrast, reducing sugars were lower in gum arabic + Aloe vera gel treatment and non-reducing sugars were lowest in ginger extract + gum arabic coated guavas. Antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity were not affected with any combined treatment but these were comparatively higher in gum arabic + Aloe vera gel treatment. In contrast, total carotenoids were higher in ginger extract + gum arabic combination while total flavonoid contents were higher in garlic extract + gum arabic coated guava fruits. In conclusion, combined application of garlic extract and gum arabic could be considered a suitable treatment for shelf life extension and quality conservation of guava fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble metals combined metal oxide composites have synergistic contributions to plasmonic catalysis caused by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has emerged out as an impressive way for efficient light absorption and solar light conversion. In this work, a new approach was proposed to prepare noble metal-based CeO 2 composites for the degradation of single and mixed dyes under natural sunlight and ultrasound irradiation. The garlic extract stabilized Ag@CeO 2 composite was successfully prepared by Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of CeO 2 via a simple method. The synthesized Ag NPs, CeO 2 NPs, and Ag@CeO 2 composite were investigated to determine its structural, optical, and morphological properties using powder XRD, UV–vis DRS, PL, BET, and TEM characterization techniques. The synthesized Ag@CeO 2 composite having high purity and well-crystalline with an average size of ∼5–15 nm. The Ag@CeO 2 composites were utilized as photocatalyst for degradation of single dyes (methylene blue; MB and methyl orange; MO) and mixed dye (MB + MO) under sunlight and ultrasound irradiation, showing the almost inclusive degradation of MB, MO and MB + MO in 30 min due to the fast electron transfer from Ag to CeO 2 and surface plasmon resonance. In addition, they were also found to possess good stability and recyclability. Moreover, the possible photocatalytic mechanism for the degradation of dyes was also proposed. The synthesized Ag@CeO 2 composites were further investigated for their antimicrobial activity towards several bacteria and fungi strains. The obtained results for Ag@CeO 2 have displayed the significantly improved catalytic and antibacterial properties in comparison with pure CeO 2 and Ag NPs. Image 10201 • Eco-friendly synthesis of garlic extract stabilized Ag@CeO 2 composites. • Ag@CeO 2 composite exhibited excellent photocatalytic and sonocatalytic activity. • Ag@CeO 2 composite shows a superior synergetic effect between CeO 2 and Ag NPs. • Ag@CeO 2 composite has good recyclability in mixed dye degradation. • Ag@CeO 2 composite has low MIC values and improved antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains has severely hampered global efforts towards tuberculosis (TB) eradication. The internationally accepted therapy "Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS)" is lengthy, and incorporates risks for the generation of drug-resistant M.tb variants. Multiple and extremely drug-resistant (MDR and XDR) variants of TB are now widespread throughout the globe, and totally drug-resistant (TDR) strains have appeared. Therefore, new classes of antibiotics are urgently needed to combat these deadly organisms. Historically, garlic is known to kill mycobacterial strains, and its active compound, allicin, kills various microorganisms. Here we have shown that allicin not only reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), but also induces strong anti-tubercular immunity. In the present study, the anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity of garlic extract and its pure constituent allicin were demonstrated based on several in vitro and in vivo experiments in murine model of tuberculosis. Furthermore, the validation of study was done by immunoblots showing the modulation of MAPK and SAPK/JNK signaling by allicin in macrophages. Here, we report that allicin/garlic extract exhibits strong anti-mycobacterial responses in vitro and in vivo against drug-sensitive, MDR and XDR strains of TB. In addition to direct killing, allicin also induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Moreover, allicin/garlic extract treatment in murine models of infection resulted in induction of strong protective Th1 response, leading to drastic reduction in mycobacterial burden. These results indicated that allicin/garlic extract has both antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity. Furthermore, garlic extract reversed the immune dampening effects of frontline anti-TB drugs. Allicin/garlic extract alone or as an adjunct to classical antibiotics holds great promise for treatment of drug-sensitive as well as drug-resistant TB. These results warrant further study and validation of allicin for treatment of TB. fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and widespread distribution of multi-drug resistant bacteria are considered as a major public health concern. The inabilities to curb severe infections due to antibiotic resistance have increased healthcare costs as well as patient morbidity and mortality. Bacterial biofilms formed by drug-resistant bacteria add additional challenges to treatment. This study describes a solgel based nanoparticle system loaded with garlic extract (GE-np) that exhibits: i) slow and sustained release of garlic components; ii) stabilization of the active components; and iii) significant enhancement of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity relative to the free garlic extract. Also, GE-np were efficient in penetrating and disrupting the well-established methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. Overall, the study suggests that GE-np might be a promising candidate for the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm forming drug-resistant bacteria. Representative 3D images showing anti-biofilm effect of garlic extract loaded nanoparticles (GE-np) and its comparison to equivalent garlic extract (eqGE), mupirocin, blank nanoparticles (blank-np) and medium alone (untreated) on well-established MRSA biofilms. The biofilms were stained using bacterial viability kit [live (green) and dead (red/yellow)]. The scale bars represent 100 μm for all images. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]