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The two-dimensional molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 CT x) has a similar electronic structure to platinum, which has the potential to be one of non-precious metals catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the preparation of Mo 2 CT x by conventional HF and LiF–HCl etching method inevitably introduces the –F and –Cl terminations on the surface, which adversely affect activity and stability. In this study, the LiCl–KCl–Li 3 N molten salt was used to treat Mo 2 CT x at 600 °C and atmospheric pressure and introduce nitrogen heteroatoms. After treated in LiCl–KCl–Li 3 N molten salt, the HER performance of nitrogen-doped Mo 2 CT x is improved compared with that of un-doped Mo 2 CT x , which should be attributed to the optimization of the electronic structure of N–Mo 2 CT x and lower hydrogen adsorption energy barrier. This simple molten salt method provides a way to modify non-precious metal HER catalyst and introduce nitrogen heteroatoms. The LiCl–KCl–Li 3 N molten salt was used to treat Mo 2 CT x at 600 °C and atmospheric pressure and introduce nitrogen heteroatoms. After treatment in LiCl–KCl–Li 3 N molten salt, the HER performance of nitrogen-doped Mo 2 CT x is improved compared with that of un-doped Mo 2 CT x , which should be attributed to the optimization of the electronic structure of N–Mo 2 CT x and lower hydrogen adsorption energy barrier. [Display omitted] • N-modified Mo 2 CT x MXene was prepared via molten salt modification strategy. • The N doping optimizes the electronic structure of Mo 2 CT x. • The improved catalytic performance and stability for Mo 2 CT x. • The molten salt method is simple, efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly for modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the extensive use of phthalates (PAEs)-rich polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic products, the recycling of PAEs-rich PVC waste has become a great challenge. Meanwhile, the efficient utilization of low-rank coal is important in China due to the abundant reserves. In this study, a high-efficiency co-liquefaction treatment of PAEs-rich PVC waste and low-rank coal (Inner Mongolia lignite) was developed by using supercritical water (SCW) process based on the interaction between the two kinds of waste. The effects of temperature, time, solid-to-liquid ratio (M Coal+PVC :M H2O), and mass ratio of coal-to-PVC (M Coal :M PVC) on the co-liquefaction conversion, composition of liquefied oil and dechlorination of PVC waste were investigated. The co-liquefaction of low-rank coal and PAEs-rich PVC waste had a significant positive synergistic effect with a maximum synergistic efficiency of 7.53% in the temperature range of 350–450 °C. The conversion ratio of low-rank coal and PAEs-rich PVC waste by SCW co-liquefaction increased from 59.71% to 74.92% with the increase of reaction temperature from 350 to 450 °C. PAEs-rich PVC waste could be almost completely dechlorinated (>98%) by the SCW co-liquefaction process, and more than 90% of the DEHP could be decomposed. The addition of PAEs-rich PVC waste resulted in a significant decrease of the percentage of heteroatom-containing compounds in the oil products by the co-liquefaction. At 450 °C, the co-liquefaction oil contained 69.16% of hydrocarbons and 6.14% of phenolic compounds. Different from supercritical water gasification, the purpose of SCW co-liquefaction in this study is to improve the coal liquefaction conversion ratio and oil quality by introducing the PAEs-rich PVC waste. The synergistic SCW treatment of PAEs-rich PVC waste and low-rank coal has good application prospects in products upgrading of low-rank coal and safe recycling of PAEs-rich PVC waste plastics. [Display omitted] • A co-liquefaction of low-rank coal and PAEs-rich PVC waste by SCW was reported. • Products upgrading and efficient dechlorination were found in the co-liquefaction. • A maximum synergistic efficiency of 7.53% could be obtained for the co-liquefaction. • Conversion efficiency was enhanced and high value-added hydrocarbons were recovered. • The co-liquefaction mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oversampling is a popular yet useful method to fulfill the binary classification of imbalanced data, however many existing results of oversampling are very likely to generate redundant/unsafe/noise samples due primarily to the inadequate consideration of the data distribution. To address this issue, we propose a novel oversampling approach, namely Switching Synthesizing-Incorporated and Cluster-Based Synthetic Oversampling (SSI-CBSO). The core idea of SSI-CBSO is four-fold: (1) noise samples are removed by using K nearest neighbor strategy and Fuzzy C-Means clustering is adopted for the filtered data in the minority class; (2) the number of samples that need to be synthesized is adaptively assigned to each cluster concerning the inter-class distance and the intra-cluster similarity; (3) to better reflect the data distribution, a new method in terms of the concept of the hypersphere is put forward to measure the cluster density in a high dimensional; and (4) a new principle based on the Mahalanobis distance is provided for a better selection of the target sample. Then, a switching synthesizing strategy is established to guarantee the safety of the synthesized samples. Finally, experiments on 13 binary imbalanced data sets by using five evaluation metrics with four classifiers verify that our proposed SSI-CBSO approach can obtain desirable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, a new ternary rare earth organic complex Eu(POA) 3 TTA was synthesized and successfully doped into the ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) resins. The transparent doped EMA (Eu-EMA) films with excellent fluorescence performance were obtained by making full use of the excellent compatibility and filling performance of EMA resins. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), elemental analysis, MALDI-TOF MS, scanning electron microscope (SEM), photoluminescence tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and static water contact angle measurements were used to characterize the properties of the complexes Eu(POA) 3 TTA and the Eu-EMA films. FT-IR analysis, elemental analysis and MALDI-TOF MS verify the ligands were successfully coordinated with the Eu3+ ions. The Eu(POA) 3 TTA particles are well dispersed in the EMA matrix and only a small fraction of them precipitate out to the surface of the EMA films. The relationship between fluorescence emission intensity of the Eu-EMA films and the doping ratios of Eu(POA) 3 TTA to EMA resins has been studied and discussed. The fluorescence intensity of the Eu-EMA films reaches the maximum when the doping ratio is 1.0 wt%. The Eu-EMA films all have high thermal stability (T d ≥ 392 °C) and the T d value enhances as the doping ratio increasing. As a result, the Eu-EMA films possess potential application for luminescent materials even at high temperatures. Highlights • A ternary complex denoted as Eu(POA) 3 TTA was synthesized and first doped into the EMA resins. • The Eu-EMA films display excellent luminescent performance and superior thermal stability. • The Eu-EMA films exhibit outstanding transparency and the text under films are visible in sunlight. • The Eu-EMA films present super compatibility with Eu(POA) 3 TTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing a mixed methods approach, this study investigated the mediating effect of negative emotion intensity on the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) and the emotion regulation strategies of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in an L2 learning context. Questionnaires were administered among 391 EFL learners to measure their trait EI, English learning-related negative emotion intensity, and the selection of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. The mediation analysis revealed that negative emotion intensity mediated the relationship between trait EI and cognitive reappraisal. However, the mediating effect of negative emotion intensity was not significant on the relationship between trait EI and expressive suppression. Semi-structured interviews revealed factors that explained the trait EI – negative emotion intensity – cognitive reappraisal nexus, including available cognitive resources and learning engagement. Pedagogical implications were provided to enhance the learners' selection of cognitive reappraisal and decrease their tendency to use expressive suppression. • Negative emotion intensity mediated the relationship between trait EI and cognitive reappraisal. • Negative emotion intensity did not mediate the relationship between trait EI and expressive suppression. • Cognitive resources and engagement influenced the trait EI – negative emotion intensity – cognitive reappraisal nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composites prepared via novel two-step method. • SiO 2 insulation coating thickness increased linearly with deposition duration. • SiO 2 insulation coating process had no influence on Fe–Si crystal structure. • SiO 2 insulation coating thickness predicted total core loss. • Quantitative equations relating electromagnetic properties to deposition duration. The industrial production of soft ferromagnetic composites demands a quantitative description of process parameters and magnetic performance. Here, Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composites were prepared via a two-step method combining chemical vapour deposition and hot-pressed sintering. Investigations of surface and section morphology, phase composition and crystal structure were undertaken to characterise the deposition duration-dependence of SiO 2 insulation coating thickness in Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composites. A vibrating sample magnetometer, a resistivity tester and a B–H analyser were used to study the magnetic behaviours of Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composites. Based on curves of deposition duration-dependence of SiO 2 insulation coating thickness and other theoretical models, quantitative relationships between deposition duration and magnetic performance were determined for Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composites. These results demonstrate that the coating and crystallisation of SiO 2 insulation coatings had no influence on the crystal structure of Fe–Si substrate particles and that SiO 2 insulation coating thickness increased linearly with deposition duration. Total core loss of Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composites was strongly predicted by SiO 2 insulation coating thickness. A quantitative equation relating magnetisation intensity to Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composite deposition duration was derived on the basis of experimental data and subsequent model selection. Additional quantitative equations relating electrical resistivity and eddy current loss to Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composite deposition duration were determined according to electromagnetic theory. These results establish a precise adjustment mechanism for magnetic behaviour in Fe–Si/SiO 2 soft ferromagnetic composites and promote the industrialisation of a new preparation process combining chemical vapour deposition and hot-pressed sintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cr and Mn improved the low-temperature catalytic activity and SO 2 resistance. • Cr and Mn doping improved the rate of the catalytic reaction. • The reaction followed the Eley–Rideal and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms. • The catalyst significantly inhibited the accumulation of bisulfate or sulfate. A series of Cr α Mn β CeTiO x catalysts were prepared using one-pot precipitation method and evaluated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia. Among the catalysts prepared, the Cr 0.006 Mn 0.05 CeTiO x catalyst exhibited the highest low-temperature activity and widest activity window (＞90% NO conversion at 160–425 °C) as well as outstanding sulfur resistance. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, NH 3 /NO/SO 2 + O 2 -TPD, XPS, in situ DRIFT, and so on. The amorphous Cr 0.006 Mn 0.05 CeTiO x catalyst had a larger specific surface area, high ammonia adsorption and strong acidity, resulting in an improved catalytic activity. A high ratio of surface adsorption oxygen and Ce3+ promoted the formation of NO 2 , a key intermediate gas in the fast SCR reaction. Furthermore, in situ DRIFT showed that the SCR reaction followed the Eley Rideal and Langmuir Hinshelwood mechanisms. Moreover, the synergetic effect of Cr and Mn inhibited the accumulation of hydrogen sulfate or sulfate considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel real sample assisted SELEX strategy was proposed to rationally select SAR aptamer. Based on this real SELEX strategy, we obtained an aptamer Apt-F2 with higher specificity and SAR binding affinity than Apt-B4 selected by the standard SELEX strategy. Moreover, Apt-F2-based aptasensor showed higher detection sensitivity and slightly better recovery rate of SAR from spiked milk samples than Apt-B4-based aptasensor. All of these results indicated the advantage of the real SELEX strategy superior to traditional SELEX strategy. [Display omitted] • Real sample assisted SELEX strategy can rationally select more fitted aptamer. • Real SELEX strategy can make aptamer pre-adapt to real sample. • Apt-F2 with higher specificity and SAR binding affinity was selected by this strategy. • An ease operated fluorescence aptasensor was fabricated based on Apt-F2. • The aptasensor had high sensitivity, specificity and low cost for detection of SAR. The aptamers screened by the classic SELEX strategy or other approaches do not undergo the real sample analysis during the selection process, and the environmental inconsistency between the selection and final detection systems might influence the aptamer characteristics and detection performance. Herein, a novel real sample assisted SELEX selection strategy has been proposed to rationally select the suitable aptamers with high detection performance, using the selection of a sarafloxacin (SAR) specific aptamer as an example. Based on the developed strategy, the aptamer Apt-F2 with higher specificity and SAR binding affinity was obtained as compared to the aptamer Apt-B4 selected by the standard SELEX strategy. Apt-F2 also exhibited a stronger conformational change after binding as compared to Apt-B4. Apt-B4 and Apt-F2 were used as a platform for developing the fluorescent aptasensor. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection of Apt-B4- and Apt-F2-based aptasensors for SAR was 0.19 and 0.12 ng/mL respectively. Moreover, Apt-F2-based aptasensor also revealed a slightly superior SAR recovery rate from the spiked milk samples. The findings obtained in the study confirmed the advantage of the real SELEX strategy as compared to the traditional version. Further, the characteristics of the aptasensor proposed here also revealed its application potential for detecting SAR in the real milk or other animal-sourced food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokinin response factors (CRFs) are transcription factors (TFs) that are specific to plants and have diverse functions in plant growth and stress responses. However, the precise roles of CRFs in regulating tomato plant architecture and leaf development have not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we identified a novel CRF, SlCRF6 , which is involved in the regulation of plant growth via the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. SlCRF6 -overexpressing (SlCRF6 -OE) plants displayed pleiotropic phenotypic changes, including reduced internode length and leaf size, which caused dwarfism in tomato plants. This dwarfism could be alleviated by application of exogenous GA 3. Remarkably, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT PCR), a dual luciferase reporter assay and a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay revealed that SlCRF6 promoted the expression of SlDELLA (a GA signal transduction inhibitor) in vivo. Furthermore, transgenic plants displayed variegated leaves and diminished chlorophyll content, resulting in decreased photosynthetic efficiency and less starch than in wild-type (WT) plants. The results of transient expression assays and Y1H assays indicated that SlCRF6 suppressed the expression of SlPHAN (leaf morphology-related gene). Collectively, these findings suggest that SlCRF6 plays a crucial role in regulating tomato plant morphology, leaf development, and the accumulation of photosynthetic products. • SlCRF6 overexpression lines exhibit dwarfism with shorter internodes and smaller leaf. • SlCRF6 responds to exogenous GA 3 treatment and affects the endogenous GA 3 content. • Leaf defects in SlCRF6 -OE lines lead to reduced photosynthetic efficiency, ultimately affecting plant growth. • SlCRF6 affects plant growth in tomato by regulating SlDELLA and SlPHAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple method is provided for converting waste biomass into N-doped biochar. • The as prepared catalyst with similar ORR performance than that of Pt/C. • Different types of ZAB are assembled to power homemade electronics. • The button cell shows outstanding performance than commercial PR 48 (Panasonic). Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a cathode reaction for Zn-air battery (ZAB), however, it limits the large scale utilization of ZAB for its nature of a slow dynamic process. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to improve ORR performance when waste biomass materials are turned into cathode materials for ZAB. Herein, we report a simple and expandable green strategy, that can convert waste biomass materials (rotten wood (RW)) into N-doped carbon material (NRW-1000) with excellent ORR ability in a one-step process. In this strategy, NH 4 Cl is selected as activator and N source, thus realizing the biomass carbonization, activation and N doping process at the same time. The NRW-1000 prepared by this strategy was endowed with a half-wave of 0.87 V (vs. RHE), which is the same as Pt/C (0.87 V). To test the practicality of NRW-1000, different types of ZAB were assembled to power homemade electronics. Remarkably, the button ZAB based on NRW-1000 showed even more impressive energy density (58.52 mW cm−2) than that of the commercial PR 48 (Panasonic) (30.73 mW cm−2). Our work provides a solution to the current energy crisis by recycling waste into electrochemical catalysts. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A water footprint quantification method based on data assimilation was proposed. • Joint assimilation (LAI+SM) was more efficient than the open-loop simulation. • The results can better describe the spatial heterogeneity of wheat water footprint. • This method was suitable for regional water footprint quantification. Water scarcity in agricultural production has emerged as a significant constraint to food security in China. To improve agricultural output and ensure its stability, it is imperative to assess the agricultural water use efficiency. The crop water footprint (WF) is an effective tool to assess the type, amount, and efficiency of agricultural water usage. However, existing quantitative studies on the crop water footprint within regions exhibit limitations in terms of their low spatial resolution and deficient spatial heterogeneity. In this study, the World Food Studies (WOFOST) model was combined with the Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) assimilation algorithm, with the leaf area index (LAI) and soil moisture (SM) obtained by remote sensing as state variables. An improved method for quantifying the WF of wheat based on crop model-remote sensing information data assimilation was proposed. Regarding the results, the average blue water footprint (WF blue), green water footprint (WF green), and total water footprint (WF) of wheat were 363 m3/t, 551 m3/t, and 914 m3/t, respectively. In the southern of the study area, WF green exhibits higher values, with lower levels in the north. WF blue and WF demonstrated inverse spatial patterns, with higher values observed in the northern areas and lower values in the southern regions. The spatial heterogeneity of WF blue and WF was more significant than that of WF green. The WF of wheat quantified by the data assimilation method had a high spatial resolution, and could be effectively used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of WF. This study can provide a reliable reference for the effective use of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Study on the mechanism of aptamer-based fluorescent DNA biosensors. • Antibiotic detection is facilitated by the construction of aptamer-based fluorescent DNA biosensors using both label-free and labeled methods. • Signal amplification are harnessed to pursuit the heightened sensitivity of the antibiotic detection. The inappropriate employment of antibiotics across diverse industries has engendered profound apprehensions concerning their cumulative presence within human bodies and food commodities. Consequently, many nations have instituted stringent measures limiting the admissible quantities of antibiotics in food items. Nonetheless, conventional techniques employed for antibiotic detection prove protracted and laborious, prompting a dire necessity for facile, expeditious, and uncomplicated detection methodologies. In this regard, aptamer-based fluorescent DNA biosensors (AFBs) have emerged as a sanguine panacea to surmount the limitations of traditional detection modalities. These ingenious biosensors harness the binding prowess of aptamers, singular strands of DNA/RNA, to selectively adhere to specific target antibiotics. Notably, the AFBs demonstrate unparalleled selectivity, affinity, and sensitivity in detecting antibiotics. This comprehensive review meticulously expounds upon the strides achieved in AFBs for antibiotic detection, particularly emphasizing the labeling modality and the innovative free-label approach. It also elucidates the design principles behind a diverse array of AFBs. Additionally, a succinct survey of signal amplification strategies deployed within these biosensors is provided. The central objective of this review is to apprise researchers from diverse disciplines of the contemporary trends in AFBs for antibiotic detection. By doing so, it aspires to instigate a concerted endeavor toward the development of heightened sensitivity and pioneering AFBs, thereby contributing to the perpetual advancement of antibiotic detection methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simply novel S1 nuclease digestion-based strategy was proposed to rationally truncate the PD-L1 aptamer Apt80. Based on this novel strategy, Apt38 with lower K d value and higher PD-L1 binding-associated conformational change superior to Apt80 was successfully truncation optimized. Moreover, the fabricated signal dual amplification aptasensor based on the truncated Apt38 has slighted higher detection sensitivity, wider linear range, lower detection cost and less time for detection of PD-L1 in human sample than ELISA assay. • S1 nuclease digestion-based strategy can rationally truncate PD-L1 aptamer Apt80. • S1 nuclease digestion-based strategy can directly identify the core aptamer sequence. • Truncated Apt38 had higher PD-L1 binding affinity and conformational change. • A signal dual amplification fluorescence aptasensor was fabricated based on Apt38. • The aptasensor had high sensitivity, specificity and low cost for detection of PD-L1. Truncation optimization of aptamers can improve both specificity and robustness. At present, aptamer truncation is mainly performed based on predictions from molecular docking simulations, but this usually requires tedious trial-and-error and may result in false predictions. Here, we propose a strategy based on digestion by S1 nuclease to rationally truncate the aptamer, using the PD-L1-binding aptamer Apt80 as an example. Due to steric hindrance, recognition and binding regions between Apt80 and PD-L1 are not digested by the enzyme. The truncated form, Apt38, shows higher affinity and larger conformational change after binding, when compared to Apt80. The truncated Apt38 was used as a platform for developing a signal dual amplification fluorescence aptasensor using targeted recycling assisted by exonuclease I and qRT-PCR analysis. This aptasensor exhibited a high sensitivity toward PD-L1 with a limit of detection of 0.076 ng/mL in buffer system and 0.3625 ng/mL in human serum. Owing to its high sensitivity, specificity, ease operation and low cost for detection of PD-L1, this aptasensor should be useful in assisting clinicians to evaluate the status of cancer patient and to decide whether inhibitor drugs are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, with the ongoing development of the express industry, the consumption of waste plastic express bags has been increasing year by year, which has brought considerable pressure on municipal waste management. At the same time, in China, where coal is the main energy resource, the upgrading of low-rank coal is a more reliable and prospective way. An effective method for waste treatment and resource upgrading by synergistic co-liquefaction of waste plastic express bags and low-rank coal in a supercritical water-ethanol system has been developed. The effects of different experimental factors (temperature, residence time, plastic-coal ratio, water-ethanol ratio) on the conversion ratio and synergistic effect of co-liquefaction were investigated. The results showed that elevated temperature, lower water-ethanol ratio as well as suitable residence time, and plastic-coal ratio of 1:1 were conducive to the conversion ratio. Temperature ≥375 °C and suitable plastic-coal ratio (1:1) had a significant positive synergistic effect on the conversion ratio, whereas the other conditions exhibited no or negative synergistic effect on the conversion ratio. The maximum conversion ratio and positive synergistic efficiency were 85.11% and 12.25% at 425 °C, 60 min, water-ethanol ratio of 1:1, and plastic-coal ratio of 1:1, respectively. It was observed after FT-IR and elemental analysis based on the solid residue that the oxygen-containing functional groups in the residue disappeared, the oxygen content decreased, the carbon content increased, and the higher heating value (HHV) increased significantly, and the residue could be further used (such as gasification or pyrolysis) without the need for landfill. The GC-MS results of the oil products suggested that the oil products contained high content of hydrocarbons and phenols, as well as esters, alcohols, and other compounds. The hydrocarbons and phenols mainly derived from the decomposition of long chains in plastics and the decomposition of aromatic structures in coal, and the hydrocarbon and phenolic contents produced at 400 °C were 27.74% and 32.62%, respectively. Thus, the oil product can be used further as a chemical raw material. It cannot be ignored that the ethanol medium after reaction can also be further recycled by rotary evaporation. The synergistic co-liquefaction of waste plastic express bags and low-rank coal based on supercritical water-ethanol system is a promising method for waste treatment and resource upgrading. [Display omitted] • A synergistic co-liquefaction for waste express bags and low-rank coal was developed. • Ethanol can improve the synergistic efficiency of co-liquefaction. • The maximum conversion ratio of co-liquefaction reached 85.11% at 425 °C, 60 min. • Oil products from co-liquefaction contained hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the warming trend and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, accurate crop yield estimation is becoming urgent. Crop yield estimation mainly consists of two methods: crop model simulation and remote sensing observations. Crop models can achieve accurate simulations of crop growth at field scales. However, in regional applications, they are limited by the spatial heterogeneity of certain input parameters. Remote sensing observations can obtain crop status over large areas quickly and conveniently, while lacking knowledge of crop growth processes. By combining the advantages of crop models and remote sensing, crop yield estimation with spatiotemporal continuity can be achieved using data assimilation methods. The research progress of the three elements of data assimilation system has been quantitatively reviewed in this paper. And the relevant literature was quantitatively screened and reviewed to provide a systematic overview of the application of data assimilation in crop yield estimation. In this study, the scientific background of the data assimilation system for crop yield estimations was described, and basic principles of data assimilation were introduced. A second part of this review screened and reviewed the relevant literature quantitatively. The answers to problems on: the most widely used crop model, the assimilation algorithm, and the assimilation variables were reported. Finally, a synthesis of the emerging directions and challenges of data assimilation systems for crop yield estimation were discussed. The results show that: a) the sequential assimilation method is the most widely used algorithm in the field of data assimilation, especially EnKF. b) WOFOST, DSSAT, AquaCrop and SAFY are the most common models in the research of data assimilation for yield estimation. c) In terms of assimilation variables, LAI (leaf area index), SM (soil moisture), and VIs (vegetation indexes) are relatively common assimilation variables. Research progress of data assimilation system for crop yield estimation is summarized from the aspects of algorithm improvement, model coupling research, multi-source remote sensing data assimilation and multiple assimilation variables. This review quantitatively examined and contrasted the research progress of data assimilation systems providing researchers with a more comprehensive background. It also suggests ideas and references for higher resolution, more accurate and reliable yield estimation for future research. [Display omitted] • Data assimilation is a vital tool to estimate and forecast regional crop yield. • The 143 papers on crop yield estimation by data assimilation published during 2000–2021 were searched and reviewed. • The paper focused on current models, algorithms, variables, spatial resolution and period of assimilation. • The progress of multisource and multivariable research was discussed. • The challenges and future directions were expounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The molar ratio plays an important role on the properties of nanocomposites. • The composites possess highly crystalline and strong absorption in visible light. • The degradation of MB by nanocomposites under visible light irradiation is over 90%. • This work may pave the way for environmental protection and large-scale application. Abstract Magnetic composites SrFe 12 O 19 /ZnFe 2 O 4 were successfully synthesized by one-pot coprecipitation method. The as-prepared samples with different molar ratio of SrFe 12 O 19 to ZnFe 2 O 4 were characterized and analysed. XRD and SEM results show that the composites are highly crystalline with few impurities. Raman spectrum confirms the interactions between two phases in the composites. UV–vis spectra and photoluminescence spectra show the optical property of the samples. The magnetic properties analysis reveals that the coercivity of composites decrease evidently with the increase of the ZnFe 2 O 4 phase. Furthermore, photocatalytic performance of the samples were investigated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The maximum degradation ratio of MB with Sample-A was 90%. The recycling tests confirm that the photocatalytic activity was above 50% after three cycles. These all prove that the composite SrFe 12 O 19 and ZnFe 2 O 4 not only improve the magnetic and photocatalytic properties, but also effectively avoid secondary pollution of treated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Gained FeSiCr-based SMCs with a CeO 2 ·SiO 2 composite layer by selective oxidation between substrate and CeO 2 insulation layer. • The CeO 2 insulation layer promotes selective oxidation of Si in substrate during sintering in water vapor environment. • CeO 2 ·SiO 2 composite insulation layer demonstrated a 22.9% reduction in core loss than using the CeO 2 insulating layer alone. • CeO 2 ·SiO 2 composite insulation layer mitigated core loss while maintaining high magnetic conductivity in FeSiCr-based SMCs. This study introduces an approach to fabricating soft magnetic composites (SMCs) that effectively address core loss while maintaining high magnetic conductivity. During the sintering process in a water vapor environment, the CeO 2 insulation layer facilitates the selective oxidation of Si while simultaneously impeding the outward diffusion of Fe and Cr. Consequently, a CeO 2 ·SiO 2 composite insulation layer forms within the FeSiCr-based SMCs. The FeSiCr-based SMCs with the CeO 2 ·SiO 2 composite insulation layer achieve a saturation magnetization of 153.1 emu/g, which is 10.9% lower than that of FeSi 3.7 Cr 4.5 compacts, and exhibits a deterioration rate lower than previously reported values. Moreover, the permeability of the FeSiCr-based SMCs remains highly stable, demonstrating outstanding insulation characteristics. The total core loss and core loss separation results further corroborate that incorporating a CeO 2 ·SiO 2 composite insulation layer leads to a more pronounced reduction in interparticle eddy current loss than using a CeO 2 insulating layer alone. This performance enhancement can be attributed to the selective oxidation of a rare metal oxide insulation layer on a ferromagnetic metal particle substrate, a technique applied to SMCs for the first time. These findings hold significant implications for the design of high-performance SMCs in miniaturized and lightweight electromagnetic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel polymer-rare earth complexes with Eu 3+ ions have been synthesized and investigated successfully, including the binary complexes containing the single ligand poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) and the ternary complexes using 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), dibenzoylmethane (DBM) or thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) as the second ligand. Their structures have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirm that both EAA and small molecules participate in the coordination reaction with rare earth ions, and they can disperse homogeneously in the polymer matrixes. Both ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption and photoluminescence tests for the complexes have been recorded. The relationship between fluorescence intensity of polymer-rare earth complexes and the quantity of ligand EAA has been studied and discussed. The films casted from the complexes solution can emit strong characteristic red light under UV light excitation. All these results suggest that the complexes possess potential application as luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that fluid geochemistry in fault zones could provide reliable indicators for fault activity. Along these lines, in this work, Rn and CO 2 fluxes were measured for soil gases along the Xiaojiang Fault Zone (XFZ), SW China. The relationship among the soil gas Rn and CO 2 fluxes, hydrochemistry of hot springs, and fault activity were thoroughly examined based on the analytical results and regional geology. The water samples from the hot springs in the study area were the primary types of Ca·Mg-HCO 3 , Ca·Mg-HCO 3 ·SO 4 , and Ca-SO 4. It was believed that these types were probably affected by the interactions between the groundwater and carbonate rocks. Based on the weak correlation between the soil gas Rn and the CO 2 fluxes, the existence of distinct sources was suggested. The manifestation of a relatively high temperature and ion concentration of the hot spring water samples, as well as the relatively high soil gas Rn and CO 2 fluxes, led to a concentrated distribution in the northern and southern segments of the XFZ, which was consistent with the spatial distribution of the seismic activities and fault slip rate. The intense fault activity in the southern and northern segments could also enhance the permeability and accelerate both the water-rock interactions and soil gas emission within the fault zone. An assessment of the earthquake potential and radioactivity protection is considered of outmost significance for the southern and northern segments of the XFZ. • Feature and genesis of fluids emitted from the XFZ were systematically analyzed. • Hydrochemistry and soil gas Rn are potential indicators to evaluate fault activity. • Attention should be paid to seismicity and radiation risk in two ends of the XFZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid geochemistry in active fault zones has been proven to be sensitive to tectonic activity. The North China Craton (NCC) has attracted much attention because of its complex and intense tectonic activity. In this study, fluid geochemistry in the primary active fault zones in the NCC was investigated, including inference of its tectonic activity. Stronger degassing from soil and springs has been observed in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) and the Zhang-Bo seismic zone (ZBSZ) than in the other seismic zones. Both geological soil gas and deep-derived gas (crust- or mantle-derived gas) from springs were concentrated there. Also, a comprehensive analysis has indicated that the development of new fractures might have occurred widely beneath the NETP and ZBSZ because of the strong regional tectonic activity there. The 3He/4He and 4He/20Ne of gas from the springs in the ZBSZ suggest that the low-velocity zone 20– 40 km deep might be a magmatic intrusion derived from the mantle. However, crust-derived gas accompanied with a negligible mantle-derived component has been detected in the Diebu-Bailongjiang fault (DBF), the West Qinling fault (WQLF), and the Liupanshan fault (LPSF) in the NETP. There, the occurrence of more new fractures was probable, in accordance with the obvious δ18O shift of the water from the springs in the fault zones. This suggests that a channel flow, also depicted by the low-velocity zone 20– 40 km deep, could have formed within the crust and that the probable leading front reached the LPSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Silencing of E6 - 2 resulted in delayed fruit ripening. • E6 - 2 influences total carotenoids and lycopene accumulation in fruit ripening. • E6 - 2 affects ethylene sensitivity and multiple metabolisms. • MADS-RIN directly activates the expression of E6 - 2. Tomato fruit ripening is a complicated and well-coordinated process with numerous metabolic changes resulted from endogenous hormone and genetic regulators. Although the regulation of MADS-box transcription factor (MADS-RIN) controlling fruit ripening has been widely reported, its mechanisms underlying need to be further improved. Here, we characterized a novel tomato E6-like gene, E6 - 2 , whose transcripts showed a high accumulation in fruit ripening stages (Breaker, Breaker+4 and Breaker+7), but a low level was observed in Never ripe (Nr) and ripening inhibitor (rin) mutants. MADS-RIN directly activates the expression of E6 - 2 in vivo. Additionally, a remarkable reduction of E6 - 2 was observed in wild-type (WT) tomato fruits at the MG stage treated with 1-MCP. RNAi-mediated silencing of E6 - 2 resulted in delayed fruit ripening, reduced accumulation of the total carotenoid and lycopene, reduced content of ethylene production, and increased contents of the total pectin, cellulose, starch and soluble sugar. Moreover, the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes (PSY1 , PDS and ZDS), ripening-related genes (CNR , PG and ERF4), ethylene biosynthesis genes (ACS2 , ACO1 and ACO3), ethylene-responsive genes (E4 and E8) and cell wall metabolism genes (TBG4 , PL , EXP1 and XTH5) were inhibited in E6 - 2 -RNAi lines. These results indicate that E6 - 2 plays an important role in regulating tomato fruit ripening targeted by RIN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual stresses evidently affect the strength, fatigue property and machining deformation of the mechanical components. Therefore, stress relief processes are extensively applied in the manufacturing to enhance the mechanical properties of products. In this study, seven 7075 aluminium alloy specimens are treated by thermal- vibratory stress relief (TVSR), thermal stress relief (TSR), and vibratory stress relief (VSR). Finite element (FE) models considering the stress relaxation effects and transient periodic vibration loads are proposed to simulate the TVSR, TSR and VSR process. The residual stresses before and after the processes are measured and compared, and the effectiveness of the FE models is validated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) are used to observe the microstructure and crystal dislocation, respectively. Results show that TVSR can evidently reduce the residual stress in aluminium alloy, and the stress relief rate of TVSR for the peak stress are 20.43% and 38.56% higher than that of TSR and VSR, respectively. It also found that TVSR has no obvious influence on the grain size, but evidently increase the dislocation density. Eventually, the stress relief mechanism of TVSR is analyzed and summarized. Unlabelled Image • The influences of on the residual stress relief, micro structure, and dislocation density of 7075 aluminium alloy are investigated. • FE models are proposed to simulate the TVSR, TSR and VSR process. • The stress relief rate of TVSR for the peak stress are 20.43% and 38.56% higher than that of TSR and VSR. • TVSR promotes the growth and entanglement of dislocations in the crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]