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To assess the efficacy of the metal artifact reduction algorithm (MARA) of the Cranex 3D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) device in the detection of peri-implant dehiscence and fenestration around zirconia implants. In total, 60 implants were placed in bovine ribs. Dehiscence and fenestration defects were created around the implants, after which 60 CBCT images were obtained with and 60 without activation of MARA. Three radiologists examined the images for the presence of defects. The area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristic analysis, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated to assess the ability to discriminate the presence vs absence of bone defects. One-way analysis of variance was employed to analyze outcome measures. The significance level was established at 5% (α = 0.05). AUC values indicated excellent discrimination of dehiscence on images with MARA activation and an excellent to outstanding range of discrimination with MARA deactivation. For fenestration, MARA activation and deactivation both led to outstanding discrimination. Sensitivity and specificity values revealed that activation of MARA was helpful in distinguishing the presence vs. absence of dehiscence, while both MARA conditions were helpful for fenestration. However, there were no statistically significant differences between MARA activation and deactivation for any outcome measure (P >.05). CBCT is suitable for detecting peri-implant defects, but MARA application does not significantly affect peri-implant dehiscence and fenestration detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vertebral fractures (VF) are associated with poorer quality of life, morbidity, and mortality in aging, and are the main risk factors for new VF or fractures in other sites. Thus, to explore them in the elderly is important, especially considering the very elderly individuals (age ≥ 80), who belong to the fastest growing population in the world, a portion that is still very little studied. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, specific characteristics and associations of VFs in a very elderly population. Method: Observational, descriptive, and analytical cross-sectional study of the "Longevous Project" – São Paulo, Brazil, an ongoing prospective cohort that includes elderly of both gender, aged 80 yr or more. For the diagnosis of VF 2 methods were used VFA ("VF Assessment) by bone densitometry and X-ray, by 2 independent physicians, and using the Genant semiquantitative technique. The VFs by VFA were correlated with demographic, anthropometric, clinical, laboratory, and densitometric data. Statistical tests applied were qui-square and ANOVA. Results: We analyzed data of 125 individuals with a mean age of 86.7 ± 4.1 yr and majority of female (71.2%). The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 35.5% and 47.6%, respectively. A higher prevalence of VF was verified by VFA (30.4%) than by X-ray (20.8%), besides the majority was considered severe, 52.6% and 57.7%, by VFA and X-ray, respectively. A concordance index between the 2 methods was considered regular for the diagnosis of VF (Kappa = 0.419), and good for the VF severity (Kappa = 0.743). The VF were significantly associated to bone densitometry analysis VF (p = 0.05), and its severity was significantly correlated with total hip BMD (p = 0.049) and glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.017). Conclusion: This study observed a high prevalence of VF in a very elderly population, being the great majority severe fractures and suggests that VFA might be more effective to detect VF in oldest-old individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directive 2014/89/EU provided a common framework for MSP in Europe, aiming to promote the sustainable development of maritime activities. However, its implementation has been facing various challenges in different Member States. This paper presents the evolution of MSP in Portugal and analyses how the conditions set by the directive have been addressed, particularly in the environmental domain. The analyses are mainly achieved through existing literature and the positions taken by the National Council for Environment and Sustainable Development. Portuguese efforts around MSP started before the approval of the directive and allowed a valuable learning experience. The legal diplomas later adopted provided a framework for developing marine spatial plans with a more comprehensive architecture of the MSP system. While some issues remain in terms of meeting some of the requirements of the directive, operational procedures and assessment of MSP implementation, there are positive aspects highlighted with the entire presentation of the situation of MSP in Portugal so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We evaluate if Eucalyptus plantations are novel or hybrid ecosystems. • We compare biotic and abiotic components among the ecosystems evaluated. • Eucalyptus plantations are hybrid ecosystems. • Proper management of this system might improve its conservation value. • Modified ecosystems present different potential for biodiversity conservation. Abstract Novel and hybrid ecosystems present different conservation values for native species. Therefore, the classification of modified ecosystems into a novel or hybrid state is an essential step to assist conservation strategies for biodiversity. During the last decades, plantations of Eucalyptus have increased in the highly threatened Atlantic Forest region, highlighting the importance of defining this ecosystem as novel or hybrid. In this study, we evaluated whether Eucalyptus plantations are novel or hybrid ecosystems by contrasting biotic components (dung beetle communities) and abiotic components (local environmental variables) within historical (Atlantic Forest remnants) and non-historical (pasture) environments in the Atlantic Forest biome, located in Bahia state, Brazil. Our results show that Eucalyptus plantations should be classified and managed as a hybrid ecosystem in this biome. Of the 21 dung beetle species found in Eucalyptus , ten were shared with historical forests (52.6% of Eucalyptus species) and 6 with pastures (31.5%). Eucalyptus plantations have environmental aspects similar to both historical forests and pastures. Despite presenting similar components to historical and non-historical ecosystems, Eucalyptus plantations are sufficiently distinct not to be classified as either one of them. Our results highlight the potential conservation value of Eucalyptus plantations in the Atlantic Forest region as complementary habitat for historical species, and we discuss how alternative management at landscape and stand (local) scales might increase this value. Although dung beetles are an excellent group to monitor biodiversity, we reinforce the necessity to perform further studies using another taxon that present different ecosystem requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites from the Leishmania genus, representing a significant global public health issue that affects thousands of individuals daily. The existing treatment options are primarily based on pentavalent antimonials. However, adverse side effects, resistance, and ineffectiveness are frequently being reported. Microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, synthesize a broad range of compounds that could potentially serve as candidates for new drug development, given their rapid growth and minimal nutritional requirements. Among these, cyanobacteria have been the most extensively studied, while only one study has examined three genera of microalgae (Nannochloris spp., Picochlorum sp., and Desmochloris sp.). To date, only phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and peptides have demonstrated in vitro leishmanicidal activity, with peptides being the most promising source for the development of future pharmacological products against Leishmania. [Display omitted] • Lyngbya majuscula cyanobacteria was the most studied specie. • Phenolic compounds, carotenoids and peptides show Leishmanicidal activity. • Peptides cause alterations on the structure of the membrane. • Bioactives from photosynthetic microorganisms with leishmanicidal effects are scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our objective was to analyze the characteristics that affect skeletal Class I adults with mandibular asymmetries using cone-beam computerized tomography.Methods: The sample included cone-beam computerized tomography images of 120 subjects. Asymmetry was determined by the deviation of gnathion from the midsagittal plane and classified as relative symmetry, moderate asymmetry, or severe asymmetry. Maxillary and mandibular measurements were made, and the differences between the contralateral side and the deviated side were evaluated, as well as the differences between the categories of asymmetry.Results: For patients with moderate asymmetry, there were significant differences between the contralateral and deviated sides for some measuments in the transverse and vertical planes. For those with severe asymmetry, statistically significant differences were found between the sides for all measurements, except for the measuments that evaluated the position of the mandibular condyle in the transverse and sagittal directions. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found in patients with severe asymmetry, between the deviation of the mandibular dental midline and the lateral displacement of gnathion.Conclusions: Patients with relative symmetry had a bilateral balance, whereas those with moderate and severe asymmetries showed several skeletal imbalances. A great deviation of the mandibular dental midline may indicate severe skeletal asymmetry in Class I adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the perceptions and knowledge of nursing students on the identification and intervention care among users of cocaine (smoked) patients. A cross-sectional survey design was conducted with 164 undergraduate nursing students of two nursing school from Northeast of Brazil. A questionnaire on knowledge and attitudes and therapeutic commitment towards the use of cocaine (smoked) were used. The students stated that they received contents of substance misuse in the curriculum of nursing. Only 10% of the students reported that they had adequate knowledge on addiction to dealing with cocaine (smoked) users and wish to work with these users. There are positive perceptions on motivation, task specific self-esteem and work satisfaction among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND A growing number of people find themselves in conditions of extreme poverty, which often makes living on the streets the only option. Living conditions in this setting exert a direct impact on health and self-care. Health care for the homeless population should be planned in an interdisciplinary and intersectoral manner. In this context, nursing diagnoses constitute an essential part of the systemization of care. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were to identify nursing diagnoses of a homeless population and propose nursing interventions based on the findings in light of the Nursing Outcomes Classification and Nursing Interventions Classification. DESIGN AND SETTING A descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted on the streets of the city of Recife in northeastern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 274 male and female adult homeless individuals. METHODS Data collection involved the administration of a semi-structured interview, the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the International Neuropsychiatric Interview. RESULTS The most prevalent diagnoses were related to risk-prone health behaviors (78.1%), inadequate health maintenance (67.1%), along with sleep deprivation (100%), feelings of hopelessness (100%) and low self-esteem (99%). CONCLUSIONS The experience enabled the identification of the peculiarities of the population, bringing nursing practice closer to health promotion for the homeless. Adequate public policies and training for health teams are needed to address the health needs of the homeless population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the case of a 24-year-old man with a large anterior open bite, mild mandibular crowding, increased overjet, no passive lip sealing, and Angle Class I malocclusion. The treatment results were achieved by mandibular molar intrusion using 1.8 × 8.5-mm mini-implants (C-implants) inserted between the mandibular first and second molars bilaterally. A 2.5-mm molar intrusion and open-bite closure occurred within 8 months. The multiloop edgewise archwire technique helped to intrude the posterior teeth. Total treatment time was 20 months. Fifty months postretention records are also presented. The patient achieved a suitable occlusion and satisfactory facial esthetics at the end of treatment and at the 50-month retention check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of bleaching technique (in-office or at-home) and solutions (deionized distilled water with and without sugar, red wine with and without sugar, coffee with and without sugar) on the effectiveness of in vitro dental bleaching was evaluated. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) 37.5% gel was used for in-office bleaching, 3 applications of 8 min each, 3 sessions with an interval of 7 days. At-home bleaching was performed with 10% Carbamide peroxide (CP), 2 h/day, for 30 days. The enamel vestibular surfaces (n = 72) were subjected daily to test solutions for 45 min, washed with distilled water for 5 min and stored in artificial saliva. The enamel color analysis was performed with a spectrophotometer through color variation (ΔE) and luminosity variation (ΔL). Roughness analysis was performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enamel composition was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The results were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for ΔE, ΔL and EDS and two-way for AFM. For ΔE and ΔL there was no statistically significant difference. An increase in roughness was observed on the surface when exposed to a sugar-water solution for at-home bleaching and a lower concentration of Ca and P in the deionized water solution with sugar. Solutions containing or not sugar did not influence the bleaching potential, however the presence of sugar in the water solution increased the surface roughness with CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the p-hub median problem we are given a set of clients V , a set of demands D ⊆ V × V , a cost function ρ : V × V → R + , and an integer p > 0 . The objective is to select terminals T ⊆ V , where | T | ≤ p , and assign each demand to a terminal, in order to minimize the total cost between demands and terminals. We present the first approximation bounds for the problem: a 1 + 2 / e lower bound if NP ⊂ DTIME ( n O ( log ⁡ log ⁡ n ) ) , and a (4 α )-approximation algorithm if we are allowed to open at most ( 2 α 2 α − 1 ) p terminals, where α > 1 is a trade off parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iberian Lynx reintroduction started in southern Portugal in 2015. As part of this project we have been following local key actors’ positions towards the process, including their perceptions about this threatened species and other predators. Using an ethnographic approach and conducting interviews we explored local discourses about nature, environmentalism, predators and reasons for positions towards reintroduction of a wild species. We categorized the content of 94 interviews in terms of value orientations towards wildlife. We found that as well as dominion and utilitarian dispositions, other ways of relating to the wild could be found including ‘affection’, ‘attraction’, ‘environmental concerns’ and ‘symbolism’. In fact categories are not exclusive and there is a diversity of values towards wildlife in rural key actors. Environmental discourse is integrated in a local culture where being dominant over wildlife and nature is the main way of relating to it in particularly with respect to those related to hunting activities. However that was not a hindrance to being positive about reintroduction. Furthermore local memory about the historical presence of the lynx was significantly associated with the category ‘environmental concerns’. Single-fixed categories are reductionist and limited for describing relationships with nature. Content analysis of spontaneous discourse and having knowledge about human practices proves to be important for an ethnoecological characterization of the coexistence of humans and lynx. Appropriations of the lynx as a local theme by social groups are described and a reflection about wildlife ownership, human-predator competition and wildness meanings as well as ontologies is presented. Local perspectives have implications for conservation projects and must be incorporated into management decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze components related to different degrees of mandibular asymmetry in adults with skeletal Class III using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images.Materials and Methods: CBCT images from 138 patients were analyzed. Asymmetry was determined by the deviation of the gnathion point in relation to the midsagittal plane and classified as relative symmetry, moderate mandibular asymmetry, or severe mandibular asymmetry. Several maxillary and mandibular measurements were used to compare different degrees of mandibular asymmetry and the difference between measurements of the contralateral and deviated sides.Results: For patients with moderate and severe mandibular asymmetry, there were statistically relevant differences between bilateral measurements of the sagittal position of the condylar heads, the transverse and sagittal positioning of the gonion, ramus height, and mandibular body length, the transverse and vertical positioning of the jugale point, including a vertical positioning of the gonion only for severe asymmetry. In patients with severe mandibular asymmetry, there was a highly relevant correlation of gnathion lateral displacement with lower dental midline displacement and with the difference in height of the mandibular rami between the deviated and contralateral sides.Conclusion: In patients with skeletal Class III, not only lateral displacement of the menton but also a series of morphologic changes differed markedly for each degree of mandibular asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine ecosystems occupy 71% of the surface of our planet, yet we know little about their diversity. Although the inventory of species is continually increasing, as registered by the Census of Marine Life program, only about 10% of the estimated two million marine species are known. This lag between observed and estimated diversity is in part due to the elusiveness of most aquatic species and the technical difficulties of exploring extreme environments, as for instance the abyssal plains and polar waters. In the last decade, the rapid development of affordable and flexible high-throughput sequencing approaches have been helping to improve our knowledge of marine biodiversity, from the rich microbial biota that forms the base of the tree of life to a wealth of plant and animal species. In this review, we present an overview of the applications of genomics to the study of marine life, from evolutionary biology of non-model organisms to species of commercial relevance for fishing, aquaculture and biomedicine. Instead of providing an exhaustive list of available genomic data, we rather set to present contextualized examples that best represent the current status of the field of marine genomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SLIM is an unstructured mesh, finite element model of environmental and geophysical fluid flows, which is being improved to simulate fine-grained sediment transport in riverine and marine water systems. A 2D depth-averaged version of the model is applied to the Mahakam Delta (Borneo, Indonesia), the adjacent ocean, and three lakes in the central part of the Mahakam River catchment. The 2D code is coupled to a 1D section-averaged model for the Mahakam River and four tributaries. The coupled 2D/1D model is mainly aimed at simulating fine-grained sediment transport in the riverine and marine water continuum of the Mahakam River system. Using the observations of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at five locations in the computational domain, the modelling parameters are first determined in a calibration step, for a given period of time. A validation step is then performed using data related to another period of time. It is concluded that the coupled 2D/1D model reproduces very well the observed suspended sediment distribution within the delta. The spatial distribution of sediment concentration in the delta and its temporal variation are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of gels containing a statherin-derived peptide (Stn) on the protection against enamel and dentin erosive tooth wear (ETW) in vitro was evaluated. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens were divided into 2 groups (n = 15 and 18/group for enamel and dentin, respectively) that were treated with Chitosan or Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) gels containing Stn15pSpS at 1.88 × 10-5 M or 3.76 × 10-5 M. Chitosan or CMC gels without active ingredients served as negative controls, while chitosan gel containing 1.23% F (as NaF) and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (1.23% F) served as positive controls. The gels were applied on the specimens for 4 min. Stimulated saliva was collected from 3 donors and used to form a 2-h acquired pellicle on the specimens. Then, the specimens were submitted to an erosive pH cycling protocol 4 times/day for 7 days (0.01 M HCl pH 2.0/45 s, artificial saliva/2 h, and artificial saliva overnight). The gels were applied again during pH cycling, 2 times/day for 4 min after the first and last erosive challenges. Enamel and dentin loss (μm) were assessed by contact profilometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was analyzed using a cold field emission. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (for chitosan and CMC gels, separately) and Tukey's multiple comparison test. SEM images showed changes to enamel topography after application oft the gels containing Stn or F. Regarding CMC-based gels, for enamel, none of the treatments significantly reduced ETW in comparison with placebo; for dentin, however, gels containing Stn, regardless the concentration, significantly reduced the ETW. Moreover, Chitosan-based gels, regardless the Stn concentration, were able to protect enamel and dentin against ETW. Gels containing Stn might be a new approach to protect against ETW. [Display omitted] • Gels containing a statherin-derived peptide are able to protect enamel and dentin. • Initial intrinsic erosion model. • Prolonged erosive challenge performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although rapid maxillary expansion has been extensively studied in noncleft patients, scarce evidence of maxillary effects is found for patients with oral clefts. Our objective was to evaluate the dentoalveolar effects of rapid maxillary expansion in children with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate compared with noncleft patients.Methods: The experimental group included 25 patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate and posterior crossbite (9 girls, 16 boys; mean age, 10.6 years). The control group comprised 27 noncleft patients with posterior crossbite (14 boys, 13 girls; mean age, 9.1 years). The experimental group had lip and palate repairs at 3 and 12 months of age, respectively, and maxillary expansion was indicated before a secondary alveolar bone graft. Digital dental models were obtained immediately before expansion and 6 months after expansion with a laser scanner. Canine and posterior tooth inclinations, transversal widths, arch perimeters, arch lengths, palatal depths, and palatal volumes were digitally measured. The paired t test was used for interphase comparisons, and the independent t test was used for intergroup comparisons (P <0.05).Results: In the experimental group, expansion produced buccal tipping of the canines and posterior teeth and significant increases of all maxillary transverse measurements, arch perimeter, palatal volumes, and palatal depths; only arch lengths decreased. No differences were observed between the groups for any measurement, except for intermolar distance.Conclusions: Rapid maxillary expansion produced similar changes in the patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate compared with the noncleft patients except for arch length and palatal depth that decreased after expansion in the children with oral clefts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and long-term behavior of extraction space reopening in patients with Class I malocclusion and to identify some associated factors.Methods: A sample of 43 patients met the inclusion criteria. Dental casts at the onset of treatment, after treatment, and 1 and 5 years after debonding were used. Initial and final cephalometric radiographs were used to measure the amount of incisor retraction. Cochran tests were used to compare the numbers of open and closed extraction spaces after treatment and at 1 and 5 years after debonding (P <0.05). Initial incisor crowding, amounts of anterior retraction, and angulations between the canines and the second premolars were compared between patients with and without space reopening with t tests.Results: Of the sample, 30.23% had extraction space reopening. The frequency of open spaces significantly increased between the final and the 1-year posttreatment dental casts and decreased between the casts at 1 and 5 years posttreatment. Patients with space reopening had less initial anterior crowding and greater amounts of mandibular incisor retraction during treatment.Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of space reopening 1 year after treatment. However, these spaces tended to decrease by 5 years after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: People over 65 years old are expected to be an increasing group exposed to abuse. Despite the well-studied intra-familial abuse, institutional abuse still lacks a proper understanding about its determinants and characteristics.Aim: The general objective of this study is to provide a better knowledge about physical abuse against elderly people in institutional settings, in order to contribute to a timely detection, correct forensic diagnosis and prevention of these cases.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted through the analysis of forensic medical exams performed in the North Forensic Medical Services of Portugal, between 2004 and 2013, to elderly persons allegedly victims of physical abuse in an institutional setting by a caregiver (n = 59).Results: All the alleged cases occurred in nursing homes and in most of them (93.2%) the charges were against the institution and not focussing on a particular individual. The alleged victims were mainly female (79.7%), 75 years or older (75.9%), presenting a severe disability (55.9%) and 47.2% being unable to communicate. No injuries or post-traumatic pain were found in 55.9% of the cases to support the charge of physical abuse. Only in 6.8% of the cases were the forensic medical findings suggestive of physical abuse and, although this was not the object of the examination, 69.1% were considered suggestive or highly suggestive of neglect. A statistically significant association was found between the alleged victim's degree of disability and the occurrence of neglect (p = 0.003).Conclusion: The sample's size seems to be underestimated, probably due to lack of detection and/or reporting. The condition of these persons, mainly related with their inability to perceive abusive behaviours and/or to disclose them (mostly by physical and/or mental disability), as well as their reluctance to press charges due to fear of reprisal, affects significantly the detection and diagnosis of physical abuse, particularly in whom injuries are not obvious. In anticipation to the rapid ageing of the population, it is urgent to analyse and understand this emerging issue so that social policies and regulation may be developed, in an effort to protect the elderly, as well as to make improvements in the professionals' skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a large maritime nation, the need to develop sustainable ocean planning and management processes in Portugal has been gaining increased importance in the last decade. After promulgating its first national framework law on maritime spatial planning (MSP), Portugal has recently approved a new MSP Diploma that aims at “developing” (i.e. implementing in detail) the framework law. This paper analyzes and discusses the new Portuguese MSP Diploma by (1) briefly presenting its main specificities; (2) analyzing its contents (and comparing them to the EU MSP Directive contents), namely in what pertains to environmental references; (3) analyzing the link between the EU Marine Strategy Directive (MSFD) and the MSP implementation in Portugal; and (4) discussing the main challenges that the Diploma poses to the long-term sustainability of Portuguese ocean management. Results show that environmental references represent only a small account on the Diploma contents (c. 2% against c. 5% in the EU MSP Directive); main environmental topics addressed include environmental “monitoring” and “evaluation”, “environmental protection”, “sustainability”, and “good (environmental) status”; and the ecosystem-based approach is never referred to. In Portugal the same government entity has responsibility over the implementation of both MSP and the MSFD, and such an institutional framework is expected to promote sustainable maritime uses as well as a true coordination/communication between both processes. The Diploma enshrines several “unusual” aspects that may compromise environmental sustainability. Although the new Portuguese MSP Diploma has been recently approved and promulgated, it may still be amended in the framework of a parliamentary discussion, therefore still having the opportunity to overcome the identified environmental challenges/concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose Pediatric adrenocortical tumor (ACT) remains a challenging disease. Tumor weight and disease stage are still the most used indicators to prognosis and guidance of clinical decisions. Histology has not added meaningful data for risk stratification and management. ACT is metabolically active, highly vascularized, locally invasive and has the propensity to produce distant metastasis. Our objective was to correlate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) with clinical and prognostic aspects in pediatric ACT. Procedure In 27 tumors, immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, CD105 (endoglin) and CD34 was analyzed. MVD was determined by CD34 and CD105 antibodies. MVD and VEGF expression was correlated with clinical characteristics and outcome. Normal pediatric glands were used as controls. Results Endoglin MVD was significantly higher and CD34 MVD was significantly lower in ACT than control. The VEGF expression did not differ between groups. Cytoplasmic staining for endoglin was correlated with hypertension in ACT. Endoglin MVD greater than 1 mv/field, CD34 MVD less than 32 mv/field and VEGF expression levels above 4.8% were associated with clinical and biological indicators of poor prognosis. Conclusions Endoglin and CD34 MVD values are potential histological markers to refine the histologic classification of pediatric ACT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abuse against elders with disabilities is a growing problem as the world population ages. Though they require mandatory reporting, these cases are most frequently not detected or not reported by health professionals for a variety of reasons, including the difficulty of making an accurate diagnosis. By performing a retrospective analysis of alleged domestic violence cases against elders with moderate or severe disability, presented to medical forensic examination at the North Branch of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Portugal, in Porto, between 2005 and 2013 ( n = 70), we aimed to improve our knowledge of some demographic and forensic characteristics of these cases as well as improve their detection and prevention. The most frequently reported type of abuse was physical (86%), allegedly perpetrated by male abusers (63%) living with their victims (90%), who were most commonly their children (47%) or partners (49%; when victims are married). The victims were most frequently female (63%) who had motor disabilities (49%) and presented a history of previous episodes of abuse in 74% of cases; however, only 28% were previously reported. The physical consequences were most frequently minor injuries (95%) with permanent consequences (scars) in only 6.8% of the cases. The injuries were multiple in the majority of the cases (64%), and the preferred locations were the head and neck (75%). Elderly females with motor disabilities appear to have a greatest risk of domestic violence, which translates, most frequently, into multiple injuries that are mainly in the head and neck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With one of Europe׳s largest exclusive economic zones, Portugal has a paramount role in the implementation of EU maritime policies. In the Portuguese context, ocean planning and management are presently undergoing major advances. This paper analyzes and discusses the present state of affairs regarding the Portuguese marine spatial planning (MSP) process, comprising: (1) an update on the status of MSP in Portugal; (2) an analysis on how sustainability concepts are to be implemented in the Portuguese MSP process and (3) a discussion on major challenges to Portuguese MSP long-term sustainability. The Portuguese MSP process can be divided in two phases: development of the “Plano de Ordenamento do Espaço Marítimo” (POEM) – initially intended to be the first Portuguese “marine spatial plan” but then published as a “study”; and development of the Law Proposal 133/XII on marine planning and management – soon to be approved. A key question for the long-term adequacy of Portuguese MSP is how is it addressing environmental sustainability: is it relying on soft or hard sustainability concepts? Is it prioritizing the achievement of good environmental status (GES) or blue growth? In both cases (POEM and Law Proposal), soft sustainability seems to be the underlying principle, because although the ecosystem approach is recognized as fundamental, environmental quality seems to come second when set against economic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Marine spatial planning (MSP) has emerged worldwide as a tool for sustainable ocean governance. This paper reviews how sustainability and ecosystem-based management (EBM) have been included so far within the MSP general framework, by carrying out: (1) a review on the links between sustainability, EBM and MSP in EU maritime policy initiatives; (2) an analysis on the differences between ecosystem-based MSP versus MSP focused on delivering blue growth; and (3) a discussion on how adaptive management may address some of the main challenges found in achieving sustainable ocean management. From the EU Green Paper (2006) to the MSP Directive Proposal (2013), MSP processes based on the principle of EBM have been recognized as a necessary tool to ensure maritime sustainable development. Although ecosystem-based MSP has been recently presented as the best way to ensure both ecosystem conservation and development of human activities, most national and European MSP initiatives seem to follow a MSP approach focused in delivering blue growth. A challenge, therefore, arises: how to adjust policy decisions to properly preserve ecosystems and the services they provide? If truly implemented, an adaptive approach seems to be a way forward in ensuring that spatial planning, management and policy-making in marine spaces can be continuously adjusted, thus allowing for sustainability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] MSP and OSRA frameworks are analyzed for identification of commonalities. [•] OSRA informs MSP on oil spill risk while MSP generates data required by OSRA. [•] ESI mapping is proposed as an operational tool to implement the MSP–OSRA link. [•] High similarity between ESI-MSP data allows efficient development of ESI tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is considered to be the environmental pillar of the EU Integrated Maritime Policy, establishing a framework within which member states must take the necessary measures to achieve, or maintain, good environmental status in their marine waters. This study presents Portugal''s contributions to the Directive development, describes the Portuguese institutional framework within the MSFD and, finally, highlights the opportunities and threats to the success of the MSFD implementation in Portugal. The latter entails an analysis of the Directive''s long term adequacy in its link to (1) marine spatial planning, (2) climate change and (3) the economic/financial crisis. With one of Europe''s largest exclusive economic zones. Portugal''s interest in the MSFD is paramount. Efforts towards the approval of the final document were assured during the Portuguese presidency of the European Council of Ministers, in 2007, while chairing a thorough discussion between the Council and the European Parliament. In the Portuguese context, the Directive implementation will rely on the Water Institute as the authoritative entity, which will be responsible for coordinating all necessary efforts at the national level. The success of such process depends on a close cooperation among the institutions involved as well as on how approved measures account for long term issues. In addition, the MSFD implementation must be built on lessons learned within the Water Framework Directive, in order to be successful. Although it poses a methodological challenge to Portugal, the MSFD implementation is expected to contribute significantly to the improvement of coastal/marine conservation and management at the national level. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cyanobacteria are important primary producers, and many are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen playing a key role in the marine environment. However, not much is known about the diversity of cyanobacteria in Portuguese marine waters. This paper describes the diversity of 60 strains isolated from benthic habitats in 9 sites (intertidal zones) on the Portuguese South and West coasts. The strains were characterized by a morphological study (light and electron microscopy) and by a molecular characterization (partial 16S rRNA, nifH, nifK, mcyA, mcyE/ndaF, sxtI genes). The morphological analyses revealed 35 morphotypes (15 genera and 16 species) belonging to 4 cyanobacterial Orders/Subsections. The dominant groups among the isolates were the Oscillatoriales. There is a broad congruence between morphological and molecular assignments. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of 9 strains have less than 97% similarity compared to the sequences in the databases, revealing novel cyanobacterial diversity. Phylogenetic analysis, based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences showed at least 12 clusters. One-third of the isolates are potential N2-fixers, as they exhibit heterocysts or the presence of nif genes was demonstrated by PCR. Additionally, no conventional freshwater toxins genes were detected by PCR screening. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Crystallographic studies on flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) have revealed that the common sequence core (≈400 residues) that defines this protein family comprises two structural domains. The N‐terminal domain (of approximately 250 residues) displays a metallo‐β‐lactamase‐like‐fold, being indeed structurally homologous to β‐lactamases and glyoxalases, despite the poor sequence similarity. Whereas β‐lactamases have mono‐ or dizinc sites and glyoxalases a mixed iron–zinc site, the lactamase domain of FDPs harbors a nonheme diiron center with carboxylate and histidine residues as ligands, assigned as the active site of NO and/or O2 reduction. The C‐terminal domain of FDPs is characterized by a flavodoxin‐like fold, homologous to short‐chain flavodoxins, and harbors a flavin mononucleotide moiety, stabilized by van der Waals interactions and a number of hydrogen bonds. Structures of FDPs obtained in different conditions and oxidation states display some heterogeneities, mostly at the diiron site, but still fail to provide unequivocal evidence for some pending questions regarding the substrate activation mechanism of FDPs, namely the preference for either substrate (NO or oxygen) observed in different members of this protein family. More structural studies are therefore required to achieve a deeper understanding on these matters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Information about the distribution of malocclusion in the population and identification of factors and conditions associated with it could help researchers build models to understand its occurrence and help public-health policy makers improve interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the severity of occlusal disorders in Brazilian adolescents, 12 and 18 years old, and to investigate associations between occlusal disorders and demographic, socio-environmental, and clinical variables. Methods: Secondary data from a cross-sectional study, including 13,801 dental occlusion status records from a probabilistic sample randomly selected from public and private schools in 131 cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed according to the dental aesthetic index (DAI). The proportion of DAI scores greater than 30 were compared between ages, sexes, white and nonwhite students, urban and rural dwellers, and private and public school students; and they were compared with variables such as access to fluoridated tap water and city population, and with clinical aspects such as the care index (CI) and the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. Data analysis included frequency distribution calculation and multiple logistic regression modeling. Results: The mean DAI score for the sample was 24.33 (SD 7.54), and 16.5% of the subjects had DAI scores of 30 or more (severe or very severe malocclusion). The rate of DAI >31 was significantly higher among 12-year-olds, nonwhites, public-school students, those from smaller municipalities, those without fluoridated tap water, and those with a CI <51%, a DMFT score >4 at age 12 years, or a DMFT score >6 at age 18 years. At age 18, fewer subjects had DAI scores >30; the components responsible for this reduction were spacing in at least 1 incisal segment, midline diastema ≥1, and anterior maxillary overjet ≥4. Conclusion: Some socio-environmental factors are associated with severity of malocclusion in adolescents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Scenarios constitute narratives or storylines that reasonably describe how the future is likely to unfold. The usefulness of scenarios in Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) is now recognised within policy and research, with many institutions urging the development of likely trajectories in the future state of the marine environment and space. However, little progress exists in the actual development and application of actual scenario building approaches. This paper presents the methodology and results of such an approach developed within the framework of the "Geographical and Political Scenarios in Maritime Spatial Planning for the Azores and North Atlantic (GPS Azores)" project. A scenario-building approach for MSP in the area is developed and future scenarios' storylines are formulated through the active engagement of regional experts. Outcomes from the analysis enable identifying the major risks and opportunities in the management and use of marine space and key maritime sectors, under different scenarios. Three storylines are developed representing distinct trajectories in the use and governance of marine space: (i) Nature at Work; (ii) Business-as-usual; and (iii) Blue Development. Final storylines are the outcome of intense experts' engagement throughout the scenario-building exercise, stressing the usefulness of such participative approaches. Results can assist policymakers in the context of an adaptive and participatory MSP approach. The methodology can be tailored to other regions, while results can be revisited and adapted as new information and knowledge emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning for marine areas, from coastal to open-ocean regions, is being developed worldwide to foster sustainable ocean management and governance. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made by governments in their thinking about marine spatial planning (MSP). MSP is globally widespread and a topic of increasing importance in the scientific and policy realms. It is currently under development in almost 70 countries, encompassing six continents and four ocean basins. Despite its acceptance and use, development and implementation of MSP still faces a myriad of present and future, conceptual and practical challenges, some of them being more striking and widespread. Here, we highlight seven major challenges that need to be properly addressed so that MSP can truly contribute to a sustainable use of the world's oceans. These include, among others, shortcomings in political and institutional frameworks, stakeholder engagement, encompassing human and social dimensions in MSP, balancing economic development and marine ecosystem conservation, and adapting to global environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector-borne diseases are considered public health concerns. As vaccines for some of these diseases are not available or still have serious restrictions, the vector control is an important strategy. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can transmit dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Chemical compounds are used to control A. aegypti populations which are usually toxic to non-target organisms, and thus the safety of their use is questionable. This work reports the purification and characterization of a lectin from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae (CvL) and its toxicity to the A. aegypti fourth instar larvae (L 4). CvL was isolated (purification factor of 8.72; yield of 6.67) from the C. vulgaris aqueous extract (AE) with hemagglutinating activity of 185,130 titre mg−1. The characterization showed that CvL is a 17 kDa protein whose activity was inhibited various carbohydrates, resisted to heating up to 60 °C and was stable over a broad pH range. Additionally, CvL activity was strongly reduced by monovalent and divalent metal ions. AE and CvL were toxic to L 4 and the concentrations that killed 50% of larvae after 24 h were 10.62% (v/v) and 164.24 μg mL−1, respectively. CvL inhibited the activity of trypsin-like enzymes from L 4 gut and this effect, as well as the larvicidal activity, were abolished when the lectin was denatured by heating or when its carbohydrate-binding site was blocked by fructose or azocasein. These findings points the C. vulgaris biomass as a new source of a biomaterial with potential to control A. aegypti larvae by inhibition of trypsin-like enzymes representing a larvicidal mechanism. • The purified lectin (CvL) from Chlorella vulgaris showed the specific activity of 23,152 AH mg-1 • CvL has low molecular weight and has pH and temperature stability • C. vulgaris aqueous extract (AE) was able to kill Aedes aegypti resistant larvae in fourth instar (L 4) at low concentrations • Both AE and CvL are a potential source of larvicidal compounds • CvL was able to inhibit trypsin digestive enzymes of Aedes aegypti L 4 gut [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Whiplash injury has been a continuous source of controversy due to its association with litigation. We studied the incidence of whiplash associated disorder (WAD) in two similar socioeconomic areas and carried out a retrospective study based on the hypothesis that the Spanish law 30/1995 might have an affect on the incidence and duration of cervical symptoms and the persistence of impairment. More than 10,000 patients injured in traffic accidents were studied over a period three years. Of these, only patients with an initial diagnosis of whiplash injury were included in the study. Patients with other injuries were excluded. The patients were classified into two groups: Galicia-Spain and North-Central Portugal (depending on where the accident took place and the medico-legal evaluation procedure in force). Statistical analysis was made using SPSS 13.0 and Statistix 8.0. We found a statistically significant difference between Spain and Portugal in the incidence of WAD and in the duration of symptoms. The incongruities caused by the compulsory application of Spanish law arise from the fact that evaluation on a points scale of impairment does not always reflect the functional state of the injured person. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study assesses gender differentials in the distribution of dental caries and restorative treatment at the city level in order to discuss gender inequities in health. We retrieved data for caries prevalence and dental service utilisation by 11- and 12-year-old girls and boys in 131 towns in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, 1998. We also gathered aggregate population data for these towns, and information already held by the health authority regarding the provision of dental services. Results of data analysis indicated that girls presented higher caries indices in permanent teeth than boys of the same age, concurrent with a higher utilisation of dental care. When studying aggregate data at the city level, we gathered evidence reinforcing the hypothesis that the higher prevalence of caries in girls is attributable to their earlier eruption of permanent teeth, with no significant association between this excess and indices of socio-economic status at the city level. However, indices assessing the discrepant incorporation of dental services between genders were higher in towns with a poorer profile of socio-economic status. We also observed that towns whose public health service was more effective in providing dental care presented a more equitable gender distribution of dental services. Public resources destined to dental assistance contributed to reducing inequities in oral health by allowing an incorporation of restorative dental treatment more equitably distributed between girls and boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]