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• A group decision-making method with improved Hamming-Hausdorff distance and weighted bidirectional projection is proposed. • This study combined the fuzziness of decision-making environment with the psychological behavior and risk attitude of decision-making experts to establish a decision-making model based on IVIFS and TODIM method. • Based on the membership matrix, non-membership matrix of individual expert, the weighted membership matrix and non-membership matrix of the group, the similarity between the individual expert and the group is calculated to determine the weight of each expert. • This study fully considers the relationship between membership and non-membership matrix of each expert's decision matrix and average decision matrix, and calculates the projected values of membership matrix and non-membership matrix respectively, and then merges the two projected values to obtain expert weight. In view of multi-attribute group decision-making in interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number and the completely unknown attribute weight, group decision-making method with improved Hamming-Hausdorff distance and weighted bidirectional projection is proposed. Considering the determination of expert weight, an expert weight solving method is proposed based on weighted bidirectional projection. Firstly, the decision matrix of each decision-making expert is aggregated to form a weighted decision matrix. Then, based on the membership matrix, non-membership matrix of individual expert, the weighted membership matrix and non-membership matrix of the group, the similarity between the individual expert and the group is calculated to determine the weight of each expert. Not only does it fully utilize decision data, but it also solves the problem of similarity misjudgment in traditional projection methods. In addition, considering completely unknown attribute weight information, the group decision-making matrix information is thoroughly examined, the definition of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy entropy and related calculation methods are introduced, and a linear programming decision-making method is proposed based on accuracy function of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set. Based on the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy distance measure function of improved Hamming-Hausdorff distance, the dominance among schemes is determined using TODIM method to obtain the overall dominance of each scheme relative to other schemes, and the optimal scheme is determined by comparison and sorting. Finally, the rationality and validity of the proposed method are verified by optimal selection of venture capital research and development project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since Distributed Virtual Environments (DVEs) aim to simulate the scenarios in the real world, it is required to consistently preserve the causality of event delivery with real-time property at each node in a DVE. However, for the DVEs, especially those running on WAN and containing large- scale simulation nodes with asynchronous simulation clocks, maintaining causality of events in real time becomes a problem. In this article, a novel causality consistency approach is proposed to compare the asynchronous time values of different nodes, and keep the cause-effect relationship among received events by analyzing the causal control information recorded in the adjacency list. The experiment results show that the approach can preserve the causality of event delivery with small control overhead and consequently meet the real-time requirement of DVEs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the rapid development of the network and communication technologies, more and more decentralized network systems are implemented on the Wide Area Network (WAN). In this kind of systems, there is no central control server so that the solely communication mode is directly exchanging messages among the distributed sites. However, it is one of the most challenging problems for a large-scale decentralized network system on WAN to request each site of it to deliver the received messages with causality in real time, particularly when the time advance of each site is asynchronous for one another. In this article, an original and distributed causality communication algorithm is proposed that takes the minimal calculable moment into consideration. The experimental results present that the algorithm has a low overhead with respect to the amount of control information appended to each message and ensures that the received messages are delivered with causality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: How to keep the real-time preservation of causal order delivery of events is one of the key challenges in a Distributed virtual Environment (DVE), especially in which the computing nodes don’t have common simulation clock with one another. However, when a DVE is applied on wide area network, it seems difficult for the traditional control methods to distributedly maintain the causal order due the large and dynamic message transmission delay. Therefore, we analyze the root of this problem and propose a novel event ordering control method based on the message transmission time interval. With this method, the causal control information selected for an event could have the characteristic that the amount of it is irrelevant to the scale of the computing nodes. The evaluation results of groups of experiments demonstrate that the method can ffectively preserve the causal order delivery of events in real time and has the good scalability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Information security risk assessment is an important assessment method and decision-making mechanism during the course to establish the information security system, and it is also an important part of information security research. This paper reviews the development of information security risk assessment and points out the importance of it in each application field. Furthermore, the problem of information security risk assessment is proposed, and the major methods in the field of information security risk assessment are elaborated, analyzed and studied. Finally, the work processes at present and the development prospects in the future are discussed. To sum up, the work in this paper has the valuable significance both in theory and practice on all aspects of the construction of information and the development of information security. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For a distributed multimedia system into which hu- mans or devices are embedded, data is required to be transmitted and delivered in real time. Moreover, the delivery has to be ensured with causal order, otherwise, the confusing anomalies to the participants might happen. However, while a distributed multimedia system is running on WAN, especially with a large number of participating sites, the traditional mechanisms are not suitable to maintain the causality in real time due to the large message transmission latency in the network. In this paper, we propose the novel causal order mechanisms for ensuring the real- time causal consistency. The mechanisms use the virtual receiving time to reduce the amount of causal control information in each message and diminish the transmission overheaad. Experimental results show that the mechanisms could damp the network latency effects and preserve the causal order consistency with the real-time requirement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aims to investigate the underexplored prevalence of placebo-reported immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) trials. We searched public databases for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) involving ICI versus placebo treatments in patients with malignancies. Study characteristics and irAEs occurrences were extracted for meta-analyses using a random-effects model. Proportions of patients reported to experience any grade and grade 3 to 5 placebo irAEs; the risk ratio (RR) of reporting 'false' irAEs in the experiment arm (defined as 'false-irAE ratio', calculated by dividing the proportion of patients documented with irAEs in the placebo arm by that in the experimental arm). 47 RCTs with 30,119 patients were analyzed. The pooled proportion of patients reported to experience any grade and grade 3 to 5 irAEs among placebo participants was 22.85 % (17.33 %−29.50 %) and 3.40 % (2.35 %−4.63 %), respectively. The pooled proportion of placebo-treated patients who experienced serious irAEs was 0.67 % (0.03 %−1.91 %). Treatment discontinuation and death due to placebo irAEs occurred in 0.69 % (<0.01 %−1.30 %) and 0.12 % (<0.01 %−0.40 %) of patients, respectively. The false-irAE ratio for any grade and grade 3 to 5 irAEs were 0.49 and 0.28. The false-irAE ratio was significantly higher in RCTs with control arms of placebo plus non-immunotherapy than in those with placebo alone (any grade: 0.57 vs. 0.32, P < 0.001; grade 3 to 5: 0.36 vs. 0.12, P = 0.009). Our analyses of placebo-treated participants in ICI RCTs document the common occurrence of placebo irAEs. These findings are important for interpreting irAE profiles, avoiding inappropriate therapeutic interventions. [Display omitted] • The study firstly assessed the incidence of placebo-reported irAE in RCT trials. • Pooled incidence of any grade irAEs among placebo recipients was 22.85 %. • False-irAE ratio is 0.49 for any grade and 0.28 for grade 3 to 5 irAEs. • Findings will shed light into better interpretation of irAE profiles in RCT trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to China's escalating demand for renewable energy and carbon emissions reduction, and given its prominent position as one of the fastest-growing nations in photovoltaic (PV) development, a comprehensive assessment of the potential of both centralized and distributed photovoltaic systems in China is crucial. However, current research on PV potential assessment presents several challenges. Therefore, this study presents a five-dimensional assessment model, encompassing geographical, technical, economic, CO 2 mitigation, and realizable potential, to systematically map China's centralized photovoltaic (CPV) and distributed photovoltaic (DPV) potential. The findings underscore the vast PV potential across the country, with areas of 3.11 million km2 and 252.72 thousand km2 deemed suitable for CPV and DPV development, respectively. This corresponds to a technical potential of 416,383.27 and 28,261.53 TWh/yr for CPV and DPV, respectively. Furthermore, this study explored the economic potential of CPV and DPV, revealing that the generation costs of both CPV and DPV in China are in proximity to the feed-in tariffs. With technological advancements and economies of scale, a broader PV potential is projected to be economically feasible by 2030. Full implementation of the current economic potential can yield an annual CO 2 mitigation of 54.20 and 8.39 gigatonnes (Gt) using CPV and DPV, respectively. Notably, China's PV potential exhibits distinct regional heterogeneity, with CPV potential concentrated primarily in the western region and DPV potential distributed predominantly across the eastern provinces. This study identified the most resource-intensive areas in the western region of Inner Mongolia for CPV and in the coastal regions of Guangdong and Shandong provinces for DPV. Considering policy imperatives and the development status, China's PV sector holds tremendous potential to significantly contribute to carbon reduction targets. Based on the findings, policy recommendations are proposed, emphasizing the imperative of jointly developing CPV and DPV systems, as well as implementing phased and planned growth strategies for PV growth. • A five-dimensional assessment estimated China's PV feasibility and CO 2 mitigation. • China has 416,383.27 TWh/yr CPV potential and 28,261.53 TWh/yr DPV potential. • China's CPV and DPV are at a critical point: the LCOE is close to the feed-in tariff. • Photovoltaic development can contribute to China's carbon reduction goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has ambitious renewable energy development plans after undergoing a rapid development phase for wind power. China's prospects for wind development affect the global decarbonization path. The question of where to deploy turbines of this magnitude to achieve technical feasibility, high economic competitiveness, and high emission reduction has become an urgent issue for China. Due to regional differences in wind resources and economic development, the deployment of wind power in China requires clarity on the likely siting and investment costs. It requires an accurate assessment of the exploitable possibilities of wind energy resources in China, which provides practical solutions for national and regional wind energy development. In this study, a multi-potential assessment was developed to estimate the feasibility and emission reduction contribution of wind power using a combined GIS-based approach and learning curves. It is found that there are large areas of land and ocean available for wind farms in China, especially the desert in the northwest and the coastal area of Fujian province. The technical potential of onshore and offshore wind power is 8650.33 TWh/yr and 11298.9 TWh/yr, respectively. Moreover, 76.06% and 20.69% of onshore and offshore wind, respectively, could be supplied economically. The optimal areas for building onshore wind by 2030 are located in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Xinjiang, while the optimal construction area for offshore wind power is mainly the coastal area of Fujian. Wind energy has a large potential to meet China's electricity demand and is set to be more cost-competitive as time passes. The cost of onshore and offshore wind will decrease by 25–53% and 21–46%, respectively, by 2030. Wind development could contribute 7823.73–10723.50 Mt CO 2 reduction during 2021–2030, which could help decarbonize China's energy system. • A multi-potential assessment is developed to estimate the feasibility and emission reduction of wind power. • China's onshore and offshore wind generation could reach 8650 TWh/yr and 11299 TWh/yr respectively. • 76.06% of onshore and 20.69% of offshore wind energy can be supplied economically. • Northwestern China was the most optimal option for wind power operation. • China's wind energy deployment could cut carbon emissions by 7824–10724 Mt CO 2 in 2021–2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Decarbonizing transport will be necessary to limit global warming below 2 °C. Due to persistent reliance on fossil fuels, it is posited that transport is more difficult to decarbonize than other sectors. To test this hypothesis, we compare long-term transport energy demand and emission projections for China, USA and the world from five large-scale energy-economy models. We diagnose the model's characteristics by subjecting them to three climate policies. We systematically analyze mitigation levers along the chain of causality from mobility to emissions, finding that some models lack relevant mitigation options. We partially confirm that transport is less reactive to a given carbon tax than the non-transport sectors: in the first half of the century, transport mitigation is delayed by 10–30 years compared to non-transport mitigation. At high carbon prices towards the end of the century, however, the three global models achieve deep transport emission reductions by >90% through the use of advanced vehicle technologies and low-carbon primary energy; especially biomass with CCS (carbon capture and sequestration) plays a crucial role. The extent to which earlier mitigation is possible strongly depends on implemented technologies and model structure. Compared to the global models, the two partial-equilibrium models are less flexible in their reaction to climate policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]