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Milk of calcium (MOC) pericardial effusion (PE) is extremely rare and has rarely been reported. A 78-year-old man was referred to our institution because of breathlessness and bilateral leg edema. Echocardiography revealed mild PE. In addition, abrupt posterior motion of the ventricular septum in early diastole was observed. A non-contrast chest computed tomography revealed a hyperdense PE, with Hounsfield units of 130, suggestive of MOC PE. Right heart catheterization (RHC) revealed that the right ventricular pressure had a dip and plateau pattern. We diagnosed the patient with constrictive pericarditis (CP) with MOC PE. As the right heart failure secondary to CP was refractory to medical therapy, we decided to perform surgical treatment. During pericardiectomy, a highly viscous PE, of which the color was pale and reddish brown, was aspirated. Chemical analysis of the PE revealed a very high calcium content of 39.2 mmol/L. The clinical symptoms secondary to CP improved. RHC performed postoperatively confirmed the disappearance of a dip and plateau pattern in the right ventricular pressure. In conclusion, we experienced a of CP with MOC PE and surgical treatment contributed to the improvement of the clinical symptoms and pericardial constriction secondary to CP. Because constrictive pericarditis (CP) with milk of calcium (MOC) pericardial effusion (PE) can cause severe morbidity and even mortality, the early diagnosis of CP is important in patients suspected of having MOC PE. MOC PE has hyperdensity on computed tomography, so its findings could be helpful in the diagnosis of MOC PE. Pericardiectomy for CP with MOC PE may contribute to the improvement of the clinical symptoms and pericardial constriction secondary to CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery involvement with Takayasu arteritis (TA) are challenging. In this study, we report different clinical scenarios of two TA cases without Typical symptoms of TA that initially presented in the form of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patient 1 was a 24-year-old Japanese woman without coronary risk factors who presented with exertional chest pain, dyspnea, and syncope. Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) revealed a considerable lesion of the right coronary artery and the left main trunk. Ventricular fibrillation was observed immediately after the procedure. Despite conventional treatment, she died on day 16. Patient 2 was a 34-year-old Japanese woman without coronary risk factors who developed cardiogenic shock during a treadmill test for exertional chest pain. Coronary computed tomography angiography confirmed severe left main stenosis, presenting as ACS caused by TA. She was started on steroid therapy before coronary artery bypass grafting, resulting in a good postoperative course and no recurrence of chest pain. Therefore, coronary computed tomography angiography likely is useful for the early diagnosis of TA in young women with typical chest symptoms of ACS. It may help in avoiding complications associated with ICA. When young women with a low pre-test probability of coronary artery disease present with typical anginal symptoms, Takayasu arteritis (TA) should be suspected despite the absence of symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or myalgia. Coronary computed tomography angiography is safe for rapid diagnosis and decision-making when patients suspected of having TA initially manifest an unstable condition such as acute coronary syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: BackgroundAutologous cell transplantation may restore viable muscle after a myocardial infarction. We compared the effect of three cell types or an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor on preservation of ventricular function after cardiac injury.: MethodsA uniform transmural myocardial scar was created in adult rats by cryoinjury. Three weeks later the rats were randomly assigned to one of four blinded treatments: transplantation with 5 × 106 aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC, n = 12), ventricular heart cells (VHC, n = 13), skeletal muscle cells (SKC, n = 13) or culture medium alone (control, n = 11). The ACE inhibitor group (n = 8) received enalapril (1.0 mg/kg per day), also beginning 3 weeks after cryoinjury. Five and 12 weeks after transplantation, left ventricle (LV) function was assessed in a Langendorff apparatus, and histologic and immunohistological evaluation of the LV scars was performed.: ResultsAt 5 weeks, greater scar elastin content and better LV function was noted with cell transplantation or ACE inhibitor therapy compared with control rats (p < 0.05). Twelve weeks after transplantation, cell-transplanted rats still had greater elastin content and better LV function than control rats, although elastin content and LV function had declined in ACE inhibitor-treated animals to levels below those observed in control rats (p < 0.05).: ConclusionsTransplantation of SMC, VHC, and SKC preserved ventricular function equivalent to the effects of an ACE inhibitor. Muscle cell transplantation, but not ACE inhibitor therapy, continues to be effective later after cryoinjury. No differences were detected between the muscle cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]