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• This study proposes a model to consider quality degradation in glass recycling. • The model is based on technical quality substitutability and market applicability. • The model was applied to a case study on glass waste treatment. • Accounting for quality degradation, only 83% of cullet can replaces raw materials. • The decrease of recycling benefits was of 13–23% for the examined impact categories. The sustainability assessment of waste management systems requires tools capable of evaluating material quality degradation during recycling. Existing research has predominantly focused on the development of substitutability models for plastics, leaving a gap in addressing other materials like glass. Glass is commonly regarded as endlessly recyclable, even though its actual recyclability depends on several crucial factors, such as colour and pollutant contamination. Many Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies in this field assume a one-to-one substitution coefficient, neglecting material deterioration and inaccurately representing real-world scenarios. This study proposes and assesses a substitutability model for glass, aiming to measure the replacement extent between virgin materials and recycled crushed glass (cullet). The methodology is based on two key factors: technical quality substitutability, considering impurities and colour contaminations in cullet, and market applicability, accounting for market demand. Once formulated, the model was applied to a European case study on glass waste treatment. Two scenarios were considered: one assuming complete substitution between cullet and raw materials, the other incorporating quality degradation. Findings indicate that, accounting for quality degradation, only 83% of cullet effectively replaces raw materials, resulting in a decrease of the benefit associated with recycling of 13–23% for the different examined impact categories, compared to complete replacement assumption. This underscores the importance of considering quality deterioration in glass recycling impact assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the incorporation of Terbium(III) oxide as a rare earth metal modifier in sodium borate glasses containing PbO/Bi 2 O 3 , aiming to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. The synthesis and characterization of these glasses are detailed, highlighting the unique properties introduced by Terbium(III) oxide. The study investigates the regularities in the characteristics such as physical, XRD, UV, FTIR, and optical properties of 70B 2 O 3 –15Na 2 O – 15PbO – (5-x)Bi 2 O 3 – xTb 2 O 3 , where x = 0; 1; 2; 3; 5 mol% prepared glassy samples, considering varying concentrations of bismuth and the modifier (e.g. Tb 2 O 3), and examines their mutual impact on the borate glass matrix involved. It is found that there are sharp peaks on the diffraction pattern, which increase in width and intensity with increasing Terbium concentration from 3 to 5 mol% in the glass matrices, e.g. two-phase structures, amorphous and crystalline, are observed. Moreover, a wide excitation band in the glass matrix is also observed in the region of 200–320 nm. The study delves into the potential applications of these modified glasses in highly efficient optoelectronic devices, contributing valuable insights to the advancement of materials for technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of the electronic display industry, aluminosilicate glass has emerged as a replacement for traditional soda lime silica glass as the cover plate of various display devices because of its excellent physical and chemical properties. High transmittance and low reflectivity are the inevitable requirements of its application. However, few studies have been reported about the antireflection of aluminosilicate glass. In this study, a two-step etching method was employed to treat both sides of the alkali-aluminosilicate glass to obtain surface antireflection. Analytical methods such as EPMA, AFM, and UV spectrophotometry were utilized to evaluate the effect of the etching process and resultant surface microstructure on the optical properties of the glass. Furthermore, comparative research was conducted to distinguish the etching reaction differences between alkali-aluminosilicate glass and other glass compositions like soda-lime glass and high-boron-silicon glass. The results demonstrated that the controlled two-step etching process created a micro-porous surface structure, with a gradient refractive index. Subsequent to the secondary etching, the glass exhibits an impressive average transmittance of 98.88% within the visible light spectrum (380–780 nm). Moreover, identical etchant across different composition glasses leads to discernible differences in transmittance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared (NIR) glass-converted light-emitting diodes (gc-LEDs) are newly emergent broadband light sources for miniaturizing optical systems like spectrometers. While lots of effort has been spent on materials doped with rare-earth and transition-metal ions, the achievement of these materials with broadband NIR emission and desired wavelength region remains a long-standing challenge, especially operating in the spectral region between 700 and 1100 nm. Herein, a broadband NIR LEDs based on Te cluster-doped silicate glass is developed. Through adjustment of melting atmosphere and network topology of the glass matrix, active NIR Te cluster centers can be generated and stabilized in silicate glass and show a broad emission at 980 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 300 nm under blue light excitation. The photoluminescence of the glass matches well with the absorption of several primary chemical bonds in food and biological tissue. In demonstration experiments, the NIR absorption of different biological tissue by NIR light from our glass is measured, suggesting that the super-broad NIR luminescence of Te-doped silicate glass has potential applications as light sources for nondestructive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is growing interest in Ag 2 O doping in oxide glasses through optimal selection of excitation wavelengths to achieve efficient luminescence via either up or down-conversion processes. In this present work, we report the influence of Ag nanoparticles/aggregates on the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of melt-quenched Ag 2 O - co-doped (19.5-x)Li 2 O+70B 2 O 3 +10CaO+0.5Nd 2 O 3 +xAg 2 O glasses. Systematic studies were conducted using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, HR-TEM, MAS-NMR, UV–Visible–NIR, Photoluminescence, and decay kinetics techniques. The XRD analysis conclusively indicates the absence of crystalline peaks. However, HR-TEM analysis showed a reduction in the size of AgNPs from 14 nm to 11 nm with an increase of Ag 2 O concentration from 0.25 mol% to 0.5 mol%, respectively. The RAMAN and MAS-NMR (11B and 7Li) revealed the modification in the local structure induced by the Ag 2 O as revealed by the predominant borate structural units, and silver (Ag) acted as a modifier in the glass matrix. The absorption spectra of all samples exhibit a characteristic peak of Nd3+ ions. Interestingly, the LCBNd0.5Ag0.5 glass sample exhibits the SPR peak at 416 nm, indicating that the lower limit of Ag 2 O in LCBNd0.5 is <0.5 mol%. Luminescence studies at different excitation wavelengths (350, 525, and 584 nm) reveal the predominant emission at 877 nm and 1058 nm, whose emission intensity increased with Ag 2 O concentration. Samples with Ag 2 O-doped LCBNd glasses exhibit identical lifetime values, indicating the absence of luminescence-quenching and the presence of Ag aggregates leading to the SPR effect. Based on our findings, the LCBNd0.5Ag0.5 sample demonstrated superior performance to other samples, with the highest emission under an excitation of 350 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large size (4 cm × 4 cm × 1 cm) Ce3+-doped high gadolinium oxyfluoride glass with density of 5.83 g/cm³ was prepared by the melt quench method at 1220 °C. The glass is colorless and transparent over the visible range. The prolonged decay time under 275 nm UV light demonstrates the energy transfer from Gd3+ ions to Ce3+ ions. The X-ray excited luminescence spectra (XEL) show the emission peak corresponds to the 5d→4f transitions of Ce3+ ion. The integral emission intensity of glass was compared with that of bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) crystals. The scintillation property of glass was studied under the γ -ray from 137Cs source and a clear energy peak was observed with light yield (LY) over 1100 ph/MeV. The scintillation decay time comprises fast and slow components. All results presented in this work indicate the appropriate potential to be high-energy rays detecting material for CEPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work,60TeO 2 -(35-x)ZnO-xNb 2 O 5 –5SrF 2 -0.5Dy 2 O 3 glasses was prepared to use a high-temperature melting method, where x represents the Nb 2 O 5 content (x = 0,5,7.5,10).Raman spectra studies revealed that increasing the concentration ratio of Nb 2 O 5 to TeO 2 resulted in the gradual transformation of [TeO 3 ] and [TeO 3+1 ] units in the glass network to [TeO 4 ] units. This transformation also enhanced the stability of the network structure. The emission peaks of the samples were observed at 481 nm (blue), 576 nm (yellow), and 663 nm (red), which is crucial for white light materials. The luminescent intensity increased with the increase of Nb 2 O 5 concentration, reaching its maximum at 7.5% mol. The CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates fell within the range of white light, with corresponding color temperatures ranging from 5063 K to 5877 K. All the results show that the fluorescent materials used in high-brightness illumination can be obtained by adding an appropriate amount of Nb 2 O 5 to Dy3+-doped tellurate glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of the Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio on the microstructure, optical, ligand field, and radiation shielding features of BSrFeBaBi glass matrix. The Bi 2 O 3 content of the BSrFeBaBi glasses was increased from 0 to 20 mol%. The density increased from 3.77 g / cm 3 to 5.00 g / cm 3 and the molar volume increased from 24.74 cm 3 / mol to 31.17 cm 3 / mol with increasing Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio. The optical analysis confirmed that the transparency of BSrFeBaBi glasses in the visible region is high. Moreover, the presence of Fe cations in the octahedral coordination (FeO 6 units) was confirmed. Furthermore, the fundamental absorption edge of BSrFeBaBi glasses shifts towards lower energies with additional Bi 2 O 3 /BaO concentrations, confirming the reduced behavior of the optical band gap. Also, ligand field splitting values decreased while Racah parameters increased. The obtained results demonstrate a tendency of the bonds between the Fe ions and their surroundings towards higher degree of ionic nature. Furthermore, the Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio demonstrated an enhanced radiation shielding behavior. Finally, BSrFeBaBi glasses exhibit favorable attributes for use in the radiation shielding domain due to their efficient radiation shielding features and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica-aluminum borates (SiO 2 -R 2 O 3 -R 2 O-RO-ZrO 2 system) with La 2 O 3 replacing BaO were preparing using the conventional melt quenching process. The impact of substituting BaO with La 2 O 3 on the glass structure was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman. The density, thermal properties, alkali resistance and dielectric properties of the glasses were measured and compared using Archimedes, Differential Scanning Circuit (DSC), Thermal Expansion Calorimetry (TEC), Weight Reduction and Impedance Spectroscopy. The viscosity of the glass system was calculated from the thermal properties and discussed in comparison with the wetting angle at 1000 °C. The results showed that the glass does not undergo precipitation. With the increase of La 2 O 3 to BaO substitution, the Q4 in the glass network structure transforms to Q0+Q1 and Q2, causing depolymeriation of the glass structure. This results in an increase in the density of the glass, as well as an increase and subsequent decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient. Additionally, the glass transition temperature and glass softening temperature decrease and then increase, which was due to the high field strength of La3+. When substituting 5 wt% of BaO with La 2 O 3 , The glass displayed the lowest dielectric constant and dielectric loss, along with the best alkali resistance. Viscosity calculations showed that the viscosity gradually increases at 1000 °C with the increase of La 2 O 3 substitution, which was consistent with the wettability results. The glass components in the 0-5 wt% weight range all satisfy the iron-sealed glass wetting angle requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, glass samples were obtained by melt-quenching in the binary system (100-x)KPO 3 -xNb 2 O 5 with x = 20, 30, 40, and 50 mol%. Thermal properties investigated by DSC together with structural investigations by Raman spectroscopy allowed to understand the structural effect of Nb 2 O 5 incorporation in the potassium phosphate glass network. A transparent glass-ceramic has also been produced by heat treatment of the 50KPO 3 –50Nb 2 O 5 glass sample. Density, molar volume, atomic packing, and refractive index were determined and increased with Nb 2 O 5 content. Chemical resistance in several corrosive aqueous solutions was found to increase with Nb 2 O 5 content and crystallization. Vickers hardness as well as elastic modulus and hardness obtained from nanoindentation experiments also strongly increased with higher niobium contents, indicating that not only optical properties but also chemical and mechanical properties are improved with niobium incorporation in the phosphate glass network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic luminescent glass-ceramics attract lots of attention as an optical storage medium owing to their large storage capacity, reversible luminescence modulation, simple operation, etc. Herein, a kind of phosphosilicate glass containing AgBr nanoparticles was designed and prepared, which can realize the color reversible transformation between light yellowish-green and brown by alternating 365 nm light illumination and thermal treatment at 300 °C. The mechanism of photochromism and bleaching of the glass is related to the generation and decomposition of Ag0 clusters. Relying on the re-absorption effect, the emission intensity of Eu3+ ions could be reversibly regulated, showing the maximum luminescence contrast of 74 %. A good fatigue resistance and reproducibility of transmittance and luminescence modulation could be observed in cycle measurements, demonstrating its potential in the optical memory field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, glass with composition (75- x)B 2 O 3 - x TeO 2 -11Bi 2 O 3 –10Li 2 O-1Ho 2 O 3 -3Yb 2 O 3 (x = 10–60 mol%) were synthesized using the melt quenching technique to investigate the effect of mixed glass former between TeO 2 and B 2 O 3 on the spectroscopic properties of glass. The Raman Spectroscopy has revealed a structural depolymerization undergone by the glasses with a sudden increment at x = 30 mol% that might arise from structural competition between TeO 2 and B 2 O 3. Optical absorption spectra have revealed 9 absorption peaks corresponding to Ho3+ ion transitions while one peak belongs to Yb3+ ion transition. The bonding parameter signifies the glasses are ionic in nature. The oscillator strength and Judd-Ofelt parameter Ω 2 , 4 , 6 have reduced against increment of TeO 2 concentration indicated a low asymmetry and low rigidity except for x = 30 mol% that may be due to strong interaction between TeO 2 and B 2 O 3. The radiative properties such as spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative lifetime and stimulated emission cross-section have showcased the glass potential for laser application. The luminescence spectra of studied glasses upon 450 nm excitation have disclosed two main emission bands which are 530 nm and 642 nm that corresponding to 5F 4 –5I 8 and 5F 5 –5I 8, of Ho3+ respectively whilst an extra emission recorded at 738 nm was ascribed to 5F 4 –5I 7 of Ho3+ due to energy transfer process from Yb3+ to Ho3+. The emission intensity of the samples has enhanced with the TeO 2 addition due to reduction of phonon energy. CIE 1931 diagram has shown a greener emission colour of glass samples over TeO 2 addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Barium Borophosphate glass system with molar compositions 40P 2 O 5 – 25B 2 O 3 -(35-x) BaO-xV 2 O 5 and 40P 2 O 5 –25B 2 O 3 –35BaO-xV 2 O 5 (x = 0,1,3,5 mol%) was synthesized using melt-quenching method. A comprehensive investigation of the structural and optical properties was conducted to compare the effects of V 2 O 5 as a dopant and as an addition to the glass matrix. The physical parameters were assessed through the measurement of density. The influence of V 2 O 5 introduction on vibrational modes was studied through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The UV–visible absorbance analysis unveiled the existence of multiple valence states of vanadium (V3+, V4+ and V5+). The reduction in bandgap was determined through the utilization of a Tauc plot, while the measurement of the refractive index allowed for the assessment of its variation with the composition of V 2 O 5. Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) was employed to explore the presence of intrinsic defects within the glass matrix and the impact of V 2 O 5 on the emission spectra. Furthermore, CIE chromaticity coordinates of synthesized samples were observed in both the white and blue regions, suggesting their potential application in display devices. Significantly, V 2 O 5 glass doped with 1 mol% displayed chromaticity, characterized by CIE coordinates x = 0.288 and y = 0.386, closely matching the white region as well as the bandpass filter. The introduction of transition metal oxide dopants into borophosphate glass yielded exceptional emission properties. The ability to modify optical properties makes it more promising for these glass materials, particularly for applications like optical filters and displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste-based lightweight glass ceramics aroused a great deal of attention with the introduction of green building materials. This material demonstrated high performance while alleviating the pressure of waste accumulation. Lightweight glass ceramic was fabricated from phosphorus tailings and coal gangue as raw materials in this work. The effects of phosphorus tailing ratios (50 wt.% - 100 wt.%) and heat-treatment temperatures (1130 °C – 1170 °C) on the pore morphology, properties and toxicity evaluation of lightweight glass ceramics were investigated. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric mass spectrometry (TG-MS) tests were performed to characterize the sintering behavior of lightweight glass ceramics. The research found that Fe 2 O 3 in the phosphorus tailings and C and FeS 2 within the coal gangue achieve in-situ foaming by creating the gas at elevated temperatures. Results revealed that increasing the proportion of phosphorus tailings facilitated the generation of the molten glassy phase, which favored the formation of bubbles and the expansion of pores. The average pore size of lightweight glass ceramics enlarged from 15.33 μm to 75.02 μm upon increasing the amount of phosphorus tailings from 50 wt.% to 100 wt.%. Increasing the amount of the glassy phase could be achieved by adjusting the heat-treatment temperature. This not only formed a protective film preventing water penetration into the interior of the lightweight glass ceramics but also effectively protected them from corrosion by acidic and alkaline solutions. The water absorption dropped dramatically from 16.44 % to 3.63 % and the corrosion resistance was greater than 98 % when the temperature rose from 1130 °C to 1170 °C. From the toxicity evaluation, the leaching toxicity of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in lightweight glass ceramics was 4 orders of magnitude below the limiting value and an extremely low potential ecological risk index (RI = 3.32) was obtained. The optimal preparation parameters were phosphorus tailings addition of 80 wt.% and a heat-treatment temperature of 1160 °C. The corresponding porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, water absorption, acid resistance and alkali resistance were 51.29 %, 1.38 g/cm3, 10.62 MPa, 4.81 %, 98.63 % and 99.96 %. The findings of the research offered a feasible solution for the development of novel green building materials, simultaneously reducing the environmental hazards of solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing and developing functional glasses with high efficiency and flexible wideband near-infrared emission tunability is of great research interest for optical communications. Here, strategies of composition optimization and new synthesis technique are employed to effectively regulate rare-earth ions photoluminescence. A series of Er3+-doped(up to 12 mol%) Ta 2 O 5 –La 2 O 3 –Ga 2 O 3 glasses are fabricated via a levitation melting technique and exhibit small hydroxyl absorptions, wide transparency range, high refractive indices(n d ≥ 2.038), irradiation- and thermal stability (T g > 868 °C). Upon 980 nm pumping, the 1.5 μm emission intensity reaches the highest value at 2.5 mol% Er 2 O 3 with a bandwidth of 112 nm. Strikingly, the fluorescence lifetime, absorption and emission cross-section and largest gain coefficient of glass with x = 2.5 at 1.5 μm are evaluated to be 4.37 ms, 16.7 × 10−21 cm2, 11.8 × 10−21 cm2 and 6.43 cm−1, respectively. Additionally, structural and temperature stability properties are also characterized. Possible mechanisms related to the reduction in quantum-yield and lifetime are elaborated in detail. Glass uniformity is creatively confirmed by the micro-area fluorescence spectra for the first time. This exploration of high content doping strategy for achieving high-performance glasses may extend the possible versatile applications, and provide feasible design insights into engineering more multi-functional materials with programmable features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermochromic properties of vanadium dioxide (VO 2) hold great promise for applications in smart glass windows. VO 2 films exhibit a high phase transition temperature (T c), low visible transmission (T lum), and low solar modulating ability (ΔT sol), making them inadequate for the requirements of smart glass windows. While some improvement in VO 2 film performance can be achieved through single-element doping, these limited enhancements still fall short of ideal results. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the improvement of VO 2 films. In this study, we utilized the sol-gel method to prepare VO 2 samples simultaneously doped with three elements: W, Sn, and Zr. Microscopic characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of these elements. Optical measurements, including ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectroscopy, were conducted to assess the optical properties of the films. Ultimately, outstanding T lum (69%) and ΔT sol (14%) were achieved, along with an appropriate T c (27.6 °C). Energy consumption simulations were performed using the EnergyPlus model with experimental data, revealing that compared to conventional glass, VO 2 glass reduces total cooling energy consumption by 9.8%. In comparison to previous work, the multi-element-doped films push the performance limits of VO 2 films, offering a viable approach for fabricating superior VO 2 smart glass windows. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive efforts have been devoted to magneto-optical (MO) glass, owing to its remarkable potential in modern optics, encompassing diverse applications such as optical isolation, modulation, and sensing. Although the Tb ions doped glass has good MO properties, high concentrations of Tb ions tend to cluster, resulting in glass crystallization. To further improve the performance of MO glass, we must improve the solubility of Tb ions and inhibit the oxidation of paramagnetic Tb3+ to diamagnetic Tb4+ by adjusting the glass composition. In this work, we conducted a comparative study on GeO 2 -B 2 O 3 -X 2 O 3 glasses doped with Tb 2 O 3 (TGBX, where X represents Ga or La) to elucidate the effects of Ga 2 O 3 and La 2 O 3 on glass properties. Our findings reveal that TGBG glasses exhibit superior MO performance compared to TGBL glasses. Notably, the Verdet constant of TGBG glass with 45 mol.% Tb 2 O 3 at 650 nm reaches 105 rad/(T·m). Although TGBL glass exhibits a lower Verdet constant, its higher glass network connectivity and higher concentration of Tb3+ ions suggest its potential for preparing larger-sized glasses with an increased Tb3+ molar ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single-doped Cu+ glass obtained by ion exchange preparation process was studied. The exchange depth of copper ions in the glass reached 50 μm–150 μm (prepared at 370 °C–530 °C, 16 h). XPS and Raman testing showed that the glass network polymerization degree of the thin glass (thickness 0.2 mm) was lower than that of the thick glass (thickness 2 mm), and the optical alkalinity of the thin glass surface was lower than that of the thick glass. The proportion of monovalent Cu ions coordinated in octahedra in the thin glass sheet was higher than that in the thick glass sheet. PL studies had shown that under the condition of ion exchange at 370 °C for 16 h, the fluorescence intensity and fluorescence quantum efficiency of thin glass samples were higher than those of thick glass samples. The fluorescence quantum efficiency of thin glass samples reaches 56.88%, and they also have good thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Al3+ and crystallization heat treatment on the luminescence and radioluminescence properties of CsPbBr 3 perovskite quantum dot borophosphate glass-ceramics were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Al3+ can suppress the free migration of ions in glass and control the formation of Pb–Br by improving the stability of the glass. Spectral analysis results revealed that small quantum dots are beneficial for achieving high-efficiency photoluminescence, whereas large microcrystals are beneficial for achieving high-efficiency radioluminescence. The experiment also proved that excessive Br− is not conducive to the precipitation of CsPbBr 3 perovskite in glass and thus deteriorates the photoluminescence and radioluminescence properties of the glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the amorphous structure of a soda-lime-silicate glass sample (Na 2 O·2CaO·3SiO 2) utilizing in situ X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy at pressures up to 30.3 GPa. These techniques provided insights into the structure of the glass under high pressure. Analysis of the short-range order of the glass in function of pressure was obtained from the pair distribution function, obtained from the diffractograms, and uncovered the emergence of a new amorphous phase at ∼10 GPa, identifiable through the appearance of new peaks in the data beyond this pressure value. Simultaneous measurements from Raman spectroscopy identified the elastic limit of the material at ∼6 GPa and were used to measure the inter-tetrahedral ∠Si–O–Si angle, which also displayed a ∂θ/∂P discontinuity within the 10 GPa range, due to the new amorphous phase. The study emphasized the potential of utilizing a monolithic glass sample within a diamond anvil cell, highlighting its ability to produce a sufficiently intense diffraction signal for structural analysis of glassy samples, provided that the angular aperture and energy employed are sufficiently high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the CuCl/KNO 3 and AgCl/KNO 3 mixed molten salts were selected to prepare chemically strengthened Cu containing glasses and Ag–Cu containing glasses at 460–500 °C used two-step ion-exchange method. The effects of treatment temperature on ions concentration distribution, transmittance, strengthening effect, chemical stability and ion release of samples were studied, the antimicrobial activity of samples was evaluated. The results demonstrated that K+ ions, Ag+ ions and Cu+ ions were successfully introduced onto the surface of the glass. Cu and Ag existed mainly in the form of monovalent ions, but the metal Cu or metal Ag formed when the temperature was high, making the glass appear pink or yellow, respectively. The surface compressive stress of Cu containing glasses was 508–602 MPa, and that of Ag–Cu containing glasses was 587–672 MPa, both of which showed stress relaxation at temperatures above 480 °C. The samples' Vickers hardness rose by 4–16 %, the density and chemical stability were also improved. Ion-exchanged glass was capable of releasing Cu+ ions or Ag+ ions steadily in an aqueous environment, which had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of staphylococcus aureus with favorable antimicrobial effect. Compared with the original glass, the ion-exchanged glass prepared in our work was not only incorporated two antibacterial active ions (Ag+ ions, Cu+ ions), but also has improved mechanical properties and chemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production and evaluation of the kinetic stability of the amorphous forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients are among the current challenges of modern pharmaceutical science. In the present work, amorphous forms of several sulfonamides were produced for the first time using Fast Scanning calorimetry. The parameters, characterizing the glass-forming ability of the compounds, i.e. the critical cooling rate of the melt and the kinetic fragility, were determined. The cold crystallization kinetics was studied using both isothermal and non-isothermal approaches. The results of the present study will contribute to the development of approaches for producing amorphous forms of rapidly crystallizing active pharmaceutical ingredients. [Display omitted] • The key parameters characterizing the glass-forming ability of these rapidly crystallizing sulfonamides were determined for the first time. • The critical cooling rates were found to be 3 K/s for sulfamethoxazole, 350 K/s for sulfamerazine, and 2000 K/s for sulfadiazine. • The kinetic fragility values of the sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine and sulfamethoxazole are 44, 38 and 40. • The best agreement between the predictions based on the non-isothermal kinetic data and the experimental isothermal crystallization halftimes was achieved based on the Nakamura crystallization model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoride glass ceramics (FGCs) with SrF 2 /CaF 2 mixed crystals were prepared using a concurrent rapid-quenching-crystallization process. The FGCs contained dense, homogeneous, round crystals of sizes less than 1 μm with high transmittance (exceeding 80 % at 3–8 μm) and low phonon energy (508 cm−1). The fluorescence properties of the FGCs doped with Er and Dy were investigated. The energy transfer efficiency between Er and Dy reached 93.81 % and 98.13 %, corresponding to Er: 4I 11/2 to Dy: 6H 5/2 and Er: 4I 13/2 to Dy: 6H 11/2 , respectively. This enhancement is attributed to the enrichment of rare-earth ions in the crystals induced by phase-separation and low phonon energy of the host material, FGC. Moreover, the average lifetime of Er: 4I 11/2 in FGC reached 10.13 ms, which is the highest reported value for glass ceramics to our knowledge. This study enriches the research theory of FGC and provides guidance for expanding the properties of materials for mid-infrared photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of micro-crystallization (based on annealing time and temperature) on near-infrared (NIR)-shielding properties of Li 0.09 K 0.23 WO 3 doped glass was investigated. The tungsten bronze doped glass was prepared by a facile melt-quenching technique. Structure and optical properties of the glass and glass-ceramics were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman, and UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometry, respectively. Increasing the annealing temperature increases in the range from 400 °C to 500 °C, the tungsten-functional unit Li 0.09 K 0.23 WO 3 structure, which is responsible for NIR-shielding, changes the structural state from amorphous state to crystalline state gradually. Thus, the NIR-shielding properties of glass are significantly enhanced. Furthermore, annealing glass samples at 450 °C, during timeframe from 2 h to 8 h, causes crystallization and grain growth of the functional units, thus NIR-shielding property of the glasses is enhancing. It worth to be mentioned, that the increase of annealing temperature and time duration causes excessive grain growth in the glass matrix, which leads to decreasing of the optical transmittance in the visible light wavelength region. We have found, that the glass sample annealing temperature is at 450 °C with treatment time of 6 h yields the best results. In such manner the optical transmittance at λ = 1500 nm wavelength is 16.5 % and the highest transmittance of visible light wavelength region reaches 65 %. We conclude, that the NIR-shielding properties are adjustable and can be tailored by annealing temperature and time duration, which is expected to enhance the design and vary visual aspects of energy-saving windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic perovskite (OIP) nanoparticles exhibit excellent luminescence properties and photovoltaic efficiency and can be used in bulk and thin films. In this study, a mechanically robust OIP quantum dot dispersion layer was deposited on glass substrates via a rapid synthesis process. First, hierarchical nanoporous structures with a thickness of 1.5 μm were formed on the glass surface. These structures were dipped in a precursor liquid and then dried. Thereafter, OIP crystals of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr 3) with sizes of 5–10 nm were precipitated inside nanopores. The low-temperature luminescence properties of the obtained samples at 4–110 K were compared with those of spin-coated films and bulk MAPbBr 3. The emission peak wavelength of the sample precipitated in the nanopores on the glass surface (with an energy of 2.16 eV) was lower than that of the bulk sample (with an energy of 2.01 eV), and its luminescence intensity was two orders of magnitude higher than that of the bulk sample. The proposed method can be used to fabricate solar cells, electroluminescent devices, and scintillators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we successfully prepared quaternary germanate glasses (Ba x/3 Sr x/3 Ca x/3)Ge (1-x) O 3 (x = 0.1–0.5) using a containerless solidification method. The structure of the germanate amorphous materials was characterized using techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM and Raman. We evaluated the thermodynamic properties of the amorphous materials using differential scanning calorimetry and investigated their crystallization activation energies. In terms of application performance, we measured electrical conductivity and impedance spectra for the electrical properties, while the optical properties were assessed through the refractive index and transmittance. The results revealed that the (Ba 0.2/3 Sr 0.2/3 Ca 0.2/3)Ge 0.8 O 3 system represented the germanium anomaly point. Due to the highest number of ternary rings and the most compact structure within this system, the values of density, glass transition temperature, refractive index, and bandgap all reached their maximum. As the content of alkaline earth oxides increased, the glass network structure gradually fractured, leading to an increase in non-bridging oxygens and corresponding changes in properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO-B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass-ceramics, with the same Si/B molar ratio (0.7) and different Zn/B molar ratios (1.6–2.1) have been prepared by quenching glass melt and heat treatment between 680 °C and 720 °C. DSC analysis has demonstrated that the crystallization activation energy (E a) of the Zn 2 SiO 4 phase increased with increasing Zn/B ratio, and the glass crystallization process was transformed from a two-dimensional to a one-dimensional growth. DSC curves are consistent with the deformation and viscosity curves and can be attributed to the crystallization behavior of glass. The glass-ceramic with Zn/B = 1.7 sintered at 700 °C for 30 min exhibited the best properties: ε r = 6.35; tanδ = 4.3 × 10−3 (11.39 GHz); CTE = 3.8 × 10−6 /K. • The crystallization mechanism of ZnO-B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass and the shrinkage deformation induced by solid-liquid phase changes during the crystallization process were discussed. • The ZnO-B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass-ceramic with Zn/B = 1.7 sintered at 700 °C for 30 min exhibited excellent dielectric properties and CTE = 3.8 × 10−6 /K. • Expanded research on ZBS glasses with low-temperature co-firing potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three borosilicate glass samples of 25 % Si 2 O – 30 % Na 2 O – 45 % B 2 O 3 doped with x Dy 2 O 3 (where x = 0, 2, and 4 mol %) were prepared using the melt quenching technique. Photoluminescence spectra for glass samples were studied when excited by 350 nm in the 400–800 nm range, where emission sharply increases for samples doped with 2 % Dy 2 O 3 (BSNDy2) at 580 nm after exposed to 30 kGy. Also, glass containing 2 % Dy photoluminescence constants, such as decay curves CIE chromaticity, was measured for all samples that gave three decay behaviors: slow, intermediate, and fast. Experimental lifetime (τ exp.), color coordination (X, Y), and yellow/blue intensity ratio (y/b) beside the color correlated temperature (CCT) were determined before and after being irradiated by 30 and 60 kGy from γ ray source where the y/b ratio of BSNDy2 increase by increasing exposure to gamma doses and were >1. In addition, electrical conductivity at different temperatures was investigated as the BSNDy2 sample gave the highest conductivity and decreased by BSNDy4. Moreover, shielding parameters such as the tenth value layer, half value layer, mean free path and mass attenuation coefficient values were calculated at different gamma-ray energies via the Phy-X program, showing the highest values for MAC, Z eff , N eff, and C eff for BSNDy4 sample. The findings showed that adding Dy 2 O 3 to the glass gave a fortified shielding character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gradient refractive index materials (GRINs) are rapidly evolving in optical achromats and compact imaging systems. And GRINs with multi-band imaging mean higher integration for advanced optical imaging systems. In this paper, GRINs covering mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) were prepared by thermal diffusion method based on Ge 20 Se 80-x Te x glasses. Similar glass transition temperatures (ΔT g = 1 °C) and coefficients of thermal expansion (ΔCTE = 5.47 ppm/K) permit efficient bonding and diffusion processes between the glasses. The GRINs were visualized by infrared imagers, and the axial diffusion results were accurately characterized by Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The refractive index difference (Δn) of the GRINs reaches 0.23 and the diffusion depth reaches 3.53 mm. Diffusion coefficients and activation energy were calculated and discussed. Dispersion property is initially evaluated by Abbe number and partial dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi-zero-dimensional quantum dots (QDs) have garnered significant attention owing to their distinct structural attributes, quantum confinement behaviors, optoelectronic characteristics, etc. Regrettably, their susceptibility to stability poses a challenge. In this context, leveraging rational component regulation and crystallization process optimization strategies, we presented the successful preparation of CdS QDs silicate glass through the amalgamation of melt-quenching and controlled crystallization. The optical and morphological analysis substantiated the accomplishment of in-situ precipitation of CdS QDs within the glass matrix, with grain sizes <20 nm. Integrating CdS QDs into an inorganic glass matrix remarkably augmented its fluorescence thermal stability, enabling the preservation of 85.1 % of the room-temperature luminescent intensity even at an elevated temperature of 150 °C. Moreover, the encapsulated W-LED device by near-UV LED chip, CdS QDs glass, and BaMgAl 10 O 17 :Eu2+ phosphor exhibited a warm white-light emission characterized by suitable chromaticity coordinates (0.3741, 0.3452) and a notably high color rendering index (CRI = 93). Ultimately, the radioluminescence behavior of CdS QDs glass was unveiled by utilizing it as the scintillator wafer in an X-ray imaging system, which clearly demonstrated the structure of spring encapsulated within an opaque capsule. In a nutshell, these demonstrations unequivocally emphasize the substantial potential merits of CdS QDs glass, particularly in the domains of long-term W-LED lighting and X-ray imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper uncovers microstructural evolution and bonding mechanism of yttrium iron garnet ferrite (YIG) and magnesium titanate ceramic (MTC) brazed by bismuth-based glass ceramic. The resulting mechanical and dielectric properties of the proposed YIG/MTC joint were investigated in detail. The reaction mechanism was thoroughly studied. Micro and nano CoFe 2 O 4 were generated in the glass seam. Besides, a CoFe 2 O 4 reaction layer was formed at the interface of MTC/glass ceramic. The atoms stacked along the plane (220), and a complete coherent boundary was emerged between the CoFe 2 O 4 reaction layer and MTC ceramic subsequently. YBO 3 clusters were formed at YIG/glass interface and Bi 9 Ti 3 Fe 5 O 27 stripe phases were generated in the glass matrix. The joint shear strength increased with the brazing temperature increasing, and reached a maximum value of 72 MPa at 800 °C. The dielectric constant of YIG/MTC joint varied from 16.5 to 17.9, and the dielectric loss tangent was nearly 0.001 at higher frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Ta 2 O 5 at the rates of 1, 2, 3 and 4 % mol on the CaO–SrO–B 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 –Bi 2 O 3 –SiO 2 glass system was examined by the melt-quenching at 1400 °C. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the compounds were calculated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The kinetics study revealed activation energy values of 109.4 kJ/mol for the T1 composition, 302.14 kJ/mol for the T2 composition, 471.5 kJ/mol for the T3 composition, and 344.7 kJ/mol for the T4 composition, as determined by applying the Kissinger method. According to the average of Avrami parameters, two-dimensional crystal growth was observed in T1 glass and surface crystallization was observed in all other glass. The glass forming ability (GFA) of the glasses was investigated with the values obtained as a result of HSM analysis. In the XRD analysis performed after heat treatment at 850 °C, crystal phase development was observed in the glasses. As a result of the crystallization process, it was observed that wollastonite, strontium aluminum silicate, strontium aluminum oxide and bismuth oxide phases were formed in T1, T2 and T3 glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite biomaterials were created by sintering soda-lime-silica glass powder and tetracalcium phosphate powder. Sintering of the samples at 1200 °C/2h led to the formation of wollastonite, calcium phosphate, and cristobalite before soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF). However, after soaking for two weeks in SBF the hydroxyapatite, wollastonite, and cristobalite phases appeared with relatively intense in hydroxyapatite phase on sample surfaces. The microstructure shows micro-scale particles on the sample surface after soaking in SBF. The bulk densities and porosities were within 1.82453–1.9672 g/cm3 and 15.0621–34.1657 % respectively whereas compressive strength values were between 42.79 and 111.26 MPa. Since the increase of the porosity in the direction of high addition of phosphate portion while strengths were high in opposite values. The biocompatibility in SBF increases with increasing the SLS glass portion and the SEM micrographs show fine spherical crystals, within 20–200 nm, of hydroxyapatite phase on composite surfaces. The FTIR spectrum after soaking in SBF indicates the presence of phosphate bands in all samples and the intensity of these bands increases as the SLS glass percentage increases. The degradation of composite samples decreases in the direction of an increase in the phosphate portion which led to a decrease in the porosity and an increase in both density and strength. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, the two examined bacteria, both showed the establishment of growth inhibition zones in the disk diffusion assay. All samples were shown to be biocompatible by the cytotoxicity test conducted on the human normal fibroplast cell line (BJ1). In light of this, the cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that the highest soda-lime-silica glass sample (SLP55), which has potential uses in the dental and bone fields, was entirely safe for use with the human normal fibroplast cell line (BJ1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes the preparation and characterization of new glass and glass-ceramic systems dependent on the Na 2 O–CaO–SiO 2 composition which modified with partial CdO/CaO and Fe 2 O 3 /SiO2 substitutions. Typical temperatures for thermal analysis were examined by DTA and dilatometry measurements as a function of CdO and Fe 2 O 3 contents. As well, the chemical stability and control crystallization of the newly established glasses and glass-ceramics were decided and discussed. The Tg and Tc temperatures decreased, while the CTE values increased with CdO and Fe 2 O 3 contents. The produced glass-ceramics were dense and well-crystallized, including precipitation of the Na 4 Ca 4 Si 6 O 18 phase with its derivative of the Na 6 Cd 3 Si 6 O 18 phase, in addition to CaFeSi 2 O 6 of the pyroxene type. The CTE of the prepared glasses and glass-ceramics is linearly increasing as a function of compositions. The values vary within the range of 33–72 × 10−7 °C−1 for the glasses, whereas they ranged from 57-104 × 10−7 °C−1 for their corresponding glass-ceramics. The results of the dissolution rate indicated that the D R ratio was increased by CdO/CaO replacements for the glasses and their crystalline samples. While the durability improved by Fe 2 O 3 /SiO 2 substitutions. The D R and CTE values of the prepared materials are very close to or surpass the values of commercial sealing materials. The thermo-chemical properties showed that the prepared glass-ceramics, especially those with high Fe 2 O 3 /SiO 2 replacement, are promising candidates as environmentally safe sealant materials for different applications, such as encapsulating photovoltaic cells and sensors used in unmanned systems in military applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminosilicate glass holds significant importance across various applications including display screens, medical devices, and the aerospace industry, owing to its excellent optical properties, superior strength, and chemical resistance. Compared with frequently used high-temperature fusion bonding, low-temperature direct glass bonding, with its potential for reliable, non-damaging fabrication of glass-based devices, is highly promising. However, achieving aluminosilicate glass bonding at a low temperature has remained a challenge due to its inherent chemical stability. This paper proposes a novel low-temperature fusion bonding method using a standard cleaning recipe assistant with intermediate water, resulting in bonding strength exceeding 10 MPa and optical transmittance surpassing 90 % at a moderate annealing temperature of 200 °C. Through surface and interface characterization, the role of water intermedia and bonding mechanism is analyzed and declared. The water trapped in the bonding interface reacts with the glass and lowers the glass transition temperature (T g), softening the glass and filling the nanoscale gaps to further increase the bonding area in the low-temperature annealing process. Consequently, a continuous bonding interface is established, contributing to robust bonding strength and avoiding optical loss. Finally, this method is further demonstrated through the successful bonding of the glass with grating structures showing great optical properties. Notably, in contrast to traditional fusion bonding, this low-temperature fusion bonding method will not destroy the microstructures in the devices. This bonding strategy paves the way for the applications of aluminosilicate glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a wide band gap semiconductor, alkaline-earth metal sulfides (AES) with low phonon energy, high laser damage threshold, and high transmittance in infrared, have wide application prospects in bioimaging, spectral conversion, and solid-state lighting. However, AES nanocrystals (NCs) suffer from the weak chemical-stability and low mechanical-stability, and can be easily oxidized in humidity and oxygen. Incorporation of AES NCs into inorganic glass is expected to overcome those inherent limitations. In this work, a new type of oxysulfide glass-ceramics containing CaS, SrS, BaS, Sr x Ba 1−x S, and Ca x Sr 1−x S NCs is developed, and average diameters of these AES NCs are tuned in the range of 3–18 nm. Precipitation of AES NCs not only improves the mechanical properties of glass, but also maintains high transmittance (˃60%) in the spectral range of 1–4.3 µm. Results reported in this work offer a new pathway for developing novel oxysulfide glass-ceramics for multi-functional optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of Li 2 O additive on the network structure, crystallization behavior, thermal expansion properties and wettability of Y 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass were investigated. The results showed that Li 2 O could depolymerize the network structure, decreasing the characteristic temperatures of glass. The coefficient of thermal expansion of glasses varied from 5.09×10−6 K−1 to 8.03×10−6 K−1 by changing the Li 2 O addition and heat treatment process. Meanwhile, Li 2 O inhibited the crystallization of high-melting phases, consequently improving the fluidity of molten glass. The glass with 3 wt% Li 2 O showed an excellent wettability on SiC ceramic with a contact angle of 18°, and a sound joint mainly consisted of glassy phase was obtained at 1430 ℃ for 30 min. The prepared joints exhibited a shear strength of 119.7±20.3 MPa, which is 5.4 times of that without Li 2 O. After 3 times of water-quenching from 1200 ℃, the joints remained 68.4% of its original strength, demonstrating graceful reliability. • A series of Y 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -Li 2 O glass filler was newly-designed for SiC brazing. • Effect of Li 2 O on the glass structure, crystallization and thermal expansion properties was revealed. • Li 2 O improved the fluidity of molten glass by inhibiting the formation of high-melting precipitates. • Addition of Li 2 O increased the shear strength of SiC/SiC joint by 4.4 times (119.7±20.3 MPa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melt-quenching techniques were employed to produce a series of Nd 2 O 3 doped Al 2 O 3 –Na 2 O–WO 3 –B 2 O 3 glasses. Structure, optical, and thermal properties were investigated to illustrate the effectiveness of the Nd3+ ions in enhancement performance and analyze their behaviour. Nd 2 O 3 demonstrably contributed to the composite, as evidenced by evaluating all features. The density marginally rises with the addition of Nd 2 O 3 instead of B 2 O 3. The relevant physical characteristics had been calculated. The structure was analyzed by FTIR measurement and identified the vibration modes of varied concentrations. From FTIR spectra, N 4 values were reckoned, and the conversion of the network structure unit from BO 3 to BO 4 was verified. Numerous significant peaks have been caught in the absorption bands of the UV–Vis–NIR measurement. Optical bandgap and band tail are determined. DSC measurements were utilized to identify the thermal characteristics. As Nd3+ ions increased, glass thermal stability improved. Overall, the Nd3+ ion modifier rule was realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sb 2-x Cr x Te 3 quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized in a host glass matrix through fusion and heat treatment methods. The results revealed the specific effects inherent to the doping of Cr3+ ions in diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) (Sb 2-x Cr x Te 3 QDs embedded in glass matrix). Differential Thermal Analysis shows evidence of changes in glass transition and the host glass's crystallization temperatures with the presence of Sb 2-x Cr x Te 3 QDs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and energy dispersive X-ray analysis evidenced the formation, size, and composition of these DMS QDs. The interplanar distances d hkl measured in TEM and the pattern observed in electron diffraction from the selected area reinforces the Sb 2 Te 3 crystalline nature. Structural analyses of x-ray diffraction patterns confirm that all Sb 2-x Cr x Te 3 QDs crystallize in the rhombohedral R 3 _ m − D 3 d 5 structure and that Cr3+-ions had replaced Sb3+-ions. Electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra exhibit resonance signals confirming Cr3+ ion incorporation into the Sb 2 Te 3 crystal lattice. Moreover, EPR shows that the sp-d exchange interactions become less pronounced with the formation of Cr3+ ─ Cr3+ pairs. Raman scattering spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Sb2-xCrxTe3 QDs. The red and blue shifts of the normal Raman- and IR-active vibrational modes characteristic of Sb 2 Te 3 give strong evidence of the Cr3+ ion incorporation in QDs. Interestingly, the study results revealed better structural and magnetic properties. We believe that these Sb2-xCrxTe3 QDs in SNAB glass, with appropriate dopant concentration and chemical composition, are potentially efficient for thermoelectric, topological insulators, photovoltaic devices, solar cells, magnetic devices and spintronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the prognostic impact of computed tomography (CT)-defined ground glass opacity (GGO) in patients with clinical stage I–IIA grade 3 invasive non-mucinous pulmonary adenocarcinoma (INPA). The present study retrospectively enrolled 187 patients diagnosed with stage I–IIA grade 3 INPA. Their clinicopathological, radiological, and genetic information was evaluated systematically, and a 5-year follow-up was conducted to monitor disease recurrence and mortality. Patients were stratified based on the presence of a GGO component, and the Cox proportional hazard model was employed to assess the influence of clinicopathological factors and genetic variables on tumour outcomes. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Significant differences were observed in both OS and RFS based on the presence of a GGO component. The group with GGO exhibited superior OS (p= 0.002) and RFS (p= 0.029). Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of a GGO component (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.412, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.177–0.959, p= 0.040), clinical T2 stage (HR=2.473, 95% CI: 1.498–4.083, p< 0.001), pathological N2 stage (HR=3.049, 95% CI: 1.800–5.167, p< 0.001), and mixed high-grade patterns (HR=2.392, 95% CI: 1.418–4.036, p= 0.001) were predictors of RFS. The presence of a GGO component is strongly associated with a favourable prognosis in grade 3 INPA. • Research on new grading system for invasive non-mucinous pulmonary adenocarcinoma. • Ground glass opacity linked to improved grade 3 pulmonary adenocarcinoma prognosis. • The presence of ground glass opacity suggests extended follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report significant microstructure-induced dynamic visible–infrared transmittance regulation on a novel fluoroaluminate glass (AlF 3) via femtosecond-laser-customized fabrication technology. Fluoroaluminate glass, which has excellent optical transmittance in the visible–infrared wavelength range (400–5000 nm), is a candidate for visible and infrared optical devices. Based on its performance, three types of microstructures or material transitions (Snow-Layer Microstructure (SLS), Surface-Ablation Microstructure (SAS), and Interior-Modified Microstructure (IMS)) were successfully achieved using a femtosecond-laser-customized microstructure, including surface and interior fabrication routes with cylindrical lens focusing. Dynamic and reversible structural transition features were observed between the snow-layer and surface-ablation microstructures. These types of structures showed different transmittance regulation trends at visible and infrared wavelengths. The transmittance is decreased for IMS, SAS, and SLS in the visible region, while in the infrared region the transmittance increased for IMS and decreased for SAS and SLS. Based on Raman spectroscopy analyses, the chemical structures of the SAS before and after femtosecond-laser ablation appeared to remain constant, whereas the SLS showed a significant difference, giving rise to different transmittance regulations. This study provides a novel fabrication method and strategy for regulating visible and infrared transmission and promotes smart application of glass materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the As 2 O 3 /B 2 O 3 ratio on the microstructure, linear and nonlinear optical parameters of nickel borate glass was carefully investigated for the As 2 O 3 –NiO–Na 2 O–B 2 O 3 system. The As 2 O 3 content of the present glass were varied from 0 to 16 mol%, while the glass modifiers of Na 2 O and glass intermediate of NiO were fixed at 18 and 1 mol%, respectively. Based on the structural investigations, the density increased from 2.52 g cm − 3 to 2.95 g cm − 3 and the molar volume increased from 27.11 cm 3. mol − 1 to 30.07 cm 3. mol − 1 with increasing As 2 O 3 /B 2 O 3 ratios. Additionally, the presence of Ni2+ ions as NiO 6 units was confirmed by the brown color originating from the absorption band observed at 421–428 nm in the optical absorbance of the studied glass. Furthermore, the Ni3+ ions do not participate in the coloring of the glass. Moreover, the fundamental absorption edges of the glass shift towards lower energy values with increasing As 2 O 3 /B 2 O 3 concentrations, confirming the decreased behavior of the band gaps. Furthermore, the nonlinear refractive index increases with the increased As 2 O 3 /B 2 O 3 concentrations. Additionally, the ligand field parameters of Ni cations, such as the ligand field splitting parameter and Racah parameter, exhibit opposite behaviors upon introducing additional As 2 O 3 /B 2 O 3 ratio. A decrease in values of the ligand field splitting, while the Racah parameter exhibits increased values. The observed outcomes demonstrate a tendency of the bonds connecting the Ni ions and their ligands to possess higher degrees of ionic nature. Besides, the ionizing radiation properties for the prepared glasses were studied using online "Phy-X″ software in the energy range of 0.248–1.33 MeV. The ionizing radiation shielding invistigations showed enhanced parameters with further As 2 O 3 additives. Where, with increasing the amount of As 2 O 3 from 0 mol% to 16 mol%, there are increases in the mass attenuation coefficient values. Additionally, the half value layer values of the studied glass samples are lower than the values of most standard ionizing radiation shielding materials. The effective As 2 O 3 / B 2 O 3 ratio enhanced structure, optical and radiation shielding parameters of the present glass system, making these glasses suitable for ionizing radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ precipitation of CsPbBr 3 quantum dots (QDs) in glass is considered as one of the effective methods to overcome its instability and to achieve practical applications. However, it still faces the great challenges of low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), poor thermostability and photostability at present. Herein, we successfully prepared CsPbBr 3 QDs in situ within a well-designed glass matrix (CsPbBr 3 QDs@glass), which exhibits symmetric narrowband emission at 523 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 25 nm, giving a PLQY of up to 52.15 % under 455 nm excitation. Meanwhile, it can keep 45.25 % of the initial luminescence intensity at 373 K, better than that of most reported CsPbBr 3 QDs@glass materials. As a demonstration of a conceptual application, a white LED backlight strip was fabricated at home by encapsulating CsPbBr 3 QDs@glass composite and K 2 SiF 6 :Mn4+ red phosphor on blue chips with silicone, achieving a wide color gamut of 128.6 % and 95.8 % of NTSC and Rec. 2020 color gamut, respectively. The assembled CsPbBr 3 QDs@glass-based LCD screen exhibits excellent color reproduction and color saturation. All these results demonstrate that this CsPbBr 3 QDs@glass composite material is a promising green emitter for wide color gamut LCD display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the Nd3+-doped Na 2 O/NaF-Al 2 O 3 -Y 2 O 3 -P 2 O 5 glass and transparent glass-ceramics were fabricated by conventional melting-quenching and subsequent heat treatment. The glass structure was studied by XRD, DSC, and FTIR spectrum, the fluorophosphate glass exhibits a more compact cross-link network. The UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectra, Judd-Ofelt theory, and photoluminescence spectra were used to explore the absorption and NIR spectroscopic features of the Nd3+-doped phosphate and fluorophosphate glasses. Under the excitation of 582 nm, the intense NIR emission in the Nd3+-doped glasses originating from the internal transition 4F 3/2 → 4I J/2 (J = 13, 11 and 9) was observed, and the transition 4F 3/2 → 4I 11/2 (1053 nm) is the most dominate. The transparent glass-ceramics (GC) was fabricated via heat treating on the precursor glass (PG) at T g +100 °C, and the precipitation of NaYP 2 O 7 crystals in GC was confirmed by XRD and SEM. With the benefit of the existence of the NaYP 2 O 7 crystals, the Nd3+-doped GC exhibits higher NIR emission intensity, higher quantum efficiency (72.85% and 84.11%), larger σ(λ p) values of 4.24×10-20 cm2 and 4.86×10-20 cm2, larger σ × Δλ eff values of 10.22×10-26 cm3 and 11.67×10-26 cm3 than that of PG. These results indicate that the Nd3+-doped phosphate and fluorophosphate glasses and glass-ceramics may be used as a gain medium for 1053 nm laser emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold sintering process is one of the low-environmental load technologies that are attracting attention in recent years. Herein, KOH/NaOH solutions with 5–20 M were utilized to aid densification of cold sintered lithium disilicate (Li 2 O·2SiO 2 or Li 2 Si 2 O 5 , written as LD) glass materials, and roles of K+/Na+ ions in densification process were investigated. Under the sintering conditions of 300 MPa, 180 °C and 30 min, delayed densifications were observed for cold sintered LD glass samples prepared with KOH solutions than those prepared with NaOH solutions. The optimized concentration was 20 M for KOH solutions used to aid densification, and sharply reduced to 10 M for NaOH solutions. Correspondingly, the highest relative densities and flexural strengths of sintered samples prepared with 20 M KOH and 10 M NaOH solutions were 89.3%, 90.7 MPa and 89.0%, 88.9 MPa, respectively. In comparison with K+ ions ionized from KOH solutions, smaller ionic size and higher concentration gradient made Na+ ions ionized from NaOH solutions more easily diffuse into hydrolyzed silicate structures including K+ ions, and thereby Na+ ions might play better roles in catalyzing hydrolyzation process induced by OH− ions and aiding densification process of cold sintered LD glass materials than K+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state-of-the-art fractographic guidelines for glasses and fine ceramics, ASTM C1678, are only applicable to limited fracture scenarios. This work outlines a new method to analyze fracture scenarios outside ASTM C1678′s scope. The proposed methodology consists of a two-step process: initially, optical images of the fracture surfaces are obtained, and visual analysis is used to highlight the characteristic fractographic features. Next, the selected features are automatically compared to a baseline set of virtual fracture patterns tailored to any relevant fracture scenarios obtained by numerical phase-field simulations. As validation, scenarios with fractures originating at the glass plates' edges for both sharp and chamfered corners were analyzed. Strength estimates within 6% of experimental results were achieved with the proposed method. In the future, this technique could be implemented to carry out fractographic analysis on brittle components of arbitrary shapes and loadings, hence substantially extending the application range and accuracy of fractographic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) usually face problems such as lack of red emission, color difference caused by different degradation rates of multiphase phosphors and the poor thermal stability of the organic encapsulants. The development of new single-phase phosphors and glass can solve these problems well. Sr 3 B 14 O 24 :RE3+ (RE = Ce, Tb, Sm, Eu) phosphors and glass were synthesized by solid-phase method. The obtained Sr 3 B 14 O 24 :RE3+ (RE = Ce, Tb, Sm, Eu) samples showed multicolor emission including blue, green, orange and red, respectively. The optimal excitation wavelength of these samples was located in the blue or ultraviolet (UV) light regions, which were well matched with the blue-violet light chips to manufacture WLEDs. More interestingly, UV absorption was found in Sr 3 B 14 O 24 :Ce3+/4+ glass samples. The doping of dual-valence cerium ions could enhance the shielding performance in the light of inferences drawn from the UV-Vis absorption and transmission spectra of glass samples. By co-doping different concentrations of Cs+ ions in Sr 3 B 14 O 24 :Ce3+/4+ glass samples, the function of near infrared (NIR) shielding was also realized. As a new optical multifunctional material, rare earth doped Sr 3 B 14 O 24 have great potential for application in WLEDs, UV and NIR shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a green energy source with zero pollutant emissions and increasing demand. Hydrogen sensors are required due to the flammable nature of hydrogen in air. Current catalytic combustion hydrogen sensors based on membrane platforms strike a balance between sensitivity and mechanical strength. A thick catalyst layer allows enhanced sensor sensitivity, producing an acceptable sensor signal change. A hydrogen sensor with a thick catalyst layer is introduced on soda-lime glass, which has low thermal conductivity and prefabricated catalyst anchoring channels. The hydrogen sensor is composed of a 44 Ω platinum sensing electrode and a 100 Ω gold microheater, both of which are coated with a thin layer of alumina. The sensing electrode is buried in the catalyst anchoring channels with a 10 μm depth and 78 μm width using a hydrogen combustible catalyst. The response for 1 % H 2 in air is 9.43 % in a test chamber at 80 °C with a response time of 48 s and recovery time of 75 s. The calculated temperature increment due to catalytic combustion is 84 °C. A hydrogen sensor with a thick catalyst layer on soda-lime glass shows enhanced heat generation, resulting in an improved thermoresistive response, and consistent mechanical support. [Display omitted] • A thick catalyst layer shows an enhanced sensitivity in a hydrogen sensor. • Catalyst anchoring channels on soda-lime glass retain a thick catalyst layer. • In the test chamber at 80 °C, the calculated temperature increment for 1 % H 2 is 84 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium zinc borophosphate (LZBP) glasses, imbedded with Sm3+, Eu3+, & Sm3+/Eu3+ ions in solely and combinedly were synthesized using melt-quenching technique, and their energy-transfer-dependent photoluminescence (PL)-related characteristics were explored. LZBP: 0.5 % Sm3+ and LZBP: 0.5 % Eu3+ glasses exhibited intense orange and red emissions under 404 and 394 nm excitation wavelengths, respectively. When the Sm3+/Eu3+ codoped glass systems were excited with Sm3+ excitation (404 nm), has lead to a noticeable drop in the emission intensity of Sm3+ peaks at 562 nm (4G 5/2 → 6H 5/2 ; yellow), 602 nm (4G 5/2 → 6H 7/2 , orange), and 645 nm (4G 5/2 → 6H 9/2 , red) whereas the emission intensity of Eu3+ peaks at 591 nm (5D 0 →7F 1 ; orange) and 617 nm (5D 0 →7F 2 ; red) has enhanced. At the same time, the decay lifetime of singly doped Sm3+ decreased from 1.54 to 0.91 ms, with codoping different concentrations of Eu3+ ions. The decrease in both PL intensity and lifetimes of Sm3+ in the presence of Eu3+ suggests an efficient energy transfer (ET) from Sm3+→Eu3+, which is facilitated by dipole-dipole interaction. The ET from Sm3+→Eu3+ achieved through the channels, Sm3+:4G 5/2 + Eu3+:7F 1 → Sm3+:6H 7/2 + Eu3+:5D 0 and Sm3+:4G 5/2 + Eu3+:7F 2 → Sm3+:6H 5/2 + Eu3+:5D 1. Furthermore, ET from Sm3+ to Eu3+ is supported by the spectral overlay between Sm3+ emission and Eu3+ absorption, ET parameters (η (Sm 3 + ⟶ Eu 3 + ) = 40.91 % and P (Sm 3 + ⟶ Eu 3 + ) = 1098.9 S-1). The shift in color coordinated from orange to red, with an increase in Eu3+ doping content in the codoped glasses at 404 nm excitation demonstrates the promising application of the Sm3+/Eu3+ codoped glass system in orange-red light-emitting diodes. LZBP: 0.5 Sm3+/1.0 Eu3+ codoped glass exhibited good thermal stability (E a = 0.19 eV), depending on temperature-dependent PL properties. The quantum yield (η) for the LZBP glass containing 0.5 Sm3+/1.0 Eu3+ codoped ions is evaluated to be 44.6 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the La 2 O 3 addition on the microstructure, linear and nonlinear optical parameters of nickel borate glass was carefully investigated for the La 2 O 3 –NiO–BaO–B 2 O 3 system. The La 2 O 3 content of the present glass was varied from 0.0 to 10.0 mol%, while the glass modifiers of BaO and glass intermediate of NiO were fixed at 19 and 1.5 mol%, respectively. Based on the structural investigations, the bond density remarkably increased from 7.37 × 10 19 m − 3 to 8.66 × 10 19 m − 3 by a ratio of 18 % with increasing La 2 O 3 /B 2 O 3 ratios. Additionally, the presence of Ni2+ ions as NiO 6 units was confirmed by the brown shade originating from the absorption band observed at 427 nm in the optical absorbance of the studied glass. Furthermore, the Ni3+ ions do not play a role in the coloring of the glass. Moreover, the fundamental absorption edges of the glass shift towards lower energy values with increasing La 2 O 3 concentrations, confirming the decreased behavior of the band gaps. Moreover, the linear and nonlinear refractive indices increase with increasing of La 2 O 3 concentrations. Additionally, the ligand field characteristics of Ni cations, such as the ligand field splitting parameter and Racah parameter, exhibit opposite behaviors upon introducing additional La 2 O 3 content. A decrease in values of the ligand field splitting, while the Racah parameters exhibit increased values. The observed outcomes demonstrate a tendency of the bonds connecting the Ni ions and their ligands to possess higher degrees of ionic nature. Based on the results, the present glass samples can function as solar thermal collectors by collecting sunlight and utilizing it for direct heating and indirect electrical power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]