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There is significant concern regarding the biocides commonly used in commercial antifouling protection systems because of their high concentrations in coastal areas and the potential harm they can cause to marine organisms. Thus, much research has been dedicated to replacing these biocides with environment-friendly alternatives. Particularly, the use of natural products that inhibit the settlement of fouling organisms is the key to antifouling coating technology. The purpose of this study was to develop antifouling paints by using eco-friendly compounds and implement a multifunctional coating factor. Natural-origin biocidal agents, such as capsaicin, and a copper-ion release system supported on synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 were used. The formulations resulted in viscosities and particle sizes similar to those of commercial antifouling paints. The capsaicin coatings exhibited less fracture damage and more resistance to deformation in the flexibility and cupping tests. In the adhesion tests, all formulations exceeded 3 MPa, thereby enhancing the adhesion values of conventional antifouling agents. However, the capsaicin coatings exhibited less abrasion resistance than those containing zeolite. Corrosion resistance tests using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated good anti-corrosive properties, particularly in the coatings with 8 % and 10 % copper. All formulations proved to be bactericidal within 6 h, and some completely eliminated the cell density by 3 h, highlighting the effectiveness of the biocide against the marine strain Pseudoalteromonas sp. UCO92. • Evaluation of novel marine coatings enriched with organometallic biocides supported on ZSM-5 zeolite. • Focus on biofouling prevention strategies in marine environments. • Assessment of multifunctionality in the designed coatings. • Potential advancements in eco-friendly antifouling technologies. • Implications for sustainable marine industry practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorosilicone polymers with a high fluorinated group content are shielded from their interactions with crosslinking agents and solvents by their closely arranged fluorinated groups on their surface. Herein, a series of poly(dimethyl-methylphenyl-methyltrifluoropropyl)siloxanes (PDPFSs) were synthesized using the hydrolysis–polycondensation method to reduce the shielding effect of the fluorinated groups. Dimethyl dimethoxy silane, phenyl methyl dimethoxy silane, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl methyl dimethoxy silane (TFMDS) were the main raw materials. The chemical structure of PDPFS and the thermal stability, surface properties, mechanical properties, and antifouling properties of the PDPFS coating were characterized. When the TFMDS content increased from 0 to 40 wt%, the number average molecular weight of PDPFS decreased from 43,380 to 38,433 g/mol and the chemical crosslinking rate of the PDPFS coating decreased from 81.25 % to 68.09 %. An analysis of the surface properties of the PDPFS coating revealed a decrease in surface free energy from 24.22 to 13.19 mJ/m2 and an increase in roughness from 0.013 to 0.048 μm. The mechanical properties were examined, indicating that the Young's modulus of the PDPFS coating increased from 0.10 to 0.46 MPa and the average molecular weight between crosslinking points increased from 24,795 to 3285 g/mol. Experimental results revealed that the anti-adhesion efficiency and removal efficiency of the PDPFS coatings was mainly related to the TFMDS content. The anti-adhesion efficiency and removal efficiency were proportional to roughness, Young's modulus, and crosslinking density and inversely proportional to number average molecular weight and surface free energy. Further analysis of the comprehensive antifouling ability of the PDPFS coatings revealed that the antifouling efficiency of the PDPFS coating gradually increased from 16.83 % to 62.12 % with increasing TFMDS content. However, the 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl group exhibited an adverse effect on the hydrolysis–polycondensation and crosslinking reactions when the TFMDS content exceeded 35 wt%. Hence, PDPFS with a TFMDS content of 35 wt% was selected for further research. [Display omitted] • A novel PDPFS is synthesized by hydrolysis-polycondensation method. • The migration of fluorinated segments results in microphase separation. • The rough surface reduces the adhesion between fouling organisms and coatings. • Studied the relationship between antifouling efficiency and influencing factors • A higher TFMDS content can enhance the antifouling ability of PDPFS coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As permanently attached organism, soft corals can prevent fouling organisms from attaching to them through its anti-fouling mechanisms. In this paper, the antifouling mechanism of soft coral tentacles was revealed through the combination of numerical simulation and laboratory experiment. The results indicated that the interaction between tentacle structures and fluid medium affects the distribution and adhesion of bacteria. At the microscopic level, the boundary layer of low normal flow velocity forms a "water film" near the tentacles, preventing bacteria from approaching the tentacle surface. From the macro perspective, coral tentacles can disrupt the flow field through vortex streets, disrupt water flow stability, and make it difficult for bacteria to attach. The new discovery of bacterial movement and attachment behavior in the flow around a circular cylinder provides theoretical guidance for the design of antifouling surfaces. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen vacancies are formed in a POM compound, which enhances haloperoxidase mimic and H 2 O 2 production abilities. This achieves clean and low cost antibiofouling. [Display omitted] • Oxygen vacancies rich POM compound, O v -PMo 12 , was synthesized. • It showed haloperoxidase mimic and photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production properties. • Oxygen vacancies improved haloperoxidase mimic and H 2 O 2 production abilities. • Bi-functional character of O v -PMo 12 achieved clean and low cost antibiofouling. Biofouling significantly impacts marine environments and economies through pollution and economic loss. Artificial nanozymes, resembling haloperoxidase, are highly effective in combating biofouling due to their ability to facilitate the conversion of Br− to HBrO, thereby inhibiting the survival and proliferation of microorganisms. However, this process necessitates the presence of H 2 O 2. To achieve haloperoxidase mimicry in biofouling prevention without external H 2 O 2 , a bifunctional polyoxometalate (POM) with abundant oxygen vacancies has been developed. This compound simultaneously exhibits haloperoxidase mimicry and photocatalytic H 2 O 2 generation. Theoretical analyses suggest that oxygen vacancies elevate the d-band center, improving the adsorption of H 2 O 2 and Br-, and thus enhancing haloperoxidase mimicry. The POM compound demonstrates notable H 2 O 2 production capabilities, with a rate of 1.77 mmol·h−1·g−1, attributed to oxygen vacancies facilitating electron-hole pair separation. This advancement allows for haloperoxidase mimic biofouling prevention without the need for added H 2 O 2. This study not only elucidates the structure–activity relationship in haloperoxidase mimicry and photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production but also presents an effective and eco-friendly method for biofouling prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tidal stream turbines (TST) are susceptible to fouling by organisms and suffer blade faults. Accurate blade fault diagnosis is of great significance. The single sensor-based diagnosis methods generally cannot meet the requirement for high-quality blade fault diagnosis, especially in complex underwater environments affected by the swell effects and turbid water. To address this issue, a confidence-guided Dempster-Shafer (CDS) method is proposed for multi-blade fault diagnosis. Specifically, the proposed CDS method adaptively fuses the stator current signals and images in the decision-level fusion module, which designs the confidence coefficients of the stator current signals and images to adaptively fuse the two sensor signals with complementary fault features and diagnosis performance. The proposed CDS method alleviates the limitations of the stator current signal-based methods in diagnosing multi-blade faults under the swell effects and the limitations of the image-based methods in turbid water states. The comparative experiments and ablation experiments on a 230 W TST prototype verified that the proposed CDS method achieves high diagnosis accuracy in the swell effects and turbid water environments. • A CDS method is proposed to fuse the stator current signals and images at the decision-level. • The proposed CDS method adaptively allocates contributions of two sensor signals by designing confidence coefficients. • The proposed CDS method improves TST multi-blade fault diagnosis accuracy under the swell effects and turbid water states. • The comparative and ablation experimental results on 230W TST prototype verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the marine industry and freshwater aquariums, biofouling leads to adverse effects including increased energy consumption, reduced service life, and blurred windows that require resources and intensive labor to fix. Linalool is a representative monoterpene alcohol extracted from salvia with multiple bioactive properties and can hence be applied as an antifouling agent. In this study, a series of transparent antifouling coatings were prepared using linalool inspired by salvia, and experiments were performed to evaluate their antifouling performances and antifouling mechanism. The prepared coatings demonstrated a high level of transparency, making them suitable for application to windows. The antifouling ability offered by linalool and low surface energy (12.5 mJ·m−2) provided by fluorosilane conferred the antifouling performance of 96.7 % against Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis and 97.3 % against Halamphora sp. More importantly, inhibition of the expression of mussel foot proteins by linalool reduced the adhesive strength of mussel adhesive plaques, which subsequently assigned resistance to mussel adhesion. The environmental impact of antifouling coatings prepared with linalool as the active ingredient was verified by experiments involving zebrafish survival and diatom growth, the coatings had no effect on the growth of organisms in the environment, proving their environmental friendliness. The convenient preparation, excellent antifouling activity, and optical transparency of these coatings demonstrate the potential applicability of monoterpene alcohols, represented by linalool, as an antifouling agent; additionally, it can be used in sensors for data extraction, underwater detection portals and other fields that need transparency. [Display omitted] • Evaluated the suitability of linalool as an antifouling agent in protective coatings • Confirmed antifouling performance of coatings against microbes, diatoms, and mussels • Identified the inhibitory mechanism of linalool against adhesion by mussels • Prepared coatings are ecofriendly and suitable for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely used rare earth oxides (REOs) have a limited application in antifouling coatings. Here, coatings composited with REOs-1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecytrimeth-oxysilane (REOs-FAS) based on hydrothermal reaction were prepared for study if REOs can be used in marine antifouling coatings. A network consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and REOs-FAS (REOs-FAS/PDMS) (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd) was created by using the blending method and polymerization reaction. The presence of the REOs-FAS imparts to the polymers an amphiphobic structure and disrupts the cell membrane, resulting in excellent antifouling properties and antibacterial performance. The water, coffee, and soya-bean milk droplet state on the Pr 6 O 11 -FAS/Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer with the ratio of 4:1 (PFSR-4) and the ink self-cleaning experiment demonstrated that the PFSR-4 has a perfect self-cleaning property. The most suitable surface roughness of PFSR-4 not only empowered the superhydrophobic (the contact angle of water is as high as 157° ± 2° and the sliding angle of water is as low as 5° ± 2°)-oleophobic characteristic (the contact angle of diiodomethane is as high as 132° ± 3°), but also endowed the coating with the anti-diatom (as high as 97.7 %) and anti-mussel adhesive properties. Moreover, the colored PFSR coatings were prepared to do another barrier for the adhesion of large fouling organisms, especially for the white coatings. The anti-mussel attachment ratio of purely whited PDMS was high to 84.6 %. The antibacterial REOs are appropriate for preparing multi-functional coatings. In general, the designed coating has the potential to be a durable, self-cleaning, antibacterial, and antifouling coating and could serve as a foundation for developing innovative super-amphiphobic coatings. [Display omitted] • A superhydrophobic-oleophobic coating was obtained. • Ink repellency rendered to coating of modified Pr 6 O 11 nanoparticles. • Surface coatings were engineered to inhibit the bacteria. • Great antifouling abilities to typical organisms of coatings were achieved. • The influence of color on the attachment behavior of mussels was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hemp fiber with optimal adsorption capacity and optimal fouling resistance of amidoxime-quaternized polyethyleneimine (HFAO-QPEI) were prepared using simple fiber surface modification grafting. • HFAO-QPEI exhibits excellent uranium selectivity and recyclability. • Quaternization gives HFAO-QPEI significant biofouling resistance, especially inhibiting the adhesion of mussels. • DFT calculation results indicate that the HFAO-QPEI-U mode exhibits the most stable structure. Nuclear energy plays a key role in the global energy supply. The adsorption and extraction of uranium from seawater is key to the rapid development of nuclear energy. In this paper, quaternary aminated polyethyleneimine/amidoxime-modified hemp fiber (HFAO-QPEI) with high adsorption capacity and anti-biofouling properties were successfully synthesized by immersion and hydrothermal methods. Upon systematic evaluation, HFAO-QPEI possessed high adsorption capacity and good reusability with fast adsorption kinetics, as well as good adsorption selectivity and affinity for uranyl ions. Furthermore, HFAO-QPEI not only reached a maximum adsorption capacity of 364.7 mg/g but also demonstrated a short adsorption equilibrium time of 200 min. In contrast, HFAO-QPEI demonstrated high selectivity for uranyl ions, removing up to 95.1 % of uranium with K d value of 4.69 × 104 mL/g, which was 256.3 times greater than that of hemp fiber (HF). After the fifth adsorption–desorption cycle, the recovery of U(VI) was 91.38 %. DFT calculations proved that HFAO-QPEI-U was the most stable model. The quaternary ammonium salt functionalization not only makes HFAO-QPEI have excellent anti-biofouling ability (anti-diatom rate up to 87.22 %, anti-bacterial rate up to 97 % or more, anti-adhesion of large fouling organisms mussels with a certain effect), but also modifies its surface charge, making it more suitable for the marine environment. In addition, HFAO-QPEI showed a high adsorption capacity of 2.45 mg/g in natural seawater. The results suggest that the HFAO-QPEI adsorbent holds great promise for extracting uranium from seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is an essential material for the construction of marine infrastructures. During its service life, concrete can be corroded by fouling organisms besides corrosion due to chloride and sulfate attack. Deepening the research on the bio-corrosion mechanisms can facilitate the protection of marine concrete structures. Furthermore, the design of concrete protective materials is affected by water flow and substrate properties. Therefore, this review summarizes the research progress regarding bio-corrosion mechanisms, hydrodynamics and antifouling measures, respectively. Additionally, the correlation between the bio-corrosion mechanisms, hydrodynamics and antifouling measures is highlighted, which provides a theoretical basis for the study of bio-induced concrete corrosion, and antifouling measures. • Advances in bio-corrosion mechanisms, hydrodynamics and antifouling measures are summarized. • Relationship between bio-corrosion mechanisms, hydrodynamics and antifouling measures is rethinked. • Phenomena of bio-corrosion and bio-protection are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally evaluated the biofouling reduction by on-site heat treatment in enhancing oyster aquaculture production and mitigating its environmental impacts. Specifically, we compared oyster growth, settling flux of particulate organic matter (POM), and its oxygen consumption rate (OCR) between heat-treated (HT) and non-treated (N) sections within suspension oyster farms in a temperate bay. HT demonstrated a substantial reduction of 81–99% in fouling mussel biomass and approximately 20–30% increases in cultivated oysters' growth and condition index. The settling flux of POM was 10–57% smaller in HT mainly due to the reduction in biodeposition from fouling mussels. However, OCR of settling POM at a unit mass was 6–62% higher in HT than in N; overall, the short-term oxygen consumption by settling POM did not significantly differ between HT and N. The increase in OCR of settling POM in HT may be attributable to the decrease in biodeposits from fouling organisms and increase in the relative contribution of fresh POM entering from unfarmed areas. Meanwhile, from the longer-term perspective, the substantial reduction in settling POM by the heat treatment lower the potential for oxygen consumption in the bottom layers over the half-year farming operation by 31%. In conclusion, on-site heat treatment is a simple tactic for controlling nutrient and POM flows at production sites, simultaneously enhancing oyster production and mitigating the local environmental impact of non-fed oyster aquaculture. Furthermore, this approach exemplifies an effective tactic to enhance the sustainability of primary food production processes. [Display omitted] • Tested benefits from on-site heat treatment (HT) in non-fed oyster aquaculture. • HT reduced biofouling organisms and increased food allocation to oysters. • HT oysters were 20–30% higher in biomass and condition index than non-HT oysters. • HT reduced settling POM and its potential O 2 consumption by 31% over 5 months. • HT exemplifies a simple, effective tactic to enhance primary food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multistage controlled release material of antifouling agent was developed. • The utilization rate of antifouling agent has effectively increased by about 50%. • The coating has a good adhesion inhibition effect on typical fouling organisms. Improving the utilization rate of environmentally friendly antifouling agents is highly important for reducing the economic costs of ship operations and protecting the marine environment. In this work, a new method for preparing a multistage controlled release material of an environmentally friendly antifouling agent, which first incorporates 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-4-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl pyrrole (Econea) into carboxyl-modified β -cyclodextrin (Econea@CMCD) followed by intercalation into Mg 2 Al layered double hydroxides (Mg 2 Al-Econea@CMCD-LDH), was reported. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the incorporation of Econea@CMCD into the galleries of Mg 2 Al-LDH. Release tests conducted in 3.5 % NaCl solution demonstrated an initial burst release, followed by a slower release rate of Econea (12.3 µg/cm2·d) compared to that of the pristine Econea coating, indicating favorable controlled release behavior. Adhesion experiments using diatoms and mussels showed that Mg 2 Al-Econea@CMCD-LDH effectively inhibited the adhesion of typical fouling organisms. Hence, this study presents a practical approach for constructing a controlled release system that involves intercalating neutral and insoluble antifouling agents into LDH interlayers, effectively reducing the waste of antifouling agents and extending the service life of antifouling coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate the attachment of fouling organisms, Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) hold tremendous potential as a green and broad-spectrum antifouling solution, capable of replacing traditional antifouling coatings. However, the complexity of current preparation methods and the limited lifespan of lubricating oils constrain their widespread application in marine antifouling for vessels. In this study, melamine sponge (MS) was used as a substrate, and modifications were made by introducing superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs), a biocompatible adhesive (ethyl cyanoacrylate, ECA), and a highly stretchable polymer (poly-ε-caprolactone, PCL). By combining natural surface microstructures with additional nanomaterials, we successfully obtained a superoleophilic surface, effectively capturing liquid lubricants and maintaining their long-term stability. The sponge substrate possesses distinctive contractility, with the lubricant stored in the grid spontaneously compensating for the loss of surface lubricant, thereby effectively enhancing its durability. This study provides a straightforward fabrication method with reduced manufacturing costs for environmentally friendly marine anti-fouling coatings. The approach demonstrates a prolonged cyclic anti-fouling effect, effectively advancing the development of SLIPS for anti-fouling applications in shallow marine environments. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobic surface with 3D interconnected net-like structures were achieved through a simple immersion process, effectively capturing liquid lubricants and maintaining long-term stability. • Changing the surface energy of the mixed coating effectively enhances the adsorption capacity for non-polar liquids(oil). • Prolonged anti-fouling effects by altering the viscosity of injected lubricating oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a new protocol to prepare feed spacers in the membrane module, by combining the optimization of spacers' geometrical parameters with subsequent chemical modification of the spacers' surface, to enhance filtration performance comprehensively. Geometrical parameters of columnar spacers were optimized using an object-oriented and automatic optimization method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation coupled with response surface optimization. In chemical modification, polydopamine was firstly used to provide anti-adhesive properties, followed by the even integration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to exhibit antimicrobial activity. Anti-biofouling experiments involving Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria demonstrated that the combined structurally optimized and chemically modified spacers resulted in over 10 % improvement in permeate flux and a 27 % reduction in feed channel pressure (FCP) drop. Chemical modification enhanced the structural optimization resistance to flux attenuation and FCP drop increase by over 220 % and 200 %, respectively. Analysis of the anti-biofouling behavior indicated that the primary mechanism of the integrated, optimized spacers lies in the increased wall shear, bactericidal activity of AgNPs, and improved interfacial interaction energy between the spacers and foulants. This study not only developed a novel modification method for anti-biofouling spacers, but also provides in-depth understanding of the roles of modified spacers, all of which are important for their practical applications in improving membrane filtration performance. [Display omitted] • Membrane spacers were structurally optimized and chemically modified simultaneously. • Dual-functional anti-adhesive and antibacterial spacers were successfully prepared. • The spacers exhibit high antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. • The modified spacers synergistically control biofouling and improve membrane permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater sound absorption coatings capable of absorbing sound energy is essential to conceal underwater vehicles. While the accumulation of marine fouling on surfaces of ship hulls, platforms, and submarines can significantly alter their acoustic properties. Currently, the precise impact that different stages of marine fouling have on underwater sound absorption coatings remains unclear. In this study, a novel lab assessment method was developed to investigate the acoustic effect of marine fouling on the underwater sound absorption coatings. Four distinct stages of marine fouling were artificial fabricated and characterized, including conditioning film, microfouling, medium macrofouling, and heavy macrofouling. These effects are quantified through comprehensive tests conducted in a water-filled impedance tube. It is found that the first two stages of marine fouling have a negligible impact on the underwater sound absorption performance within the low frequency range of 500 Hz and 2000 Hz. While a limited impact is observed in the frequency range of 2000 Hz–5000 Hz, where the sound absorption coefficient remains approximately 0.6. Conversely, in the third and fourth stages of fouling, the average sound absorption coefficient drops from 0.8 to 0.2. Further, a new acoustic finite element method (FEM) model of hard fouling was developed to predict the acoustic effect, and the numerical results show the same trend with the experimental results. These findings emphasize the importance of considering antifouling strategies during the design of underwater sound absorption coatings, with a particular focus on targeting hard fouling organisms as the primary objective. • A laboratory-based artificial fouling fabrication method was developed. • The effect of different marine fouling on underwater sound absorption coatings were systematically investigated. • An acoustic finite element method (FEM)model of marine fouling was established. • The underlying mechanisms governing the impact of marine fouling on underwater sound absorption coatings were explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic litter affects coastal and marine ecosystems globally. This study represents the first record of pyroplastics and plasticrust in the beaches of Tamil Nadu, India. All samples were FTIR spectroscopically examined to confirm the polymer composition of the suspected plastics. The 16 plastic formations were found in TamilNadu, including six plastiglomerates nine pyroplastics and one plasticrust. Five types of polymers (PET, PP, PVC, PA, and PE) were found on the plastic matrices. The study also revealed that pyroplastics and plasticrust formed by degradation of plastics through weathering in the coastal environment. The present study also found that four types of marine fouling organisms such as oyster larvae, bryozoan, barnacle and polychaete worm were encrusted on the two pyroplastics. The emergence of these new forms of plastic raises concerns about their interactions with the environment and biota. [Display omitted] • The sixteen new plastic formations (plastiglomerates, pyroplastics and plasticrusts) were identified in beaches of India. • Three polymers, polypropylene, polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate were recorded in the single pyroplastics. • Vesicles were observed on the surface of the pyroplastics. • Encrusting organisms such as bryozoans, barnacles, polychaete worms and bivalve larvae were found in the pyroplatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofouling has great environmental, economic, and societal impacts. Emerging and promising strategies for antibiofouling require incorporation of sustainability concepts. To this end, key research priorities should be given to disrupting attachment of organisms or engineering innovative surfaces to slough off fouling organisms from the surfaces, with more holistic considerations of other viable options, including eco-friendly antifouling chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What bacteria cause membrane biofouling in engineering practice? This is the fundamental question in the research on biofouling, which is the Achilles' heel of the reverse osmosis (RO) system. If this question is not addressed clearly, the subsequent research on mechanism interpretation and possible control technologies is questionable due to the lack of appropriate research objects. However, a uniform conclusion has not yet been given, as it varied considerably in different studies. Here, to better cope with RO membrane biofouling introduced by microbiomes, 46 genera of residual microorganisms that tend to adhere to the surface of RO membranes were summarized. Interestingly, disinfection-resistant bacteria (DRB) accounted for 75 % of those reported with high and medium frequency. From the perspective of frequency of occurrence, phylogenetic relationship, and co-occurrence network analysis of membrane-attached residual microorganisms, the fundamental characteristics were identified to recognize the priority bacteria in common. Further, a series of undesirable risks posed by DRB on the level of harmful genes transfer were highlighted. Correspondingly, feasible control strategies to effectively alleviate biofouling and their application in RO systems were discussed. This work identified priority species and their detrimental effects on RO membrane biofouling and provided new insights to solve the inevitable issue. [Display omitted] • Priority bacteria causing biofouling of RO membranes were identified at genera level. • The contribution and potential risks of DRB to biofouling were emphasized. • The enhanced transfer of harmful genes by DRB was discussed. • Corresponding control strategies against priority bacteria were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel microbial isolator was developed to separate QQ bacteria from bulk sludge. • Application of the QQ microbial isolator efficiently mitigated fouling in MBRs. • QQ metabolites diffusion reduced the protein concentrations in EPS of bulk sludge. • QQ metabolites diffusion regulated the assembly of fouling-associated bacteria. Quorum quenching (QQ) can mitigate biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) by inhibiting cell-to-cell communication. However, it is difficult to maintain long-term QQ activity. Here, a novel microbial isolator composed of tubular microfiltration membranes was developed to separate QQ bacteria (Rhodococcus sp. BH4) from sludge. The time to reach a transmembrane pressure of 50 kPa was delayed by 69.55 % (p = 0.002, Student's t test) in MBR with QQ microbial isolator (MBR-Q), compared to that in the control MBR (MBR-C) during stable operation. The concentration of proteins in the extracellular polymeric substances of sludge was reduced by 20.61 % in MBR-Q relative to MBR-C. The results of the bacterial community analyses indicated less enrichment of fouling-associated bacteria (e.g., Acinetobacter) but a higher abundance of QQ enzymes in MBR-Q than in MBR-C. This environmentally friendly technique can decrease the cleaning frequency and increase the membrane lifespan, thus improving the sustainability of MBR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of offshore artificial structures in the North Sea is continuously increasing. Apart from the structures that have been added to the marine environment accidentally (e.g., shipwrecks), structures are also deliberately developed to meet the increasing needs for renewable energy. These structures provide habitat for fouling organisms. The fouling communities vary in abundance and composition based on location, depth, and structure age. Most fouling species filter particles from the water column, changing phytoplankton production and affecting larval settlement success, while releasing ammonium that can fuel phytoplankton growth as well as (pseudo)faeces that enriches the seabed, changing local biogeochemical cycles. Our study used in-situ incubation chambers to investigate oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate fluxes associated with fouling organisms to improve understanding of these changes in biogeochemical cycles. Divers used incubation chambers (domes) on shipwrecks in the southern North Sea where over 55 years mature fouling communities have established. A series of water samples was collected from each dome during deployment to measure the change in concentration of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate. All fauna enclosed in the domes was collected after each measurement for further analysis. The full macrofauna dataset contained 65 unique species on 4 shipwrecks (25 to 50 species per sample). Abundance ranged from 2187 to 59,427 individuals per sample (683 cm2). On average, a decrease in oxygen concentration of 126 μmol/g ash free dry weight/h was found. The sequential water samples also showed clear changes in nutrient concentration with time in all incubations. The largest changes were observed with high fouling community abundances and biomass. Ammonium, nitrite, and phosphate always increased, with 1.5-to-5-fold increases from start to end of the incubation, while for nitrate both an efflux and influx were measured. Oxygen decreased in all incubations. Mean fluxes (all in μmol per m2 per hour with standard error) were significant for ammonium (945 ± 300), nitrite (80 ± 30), phosphate (61 ± 8), and oxygen (−11,794 ± 3289), but not for nitrate (−206 ± 122). Per gram AFDW, only ammonium (12.7 ± 3.5) and oxygen (−126 ± 48) had fluxes that differed significantly from zero. Compared to average seabed (sandy bottom) oxygen demand and community fluxes from previous studies, the observed fluxes were high. Our findings resembled those from temperate biogenic reef studies. Further data collection across a larger spatial and temporal scale is needed to fully understand offshore structure effects on marine environments. • Fluxes of nitrogen and phosphate were measured on artificial offshore structures. • Reef N & P fluxes were much larger than seabed fluxes, both were extremely variable. • Artificial reef fluxes were similar to biogenic reef fluxes. • Higher fluxes are likely caused by the high biomass of fouling communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial quorum quenching (QQ), which addresses biofouling resistant to physical and chemical methods, presents a compelling solution. Enhancements in sustainability are imperative to ensure its long-term stability. This study explores QQ media preservation for extended use. Three media types were tested over 150 days: fresh BH4 cells, preserved/reactivated BH4 cells, and BH4 cell extracts. Initial QQ activities ranged in the appropriate levels from 1.08 to 1.24 h−1. Preservation in 50 mM Tris-HCl at 4 °C showed that media with whole cells retained approximately 60 % activity after 60 days, unlike cell extract media, which lost all activity. However, the dehydration and reactivation of BH4 cell media fully recovered the initial QQ activity while maintaining it for 150 days. In MBR tests, reactivated QQ media performed as effectively as those prepared with freshly cultured BH4 cells, delaying membrane fouling by 2-fold. Revitalizing QQ media in combination with chlorine-based chemically enhanced backwashing (CEB) further delayed fouling by 2.5 times compared to CEB alone. Reactivated QQ media retained robust activity even after prolonged MBR use. This study showcases the effectiveness of dehydration and reactivation techniques for preserving QQ media, ensuring its reliable long-term storage and utilization. However, further enhancements are necessary to optimize cell viability. [Display omitted] • The extended preservation of diverse quorum quenching (QQ) media was investigated. • Whole BH4 cell QQ media were preserved better than cell extract QQ media. • The reactivation of QQ media preserved after dehydration restored their initial activity. • The reactivated QQ media exhibited the same fouling mitigation efficacy as fresh media. • The combination of QQ and chlorine-based backwash substantially reduced fouling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the crucial role of surface roughness caused by biofouling in contributing to increased drag in fast planing vessels. Through rigorous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using a full-scale reference hull, the impact of surface roughness on planing hull performance is examined. The results show that heavy slime roughness on the hull surface causes a significant increase in total resistance, ranging from 10% at low speeds to 80% at high speeds. Skin friction was identified as the most affected component of resistance, with additional changes in residual resistance. Although the change in residual resistance is relatively small, they give rise to dynamic phenomena such as variations in pressure distribution, wave elevation, and wave making formation. The study also explores the influence of surface roughness on dynamic lift forces, observing an increase in upward friction forces but ultimately concludes that overall hull performance was hampered due to the disproportionately higher increase in resistance caused by roughness (biofouling). Changes in dynamic trim, dynamic sinkage, and dynamic wetted surface area due to this roughness are also discussed. • CFD simulation evaluates biofouling roughness impact on full-scale planing hull performance. • Skin friction is the primary resistance factor, with residual resistance also affected. • Roughness affects wave elevation, wake formation, and pressure distribution. • Roughness boosts lift force on planing hulls but incurs losses due to increased resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the significant challenge of biofouling in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, primarily caused by bacteria during water purification, we have developed an innovative light-responsive active self-cleaning membrane (TA@Fe-TiO 2 /PVDF). This membrane is produced by coating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a metal-polyphenol-based complex (TA@Fe-TiO 2 MPN). Compared to traditional photocatalytic membranes, such as TiO 2 /PVDF, the TA@Fe-TiO 2 /PVDF self-cleaning membrane demonstrates superior anti-biofouling and self-cleaning properties, achieving nearly complete flux recovery (∼100%) and bactericidal efficiency (close to 100%) in the treatment of municipal secondary effluent without the need for chemical additives. This effectiveness is attributed to the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and singlet oxygen (1O 2) when the membrane is exposed to light, enhanced by the significant photothermal performance of TA@Fe. Notably, the TA@Fe-TiO 2 /PVDF membrane also excels in removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), such as tetracycline and sulfadiazine , from wastewater. The removal of bacteria and ARGs is facilitated by a self-cleaning mechanism that combines partial mineralization and oxidation, as evidenced by increased hydrophilicity, active oxygen sites, and electron transfer. The membrane's efficient light-responsive excitation, self-cleaning capability, and stability herald new avenues for the sustainable application of membrane technology in water purification, characterized by reduced energy demands. [Display omitted] • Novel TA@Fe-TiO 2 /PVDF membrane combats biofouling in ultrafiltration. • Achieves ∼100% flux recovery and bactericidal efficiency without chemicals. • Light exposure activates self-cleaning via hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen. • Efficiently removes antibiotic resistance genes, enhancing water safety. • Merges photothermal performance with photocatalysis for sustainable purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine biological fouling has a serious impact on artificial facilities, and traditional antifouling coatings are not beneficial to green development, which lead to the urgent to develop green strategies that can effectively prevent fouling. In this study, an innovative confluence of physical and biological approaches was employed to mitigate the harm caused by biofouling on a material substrate. Firstly, a hierarchical microstructured morphology was prepared on an aluminum surface by reactive ion etching and characterised. The antibacterial peptide, A-2S, was surface modified with dopamine as a coupling agent to produce a physico-biological synergistic antifouling surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical experiments were then used to analyse the binding effect and corrosion resistance performance. A-2S was successfully modified on the sample surface and exhibited good corrosion resistance with a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 86.57 %. Compared to a bare aluminum plate, the microstructure surface has a certain inhibitory effect on fouling organisms, and the antifouling performance decreases over time. In contrast, the antimicrobial peptide synergistic surfaces demonstrated superior durable antifouling performance. Compared with the 50 % of the antifouling performance on the microstructure surface, the synergistic surface has a unique contact point effect of the microstructure and excellent antibacterial and bactericidal properties of antimicrobial peptides, resulting in a surface antifouling performance of over 80 %. The synergistic modification method enhanced the corrosion resistance of the material and reduced the adhesion of fouling organisms, mitigating the harm caused by biofouling on the marine equipment substrate. [Display omitted] • Reactive ion etching was used to mimic the hierarchical microstructures of the epidermis of the springtail. • The physical-biological synergistic surface with highly efficient and durable antifouling effects was prepared. • Surface physicochemical properties and antifouling performance of sample surfaces were investigated. • MICR Al-DA-A surface exhibited excellent marine antifouling and anticorrosion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate understanding of the biofouling formation mechanism and the absence of effective control have inhibited the commercial application of membrane distillation (MD). In this study, an advanced oxidation process (AOP)/coagulation-coupled (Coag) membrane distillation system was proposed and exhibited the potential for MD ammonia recovery (recovery rate: 94.1%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) components such as humic acid and tryptophan-like proteins were disrupted and degraded in the digestate. The curtailment and sterilizing efficiency of AOP on biofilm growth was also verified by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in situ real-time monitoring and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated to generate sulfate (SO 4 •-) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•), which altered the microbial community. After oxidative treatment, 16 S rRNA sequencing indicated that the dominant phylum of the microbial community evolved into Firmicutes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis demonstrated that free radicals produced by PMS could disrupt cells' signaling molecules and interactions. In conjunction with these analyses, the mechanisms of response to free radical attack by Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were revealed. This research provided new insights into the field of membrane fouling control for membrane technology resource recovery processes, broadening the impact of AOP applications on microbiological response and fate in the environment. [Display omitted] • The AOP pretreatment degraded the major biofilm components (EPS and SMP) and mitigated MD membrane biofouling. • Dead cells predominated on the AOP/Coag-MD membrane surface, with a live/dead bacterial ratio of 0.07. • Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the dominant phyla after the AOP pretreatment. • Free radicals disrupted intercellular signaling molecules and interactions. • Antioxidant mechanisms against free radicals in Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of hydrophobic coatings based on the anti-bacterial nano-hydrotalcite (LDH) materials were successfully prepared in this work. Results indicate that the introduction of Ag and sodium pyrithione (SPT) can effectively increase the anti-bacterial performance of NiAlZn LDH. The designed Ag/NiAlZn LDH and Ag/NiAlZn LDH-SPT coatings not only possess high anti-corrosion performance but can effectively inhibit the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris. The anti-biofouling efficiencies of Ag/NiAlZn LDH-SPT coating against P. aeruginosa and C. vulgaris are 98.5% and 98.2%. Ag/NiAlZn LDH-SPT coating possesses integrated high-efficiency anti-corrosion, anti-biofouling and self-healing properties and good mechanical performance. [Display omitted] • An integrated anti-corrosion, anti-biofouling and self-healing hydrophobic coating are prepared. • Ag/NiAlZn LDH-SPT has a high anti-bacterial efficiency. • Ag/NiAlZn LDH-SPT coating possesses anti-biofouling efficiencies of 98.5% and 98.2% for P. aeruginosa and C. vulgaris. • Ag/NiAlZn LDH-SPT coating owns a long-term anti-corrosion performance • Ag/NiAlZn LDH-SPT coating has high self-healing and mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scyphozoan polyp colonies are typically patchily distributed on substrate surfaces at varying densities in the natural environment. We investigated the differences in Aurelia coerulea and Nemopilema nomurai colony proliferation and biofouling invasion at high and low in situ polyp densities in Jiaozhou Bay, China, to explore potential polyp density-dependent effects. The study found that in situ A. coerulea polyp colonies on settling plates consistently survived at high initial density (24.4 ± 2.8 ind•cm−2) over a one-year experiment, but 60% of colonies disappeared at low initial density (0.6 ± 0.1 ind•cm−2). Polyp density in these colonies constantly fluctuated with a significant difference between the two treatments, decreasing by 71.5 ± 37.0% relative to the original level at high initial density by the end of the experiment, but increasing by 237.4 ± 662.7% at low initial density. In contrast, all N. nomurai polyps, whether at high or low initial density (1.9 ± 0.6 ind•cm−2 and 0.2 ± 0.0 ind•cm−2), died after approximately six weeks. Strobilation occurred in A. coerulea , but not in N. nomurai owing to the untimely die-off of polyp colonies. No significant differences in strobilation percentage, number of discs strobila−1 and the calyx diameter of polyps were observed between the two density treatments. Macro-fouling organisms (e.g. , ascidians and bryozoans) invaded the settling plates one week after the start of the experiment. Their coverage percentage was significantly lower at high initial polyp density in A. coerulea in a year, but there was no significant difference between both treatments in N. nomurai polyps. Nudibranch predators were discovered in the biofouling communities during the summer, with no significant differences in their numbers between the two treatments for each polyp species. The results indicated that density-dependent effects may play an important role in regulating in situ polyp colony proliferation and combatting biofouling invasion in A. coerulea , but not in N. nomurai. High colony survival and low levels of biofouling invasion at high initial polyp densities in A. coerulea might favor their extensive colonization in natural environment over extended periods of time. • Polyp colonies of Aurelia coerulea in situ survived 100% and 40% in a year at high and low initial densities, respectively. • All in situ Nemopilema nomurai polyps died after approximately six weeks at both initial densities. • Coverage percentage of macro-fouling organisms significantly decreased at high initial polyp density for A. coerulea. • Density-dependent effects may be important in regulating polyp colony proliferation and biofouling invasion in A. coerulea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic debris is a significant and rapidly developing ecological issue in coastal marine ecosystems, especially in areas where it accumulates. This study introduces "plasticlusters", a new form of floating debris agglomeration found in the Yasmine Hammamet marina (Tunisia, North-Africa), loosely attached to pontoon ropes around the water surface level. The analysis of two samples revealed that they were formed primarily by average 2.11 mm polystyrene fragments, 3.43 mm fibers, 104 mm polypropylene and polyethylene sheets, and 122 mm decomposing seagrass leaves. They were inhabited by several taxa, including at least 2 cryptogenic and 5 non-indigenous species (NIS). Unlike other plastic formations, plasticlusters provide a novel and potentially temporal microhabitat to fouling assemblages due to their loose and unconsolidated structure which, combined with marinas being NIS hubs, could enhance NIS dispersion. The results of this study raise concerns about the combined ecological effects of debris accumulation and biocontamination inside marinas. [Display omitted] • A loose aggregation of debris, plasticlusters, is described from a marina. • They are complex structures that serve as habitat for fouling organisms. • Plasticlusters hosted cryptogenic and non-indigenous sessile and motile species. • Buoyancy and low consolidation make them prone to disaggregate. • The role of plasticlusters as NIS habitat and vectors needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A review of antifouling strategies for marine equipment and seawater resource utilization is provided. • The advantages and challenges of these antifouling technologies are explained. • The directions for future research and development are determined. The attachment and colonization of fouling organisms, including bacteria, algae, and invertebrates onto submerged surfaces is a widespread issue known as marine biofouling. This problem has substantial implications for various aspects such as economics, environment, and ecology. The prohibition of traditional antifouling methods, such as those based on tributyltin, has been enforced due to their accumulation and high levels of toxicity. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for the development of antifouling coatings that are both environmentally friendly and effective. The formation and detrimental effects of biofouling, the historical progression of antifouling technologies, and the mechanism of modern biofouling control are introduced. This review encompasses recent advancements in marine antifouling strategies, including bioactive antifoulant mechanisms, self-polishing antifouling mechanisms, surface wettability mechanisms, photocatalytic bactericidal mechanisms, and biomimetic antifouling mechanisms. Based on the strategies described above, the antifouling systems employed in the extraction of uranium and lithium from seawater, as well as net cages for aquaculture are explored. It is expected that marine antifouling technologies will provide more opportunities for the system design of seawater resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture industry represents a continuously growing sector playing a fundamental role in pursuing United Nation's goals. Increasing sea-surface temperatures, the growth of encrusting species and current cage cleaning practices proved to affect the productivity of commercial species. Here, through a Dynamic Energy Budget application under two different IPCC scenarios, we investigate the long-term effects of Pennaria disticha fragments' on Mytilus galloprovincialis ' functional traits as a result of cage cleaning practices. While Climate-Change did not exert a marked effect on mussels' Life-History traits, the simulated effect of cage cleanings highlighted a positive effect on total weight, fecundity and time to commercial size. West-Mediterranean emerged as the most affected sector, with Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey between the top-affected countries. These outcomes confirm the reliability of a DEB-approach in projecting at different spatial and temporal scale eco-physiological results, avoiding the limitation of short-term studies and the difficulties of long-term ones. [Display omitted] • Our approach predicts long-term effects overcoming short-term study limitations. • The FT-DEB model projects at wider spatial/temporal scales eco-physiological results. • Our model identifies positive patterns under considered climate change scenarios. • Regional trends highlight Lebanon, Malta and Montenegro as the most influenced. • Informative predictions can guide aquaculture, aiding species and site planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach is investigated for preventing biofouling of spacer filaments, which are an essential part of spiral-wound modules used in membrane-based desalination. Biofouling, caused by the growth and multiplication of microorganisms on the membrane surface, can significantly impact the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the desalination process. Herein, a method is proposed for fabricating modified feed spacers based on oil-infused slippery substrates made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). These feed spacers, when infused with silicone oil, create a stable, extremely slippery interface that exhibits exceptionally low bacterial adhesion and prevents biofilm formation, especially under flow conditions. By examining the effect of the silicone oil's viscosity, we determined the optimal ratio of the curing agent for fabricating the oil-infused feed spacer. Results showed a substantial reduction of bacterial adhesion to the surface for all tested oil viscosities, particularly under dynamic conditions. Furthermore, even where bacterial adhesion occurred, primarily on samples infused with lower-viscosity oil, it could be easily removed by simple rinsing. Overall, the oil-infused feed spacer demonstrated exceptional biofilm inhibition, providing preliminary indication of the potential offered by this promising approach. • Oil-impregnated PDMS spacers used to test biofouling prevention • PDMS stiffness and oil viscosity affect oil uptake and retention. • Reduced and easily removable biofilm growth on oily substrate • E. coli biofilm mitigation demonstrated on oil-infused PDMS spacer • Lower viscosity oil and lower stiffness PDMS demonstrate best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive underwater drag, coupled with a heavy marine fouling, not only adversely affects the operation and speed of ships but also leads to increased energy and fuel consumption. Inspired by the remarkable drag reduction and anti-biofouling capabilities of dolphin skin, we have developed a flexible polyurethane (PU) coating infused with osthole (OST). This coating not only exhibits exceptional drag reduction by postponing the boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow but also demonstrates robust anti-biofouling properties under both dynamic and static scenarios. The resultant PU x /OST y composite coating achieved the drag reduction efficiency of 8.20 % to 12.65 % with mean flow velocities ranging from 1 to 6 m/s. The PU x /OST y surfaces also displayed highly enhanced anti-biofouling performances, with ∼98.4 % and 97.5 % reduction for green algae Chlorella and the diatom N. closterium , respectively, as well as ∼99.4 % reduction against P. pantotrophus. Furthermore, the PU x /OST y coating had amazing durability in extreme environments, such as light aging, cycle sand abrasion, thermal aging, ultrasonic treatment, and tape-peeling. Therefore, this study underscores the potential of the bioinspired flexible coating for the application of underwater devices with prominent drag reduction and antifouling performance. [Display omitted] • The bio-inspired flexible coating possessed 8.20%∼12.65% drag reduction efficiency without external energy consumption and equipment. • The bio-inspired flexible coating achieved the superior anti-biofouling effects in both dynamic and static conditions. • The bio-inspired flexible coating was proven to be extremely stable under aggressive conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biofouling intensity and species increase on aged fouling release coating (FRC) over time. • Underwater cleaning enhances fouling control properties of aged FRC. • Coating surface damages lead to an increased algae re-fouling for aged FRC. • Proper strategy for underwater cleaning of aged FRC is proposed. The effectiveness of fouling release coatings (FRCs) may diminish over time in the seawater. Underwater cleaning of FRCs in service is crucial for biofouling control. This study investigated the effects of cleaning parameters (brush moving speed, cleaning force and frequency) on a silicone-based FRC (SiFR) aged for 2 months (A2-SiFR) and 13 months (A13-SiFR), simulating the short-term and long-term FRCs in service. Fouling resistance, re-fouling and cleaning efficiency utilizing a self-designed automated underwater cleaning system (AUCS) were examined. Moreover, coating surface characterization, including visual appearance condition, roughness, water contact angle were evaluated on the testing surfaces. Field testing at the CoaST Maritime Test Centre (CMTC) demonstrated that underwater cleaning exhibited positive effect on the long-term fouling control performance of aged FRCs. Besides, stronger cleaning force, slower moving speed and biweekly cleaning led to better fouling resistance. No significant damages were observed on A2-SiFR surface, while regular spiral and circular scratches appeared on A13-SiFR surface. The damages led to adverse effects on fouling resistance, re-fouling and cleaning efficiency of algae on the cleaned A13-SiFR surface, affecting the coating performance more than cleaning parameters. Despite these damages, the cleaned surfaces still exhibited a higher fouling resistance compared with the ones without cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reef restoration activities and the ornamental trade are increasing the demand for sexually propagated corals. One challenge faced in scaling up the aquaculture production of corals is high mortality as a result of fouling organisms overgrowing coral spat, with manual removal of algae and other fouling organisms being costly and time consuming. Here we test the use of microherbivore grazers as a potential biocontrol method for fouling in coral aquaculture and compare their effectiveness to manual cleaning by an aquarist. Recruits of six coral species (Acropora millepora, Acropora kenti, Goniastrea retiformis, Porites lobata, Dipsastraea speciosa and Lobophyllia corymbosa) were reared for 112 days with aquarist cleaning, or co-cultured with gastropods (Calthalotia strigata or Turbo haynesi), sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla or Echinomentra mathaei) , the hermit crab Clibanarius cf. taeniatus or under a control treatment with no grazers. Corals grown in the aquarist cleaning treatment displayed high survival and growth, though similar responses were observed for most coral species grown with C. strigata or T. gratilla , likely due to minimal damage via overgrazing and the promotion of relatively short turf algal communities in these treatments. However, effort required, measured as average cleaning time, was 2–3 times greater in the aquarist treatment compared to C. strigata or T. gratilla treatments. Survival of coral recruits housed with C. cf. taeniatus , E. mathaei or T. haynesi were variable, likely due to the dominance of long, filamentous turf algae in tanks with E. mathaei, and physical disturbance to recruits by C. cf. taeniatus and T. haynesi. Our results demonstrate microherbivores have potential for application in aquaculture to promote production, while also reducing labour costs. • Multiple coral species showed positive responses to co-culture with microherbivores. • Survival and growth with microherbivores were comparable to aquarist cleaning. • Acroporid corals typically performed best with small gastropods. • Non-Acroporid corals performed best with juvenile sea urchin. • Husbandry effort was 3× lower in co-culture tanks compared to aquarist cleaned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new quorum quenching strain LZX01 was isolated and produce intracellular lactonase. • LZX01 can rapidly degrade AHL and effectively mitigated membrane biofouling. • LZX01 decreased activated sludge TB-EPS and enhances its hydrophilicity. • LZX01 affected the growth of biofilm-associated bacteria but not MBR performance. • LZX01 still has high QQ activity in the environment rich in some toxic substances. Significant progress has been made in mitigating membrane biofouling by microbial quorum quenching (QQ). More efficient and survivable QQ strains need to be discovered. A new strain named Bacillus thuringiensis LZX01 was isolated in this study using a low carbon source concentration "starving" method from a membrane bioreactor (MBR). LZX01 secreted intracellular lactonase to enable QQ behavior and was capable of degrading 90 % of C8-HSL (200 ng/mL) within 30 min, which effectively delayed biofouling by inhibiting the growth of bacteria associated with biofouling and improving the hydrophilicity of bound extracellular polymeric substances. As a result, the membrane biofouling rate of MBR adding LZX01 was four times slower than that of the control MBR. Importantly, LZX01 maintains its QQ activity even in environments contaminated with typical toxic pollutants. Therefore, with high efficiency, toxicity resistance, and easy culture, LZX01 holds great potential and significant promise for biofouling control applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifouling mechanism of low surface energy marine antifouling coatings is fouling release, and the key to fouling release is the adhesion strength of fouling organisms on the coating surface. Herein, we report an antifouling strategy to improve the fouling release performance of antifouling coatings by control the surface free energy and elastic modulus. Natural biomass cardanol-based benzoxazine monomers with different structures were designed by molecular structure and successfully synthesized via Mannich condensation. Detailed information of the chemical structure for the benzoxazines are analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. In addition, the benzoxazines polymerization behavior is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The properties such as surface free energy and elastic modulus of polybenzoxazine were adjusted by the structure of the amine source. Notably, polybenzoxazines with octadecylamine as amine source have higher contact angle and lower surface free energy, and their elastic modulus is significantly lower than that of the octylamine benzoxazine. The elastic modulus of the octylamine benzoxazine was 732.5 MPa, while that of octadecylamine benzoxazine was only 24.0 MPa. Therefore, the polybenzoxazine coating has less fouling adhesion and exhibits better fouling release performance, and thus has better antifouling properties. This non-releasing polybenzoxazines without antifouling agent is a green, eco-friendly antifouling coating with low surface energy and low elastic modulus designed by molecular structure. [Display omitted] • Cardanol-based benzoxazine polymers with different molecular structures were synthesized. • Modulation of molecular structure to obtain low surface energy and low modulus polybenzoxazine. • Cardanol-based benzoxazine polymers coating with excellent fouling release performance. • Antifoulant-free and matrix-insoluble polybenzoxazine is an eco-friendly antifouling coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the world is increasingly concerned about marine litter and its interaction with marine biodiversity. However, knowledge concerning the fouling organisms associated with marine litter is very limited in many of the world's marine environments. In this survey, we investigated biofouling on different types of marine litter washed up on all the coasts of the central Atlantic of Morocco. The findings revealed 21 fouling species belonging to 9 phyla (Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Annelida, Bryozoa, Porifera, Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Ascomycota). More specifically, frequently observed fouling species include Mytilus galloprovincialis , Balanus laevis , Megabalanus coccopoma , and Pollicipes pollicipes species. Large marine litter items recorded the highest colonization of marine organisms in comparison to small ones. The frequency of occurrence (FO) of the species most commonly fouled on all coasts was Perforatus perforatus (FO = 48.60), followed by Mytilus galloprovincialis (FO = 45.80), Balanus trigonus (FO = 32.05), Balanus laevis (FO = 30.25), Megabalanus coccopoma (FO = 25.25), Bryozoa species (FO = 19.40), Spirobranchus triqueter (FO = 18.18), Lepas pectinata (FO = 14.45), and Pollicipes pollicipes (FO = 13.05). The majority of the species registered in this study are sessile. Substrate coverage by fouling taxa was significantly different between plastic substrate and other types of marine litter. Likewise, this study revealed that the proportion of fouling organisms is higher on rough surfaces. Overall, this research could be crucial to understanding the little-known subject of marine litter and its colonization by marine biota. Given that these marine litters can act as vectors and cause ecological, biogeographical, and conservation issues in the marine environment, minimizing the quantity of anthropogenic litter reaching the Moroccan Atlantic could significantly reduce its accumulation on the sea surface and seabed, thereby reducing the risk of invasion by non-indigenous species. • First study of biofouling on marine litter in the Moroccan Atlantic. • 21 fouling species belonging to 9 phyla were found on the marine litter. • Balanus laevis and Mytilus galloprovincialis were the most prevalent fouling species. • Fouling species on plastics were more frequent than other types of litter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polysiloxane with aminopropyl-terminated pendant groups were synthesized. • The synthesized polysiloxane copolymers shows higher reactivity. • The mechanical properties and adhesion strength of the modified resins were improved greatly. • The modified coatings exhibited excellent antifouling performance. Marine biofouling is a catastrophic problem for maritime industries, which catches researchers' attention. Antifouling coatings have been proved to be an effective approach to against fouling organisms. Herein, we firstly synthesized polydimethylsiloxane with aminopropyl-terminated pendant groups (APDMS) through a ring opening polycondensation, and then APDMS was reacted with bisphenol A type epoxy resin (DGEBA) to form the epoxy modified polysiloxane-based resin (EAPDMS). The curing behavior of DGEBA/APDMS was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with a non-isothermal curing method. The adhesion strength of EAPDMS was remarkably improved. The results of dynamic mechanical properties (DMA) and tensile tests showed an obvious enhancement of mechanical properties in the modified resin system. Marine field tests revealed that coatings exhibited excellent antifouling performance within 3 months. In brief, the EAPDMS coatings possess outstanding mechanical properties and excellent adhesion strength, showing high potential in the marine antifouling field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antifouling booster biocides are chemicals used in protective paints to tackle the adhesion of fouling organisms to maritime artificial structures. However, they are also known to exert toxic effects on non-target organisms. Recent research developments have highlighted the potential use of engineered micro/nanomaterials (EMNMs) as carriers of antifouling booster biocides in order to control their release and to reduce the harmful effects on living biota. In the present study, we sought to assess the toxicity of two commercially-available booster biocides: (zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT)); three unloaded engineered micro/nanomaterials (EMNMs); layered double hydroxides (LDH), silica nanocapsules (SiNC), polyurea microcapsules (PU); , and six novel EMNMs (loaded with each of the two biocides). The exposure tests were conducted on the larval stage (nauplii) of the brine shrimp Artemia salina and on two embryonic developmental stages of the European purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The findings indicate that the unloaded LDH and PU (i.e. both biocide-free EMNMs) have non/low toxic effects on both species. The unloaded SiNC, in contrast, exerted a mild toxic effect on the A. salina nauplii and P. lividus embryos. The free biocides presented different toxicity values, with ZnPT being more toxic than CuPT in the P. lividus assays. LDH-based pyrithiones demonstrated lower toxicity compared to the free forms of the state-of-the-art compounds, and constitute good candidates in terms of their antifouling efficacy. Image 1 • CuPT and ZnPT have different modes of activity on the larval stages of P. lividus. • The unloaded LDH nanocarrier is an environmentally safe compound. • Lower toxicity of LDH-CuPT and LDH-ZnPT compared to state-of-the-art free compounds. • PU nanocarrier exhibits low toxicity, being environmentally-friendly nanocarrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reef restoration requires efficient, effective and scalable techniques and methodologies to counteract the continued decline of coral reefs. Here we tested an in situ method to collect and settle fully developed planulae shed by the brooding coral species (Stylophora pistillata). Three devices called Coral Settlement Boxes (CSB; L × W × H: 50 × 40 × 6 cm; V: 4.5 L) were built from transparent Plexiglas and designed to be easily assembled and disassembled. Each CSB contained two integrated biofilm-covered nets (0.5 × 0.5 cm mesh size), which functioned as settlement substrate. The trap container of a traditional planulae trap was replaced by the CSB, and this new construction was used to collected planulae over 4 consecutive days. The CSBs were then transported to a mid-water coral nursery at 12 m depth. One CSB was disassembled immediately, the two settlement substrates were removed and each was placed in a protective cage (mesh size 4 cm2). The other two CSBs were opened after a 4-month period, leaving the four settlement substrates attached to the Plexiglas plates and covered by protective cages. None of the settlement substrates were cleaned of fouling organisms in the nursery. After 5 months in the mid-water nursery, a total of 120 healthy juvenile coral colonies had resulted from the estimated 2045 planulae initially trapped. This inexpensive and simple approach to producing sexually propagated stocks of colonies entirely in situ may enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and scalability of restoration activities that include brooding coral species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antifouling coatings are used to protect boat hulls from fouling organisms. The paints are designed to release biocides and by this prevent fouling organisms to attach. Until now the simultaneous release of the bulk plastic material has been over-looked. In this study the amount of antifouling paints on ships and leisure boats in Scandinavian countries and Germany has been compared and a calculation of the release of micro plastics has been performed. The result shows that use of a biocide-free hard coating will completely reduce outlet of biocides and the input of polymers will dramatically be reduced from at the most 5% in comparison to traditional paints where the release rate of plastics is estimated to be 70–85%. The advantage for the boat owners will be large since the hard maintenance work will be reduced, release of micro plastics will be low and thus lead to an improved environment. • Traditional antifouling paints release both biocides and microplastics. • A change of behaviour to hard cleanable biocide-free methods is beneficial to the environment. • Biocide-free hard cleanable coating can be used on both ships and leisure boats. • Hard cleanable biocide-free paint is preferred over traditional paints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the kelp Saccharina latissima was cultivated at three sites in Troms, northern Norway (at 69–70oN). These sites, while close to each other geographically, were characterized by differences in exposure to waves and influence from oceanic water, and arranged in a gradient from semi-offshore through intermediate exposure to a more sheltered fjord with a stronger influence from freshwater run-off. The effect on kelp biomass and biofouling was studied from February to August in 2014. Large variation in biofouling cover was observed between sites. The site with highest exposure had the maximum kelp biomass, but also the highest cover of fouling organisms. The frond area covered by epibionts varied by a factor of 8 with lowest cover at the fjord site, intermediate cover at the inshore site and highest cover at the semi-offshore site. Species composition of the biofouling community also varied between sites, with the dominant taxa being hydroids at the most protected, and bryozoans at the most exposed site. The present study shows that both biomass yield and biofouling can vary profoundly within short geographical ranges and it thereby underlines the importance of thorough site selection for kelp cultivation in order to achieve maximum kelp biomass and minimum biofouling. It also reveals promising opportunities for kelp cultivation at higher latitudes. • High variation in biofouling cover and species between kelp cultivation sites within the same region. • The study elucidate favorable sites and areas for kelp cultivation. • High biomass yield at all sites studied indicate that cultivation of S. latissima is promising above the Arctic Circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fouling organisms in bivalve aquaculture cause significant economic losses for the industry. Husbandry strategies to reduce biofouling can involve avoidance, prevention, and treatment. In this way, the type of rope used to collect spat or grow bivalves may prevent or reduce fouling by particularly harmful species but remains largely untested. Further, while a range of eco-friendly control methods exist, their effect on widespread, common biofoulers is poorly known. We tested biofouling accumulation and spat collection for seven commercially used ropes, and evaluated treatments of ambient and heated seawater, acetic and citric acid, and combinations of both applied across a range of exposure times to two commercially grown shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ostrea angasi) and three biofouling species (Ectopleura crocea , Ciona intestinalis and Styela clava). Rope types differed significantly in terms of fouling rates and spat collection, with specific rope types clearly advantageous, despite not being used commercially in our study area. Treatments proved variably successful, with E. crocea highly susceptible to all treatments, Ciona intestinalis moderately susceptible, and Styela clava relatively resistant. Excluding S. clava , efficacious treatments were attainable that did not adversely affect shellfish. Combining heat and acid treatments were more successful than individual treatments and provide a useful avenue for further trials. This study provides baseline evidence for treatment efficacy that will tailor longer-term, field trials to validate and streamline biofouling treatments in shellfish aquaculture. Highlights • Biofouling within shellfish culture operations reduces production efficiency. • Preventative measures and novel antifouling treatments are necessary to counteract this problem • Rope type strongly influenced fouling, and heat-acid treatment combinations are superior to individual treatments. • We provide baseline evidence that will tailor longer-term, field trials to validate and streamline biofouling treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Membrane fouling is a common bottleneck in the treatment of wastewater, seawater or brackish water containing bacteria and other living microorganisms. Simultaneously introducing passive antifouling strategies (fouling resistance and fouling release) and active antibacterial strategies (off-surface antibacterial and on-surface antibacterial) onto membrane surfaces seems a promising strategy. In the present study, we designed a new type of organic-inorganic composite modifier comprising organic polymer PHFBM-PMAA-PMTAC (poly [hexafluorobutyl methacrylate]-poly [methacrylic acid]-poly [(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride]) and inorganic Ag nanoparticles (NPs) to introduce the active-passive integrated antifouling strategies through synergistic surface segregation. We found that the Ag NPs could promote the surface segregation of copolymer and in turn copolymer would promote the bulk dispersion of Ag NPs. The resulting membranes exhibited superior and persistent antifouling properties as well as antibacterial properties. In the separation of oil-in-water emulsion and yeast suspension, the flux decline of the membranes was merely 4.0%, while the flux recovery ratio was nearly 100%. Meanwhile, the membranes exhibited desired off-surface and on-surface antibacterial properties, in which the antibacterial efficiency for Escherichia coli was nearly 100% and the width of inhibition zone was 4 mm. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • A composite modifier containing block-like copolymers and Ag NPs was designed. • Ag NPs promoted the segregation of the copolymers. • The copolymers promoted the bulk dispersion of Ag NPs. • Passive antifouling, off- and on-surface antibacterial mechanisms were integrated. • Resulting membranes exhibited superior antifouling and antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Graphene oxide(GO) membrane has the potential to become the next generation of water purification membrane, which could help to ease water crisis in many counties. However, organic membrane fouling is still difficult to avoid. In this study, we used a trace of ·OH to mitigate fouling by tuning surface functional groups of GO membrane and altering fouling layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that ·OH changed the epoxide-dominated GO surface to a hydroxyl-dominated surface. The adhesion force between the GO membrane and organic microspheres decreased from 0.37 ± 0.16 mN/m to 0.08 ± 0.14 mN/m after functionalization by ·OH. Quantum mechanical simulations showed that the interaction energy of the hydroxyl-dominated GO surface with a modified alginic acid monomer was 4.07 eV, which was lower than that (5.68 eV) between the epoxide-dominated GO surface and the modified alginic acid monomer. A thicker water molecule layer formed on the hydroxyl-dominated GO surface than on the epoxide-dominated GO surface through hydrogen bonding, thus repelling organic foulants. Combined with the oxidative effect of ·OH, the current method achieved the nearly complete prevention of membrane fouling. This result could provide us a new perspective for the fouling-free membrane-based water purification process. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Trace ·OH were introduced to the GO membrane filtration process to control fouling. • Almost complete prevention of fouling was observed after ·OH was introduced. • AFM results showed adhesion force decreased significantly after ·OH was introduced. • XPS results proved that ·OH became temporarily stable hydroxyl groups on GO. • Simulation showed that water shield layer formed on GO surface repelled foulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Many numerical models for membrane filtration have been developed to explain and predict fouling mechanisms. The models can simulate flux decline, transmembrane pressure increase, and fouling thickness based on theoretical equations. However, the simulated fouling layer thicknesses have not been validated by in-situ observations on membrane surfaces because the membrane system is operated under a sealed and pressurized condition. In this study, humic acid fouling layers on nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes were monitored in-situ and in real-time using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The OCT system detected fouling layer growth over time, and showed that the compact and thick fouling layer had an estimated thickness of 80 µm. When comparing the thickness of the fouling layer between OCT and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the OCT images showed values that were approximately 8 times higher than those of the SEM images. By comparing the obtained fouling thickness values with the estimated results, two existing models (Faridirad model and pore blockage-cake filtration model) were validated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), and coefficient of determination (R2). Both models showed similar high R2 (≥0.97) and low RMSE (<10-5) values, but the pore blockage-cake filtration model had lower AIC values than the Faridirad model. This study highlighted that the in-situ and real-time monitoring of fouling thickness can provide significant information for developing an accurate and precise membrane model. Highlights • Humic acid fouling under high pressure was monitored using the OCT technique. • The thicknesses of the fouling were estimated by real-time fouling observation. • Superior model was determined by using the observed fouling thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hull fouling has been a driving force behind the development of most modern marine antifouling coatings that mainly contain copper based biocides to inhibit growth of fouling organisms. Despite these efforts, several non-indigenous species continue to be transferred via hull-fouling worldwide. In this study we designed a disturbance gradient with three commercial antifouling paints applied to PVC settling plates with different concentrations of copper oxide and allowed colonization of fouling communities in four marinas located at the Madeira Archipelago (NE Atlantic). Overall, the antifouling treatments were effective in decreasing the diversity of fouling communities and spatial variability across marinas was observed. Increasing exposure to metal pollutants decreases both species cover and total diversity, independently of their native or NIS condition. However, evidences found suggest that long-term effects of copper based antifouling coatings can be modulated by metal-resistant species allowing a secondary substrate for the epibiosis of other species to establish. Highlights • Copper pollution significantly affected diversity of fouling communities and spatial variability was observed. • Increasing exposure to copper decreases species cover and total diversity, independently of their native or NIS statuses. • The settlement of native species in copper treated plates was facilitated by the occurrence of Watersipora subtorquata. • Non-toxic paint seems to favor NIS while absence of paint seems to favor the settlement of native species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An anti-fouling WWSHP system with high efficiency and reliability was proposed. • Working cycle of circulating air in the novel WWSHP system was analyzed detailly. • The novel WWSHP system had an effective anti-fouling performance. • Condensate from the evaporator was very clear in comparison to the sewage. • Evaporator of the novel WWSHP system had very clean surface after 41-day test. Abstract Using wastewater source heat pumps to recover heat from the sewage discharged from buildings could help improve building energy utilization efficiency remarkably, which is a promising technology in near-zero energy buildings and should be widely used. However, fouling deposit would occur on a heat exchanger surface due to the poor water quality of wastewater, which would affect the heat transfer performance and may even block the heat exchanger, reducing the reliability of a wastewater source heat pump unit. Fouling poses a challenge for the wider application of wastewater source heat pumps. A novel anti-fouling wastewater source heat pump system with a wastewater tower was proposed in this work and its operational performances were experimentally investigated based on a long-term test of 41 days (492 h). Experimental results showed that the heat transfer rate in the evaporator of the novel wastewater source heat pump was stable during the 41-day test at an average of 3.80 kW. Unlike in the evaporator of a conventional wastewater source heat pump unit, the total thermal resistance in the evaporator of the novel wastewater source heat pump unit was not increased but only fluctuated around an average of 0.0267 K m2/W throughout the entire 41 days test. The evaporating temperature of the refrigerant stayed stable around an average of 2.74 °C. Furthermore, the coefficient of performance of the unit was also stable at an average of 3.32 and the coefficient of performance of the system maintained an average of 2.13. The condensate drained away from the bottom of the evaporator did not contain any foulant. In addition, the photos for the evaporator showed that its surface was still clean after the 41-day test. Therefore, the experimental results suggested that the novel wastewater source heat pump system not only had superior performance of heat recovery but also achieved effective anti-fouling on its evaporator surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) and fouling organisms are prevalent in oceans worldwide. The study aims to investigate the pollution characteristics of MPs in fouling organisms. The study found significant inter-specific differences in the MPs abundance, while the length of MPs is consistent. The average number of MPs in N. exigua is 0.00 ± 0.00. There is a correlation between MPs abundance and weight in sessile group, while gastropods don't. Direct observation has demonstrated that the radulae of N. radula can envelop MPs. Fiber and blue are the predominant forms and colors of MPs found in fouling organisms. It is noteworthy that all film and fragment MPs observed were of a blue hue and had a size limitation of 500 μm. The characteristics of MPs between sessile organisms are more similar than those between gastropods. This study has improved our understanding of the pollution characteristics of MPs in fouling organisms, specifically gastropods. [Display omitted] • There are interspecific differences in the abundance of microplastics (MPs). • There is a correlation between MPs abundance and weight in sessile group. • The average number of MPs in N. exigua is 0.00 ± 0.00. • The radulae of N. radula can envelop MPs. • The MPs characteristics between sessile groups are more similar than those between gastropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone-based coatings are vulnerable to marine fouling organisms in static environments, which seriously hampers its practical application. Here, an amphiphilic acrylate polymer is designed by hydrophilic polyethylene glycol and antibacterial borneol, which is introduced into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by covalent linking to prepare antifouling coatings. XPS and CA tests prove that amphiphilic acrylate polymer can migrate to coating surface in the marine environment to maximize antifouling properties. Mytilus edulis foot protein adhesion test find it can weaken interface force between Mefp-3 and surface. Laboratory antifouling performance evaluations confirm that the coatings are effective against the adhesion of bacteria (86.72 % reduction for E. coli), diatoms (87.76 % reduction for Nitzschia closterium). The good antifouling properties of coatings are ascribed to the synergistic effect among unique bicyclic monoterpene structure of natural non-toxic borneol and amphiphilic acrylate polymer on surface of coatings. Moreover, the coating is less harmful to the marine ecological balance than traditional coatings containing toxic biocides due to the introduction of natural non-toxic borneol. This work contributes new insights in the exploration of environmentally friendly coating with excellent static antifouling performance. • Dynamic migration of amphiphilic substances provide static antifouling capability. • The preparation process of the coating is simple. • Borneol presents environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]