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Highlights • Timeline to peak CO 2 emissions remains hard to determine for the developing world. • China has a great chance to reach an earlier peak of CO 2 emissions before 2030. • Peaking CO 2 emissions by 2040 will be too high to pay for India and hardly to realize. • A rapid transition of major developing nations into low-carbon sustainable pathways. • Four topics urgently require further study in the future. Abstract The developing world will largely determine the trajectory of future global CO 2 emissions. An accurate projection of CO 2 emissions from the developing world and a good understanding of possible timelines and pathways to reach their peaks are of great significance to combat global climate change. This issue has recently attracted increasing attention; however, it is far from solved. China and India are the two largest developing countries and have a decisive influence on CO 2 emissions growth across the developing world. This article critically reviews the current literature regarding CO 2 emissions projections of the developing world, particularly of China and India, with an aim to summarize recent study progresses and enlighten future studies. It is generally agreed that China will peak its CO 2 emissions by 2030 and has an excellent chance of reaching an earlier peak during 2020–2030. By contrast, India is very likely to undergo sustained emissions growths for decades. The constraints of keeping global warming below 2 °C may enable India to peak CO 2 emissions by 2040; however, the associated costs will be too high to pay. Across the developing world, the timeline to peak CO 2 emission remains difficult to determine; however, a rapid transition of major developing countries towards low-carbon sustainable development is essential for reaching such a peak. Four topics urgently require further study in the future: improvements in study methodology and data, key country groups and fields to peak CO 2 emissions, the peak morphology and post-peak CO 2 emissions in China, and a more in-depth understanding of the timeline and pathway to peak CO 2 emissions in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Recent advances on optical biosensors for microbial toxins detection were reviewed. • Strategies for improving the analytical performance were highlighted. • Optical biosensors based on various signal transducers were reviewed. • Challenges and future prospects of optical biosensors were discussed. Microbial toxins with high toxicity have caused significant threats to human health, economics and ecological environment, attracting considerable attentions around the world. Developing specific, highly sensitive, reliable, rapid and cost-effective detection technologies is essential to confront such threats. In recent years, novel optical biosensors due to their simple design, autonomous operation, fast response, high-frequency monitoring without extensive sample preparation and excellent recognition capability have been applied in the ultrasensitive detection of trace microbial toxins. In this paper, the recent advances of various novel optical biosensors for microbial toxins determination are summarized with emphasis on fluorescent, colorimetric, chemiluminescent, electrochemiluminescent, surface plasmon resonance and surface enhanced Raman scattering biosensors. Furthermore, the advantages, current development status, limitations in practical application, and future prospects of these technologies were also discussed comprehensively. It is expected to promote the future development and wide application of optical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The harsh climate in Sudan presents unique challenges in meeting growing demands for power and water. The international demand of water increases compared to the available water resources, due to recent development water resources for different uses. In many areas especially in Red Sea areas, there is serious a shortage of potable water. These areas are enjoyed with a high intensity of solar energy. The move towards a de-carbonised world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use of natural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases and provides comfortable coexistence of human, livestock, and plants. This study reviews the energy-using technologies based on natural resources, which are available to and applicable in the farming industry. Among these are greenhouses, which are necessary for the growth of some plants (i.e., vegetables, flowers, etc.), in severe climates. Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of CO2 and NO x emissions and CFCs triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly cooling, and heating technologies. Under the 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. It was therefore considered desirable to reduce energy consumption and decrease the rate of depletion of world energy reserves and pollution of the environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Uncertainties in acquisition, processing, market, and other stages of the closed-loop supply chain have greatly added to the complexity of remanufacturing and have reduced process efficiency, impeding the sustainable development of industries and circular economy. Recently, an increasing number of studies have been published that focus on the uncertainty analysis of closed-loop supply chain. Thus, this article aims to examine previous research on the uncertainties that are inherent characteristics of a closed-loop supply chain, and to provide constructive prospects for future research. Based on these aims, we selected 302 papers published in the "Web of Science" core database from 2004 to 2018. We analyze the causes of uncertainties at different stages, and identify appropriate methods for quantifying the impacts of the uncertainties on production processes. As a result, from a macro level, and based on a visualization method, we present the themes, development, and evolution of popular research topics in the previous literature. From a micro level, and based on the methodology, we conduct a systematic evaluation of uncertainty factors, methods, and solutions. Finally, we clarify a breakthrough point for future research. By optimizing the impacts of uncertainties on closed-loop supply chain, we can effectively and efficiently realize sustainable development and cleaner production in a closed-loop supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]