Search

Estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) is an essential step in forensic investigations, particularly those involving homicides and unwitnessed deaths. However, traditional methods occasionally yield inconsistent estimates. Histological and molecular techniques are considered crucial in forensic pathology and are frequently employed to estimate the time interval of death. The gingiva is an oral mucosal tissue used to estimate PMI. This review aimed to examine the potential of histological methods to determine PMI using oral mucosal tissue, namely the gingiva, and to investigate changes that occur in oral mucosal tissue at different time intervals when compared with those in normal tissues. The oral mucosa comprises layers of stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue. Similar to other body tissues, changes are known to occur in the gingiva after death, and these cellular and tissue changes should also be considered. Alterations in the gingiva include homogenisation, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, karyolysis, chromatin clumping, eosinophilia, collagen fibre degradation, and the loss of tissue architecture. Reviews collating the results of original trials have consistently reported how the oral mucosa is altered by autolysis and how such changes can be observed in histological tissue morphology after death. Histology is an acceptably accurate technique for estimating PMIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile forensics, particularly in the Android ecosystem, is a rapidly evolving field that demands continuous advancements to address the growing complexity and diversity of mobile devices. This article emphasizes the importance of developing techniques for digitally analyzing Android smartphones, which dominate the smartphone market. The primary objective of this research is to contribute to the development of effective forensic investigation strategies tailored specifically for Android mobile devices, providing insights into the tools and methods used for this purpose. The objective of this study is to improve the precision and effectiveness of forensic examinations pertaining to Android mobile phones. It discusses the fundamental functionality of mobile devices as a source of digital evidence and provides an overview of tools and methodologies for collecting and analyzing such evidence. The importance of comprehending the hardware and software architecture of Android handsets in order to choose the right forensic tools is also highlighted in the article. Furthermore, it proposes future enhancements for Andriller, a popular digital forensic tool, to improve its effectiveness in Android forensic investigations. These enhancements include advancements in data extraction techniques, compatibility with new Android versions, support for additional data types, integration with advanced analysis methods, and addressing identified limitations. Additionally, the paper stresses the need for robust methodologies for conducting cloud forensics on Android devices, particularly in the context of data stored in cloud storage services. The proposed work aims to enhance the capabilities of Andriller and improve the efficiency of digital forensic investigations on Android devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In document forensics, identifying ink mismatches is crucial for detecting forgeries and determining document authenticity. However, identifying and separating specific inks from paper can be challenging. Hyperspectral imaging can capture unique spectral patterns exhibited by inks composed of different materials, even when their colors appear identical. Hyperspectral document analysis (HSDI) can be employed to authenticate documents by analyzing the ink. Earlier studies had insufficiently accurate black ink detection, so this paper proposes a novel approach using deep learning and pre-processing methods to improve black ink detection accuracy. The proposed approach uses supervised deep learning to identify ink mismatches in hyperspectral document images. The study evaluated the performance of the proposed model using a hyperspectral image dataset consisting of UWA (University of Western Australia) writing ink in both blue and black colors and different types of artificially identical color inks mixed in various ratios to find ink mismatches. The results showed that the proposed system performed better than other systems reported in the literature, improving the average accuracy by up to 0.18% for blue and 0.36% for black. The proposed method accurately detects ink mismatches and identifies various inks based on their unique spectral response, rendering it highly beneficial for applications in document forensics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porcine model shows structural features comparable to that of humans and are routinely used within research, due to the ethical, legal, and practical use of post-mortem human samples. Methods for obtaining high quality and comparable reference data using standardised acquisition protocols are essential. The decapitated heads of three adult white sows were subjected to radiographic imaging before and after cranial trauma (9 mm, Heckler and Koch MP5). Digital radiographs were generated using a Siemens MULTIX TOP system with an Agfa digital detector, with foam blocks and sandbags as ancillary equipment. An iterative approach was adopted by the authors to generate reproducible radiographic views from two perpendicular angles. Specimens were kept at 5 °C and wrapped in polythene bags to reduce the impact of putrefaction. Standardised head radiography technique was developed for superior-inferior and lateral views demonstrating porcine anatomy. Key parameters included: automatic exposure control for tube current (∼4 mAs), tube voltage of 73 kVp, 100 cm source to image receptor distance, and an anti-scatter grid. Slight variances in specimen morphology, developmental status, and soft tissue changes did not affect imaging outcomes. The technique and positioning proposed in this study allows for the acquisition of high quality and reproducible radiographic images for comparable ballistic research datasets. Specimen positioning and centring of the primary beam may be applied across porcine breeds, although individual radiographic parameters may differ according to equipment specifications and specimen size. Development of a reproducible radiographic technique of porcine heads in forensic and veterinary research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fibre transfer from unconstrained physical assaults involving human subjects. • More fibres transfer in person-person contact than previous data suggests. • Realistic fibre transfer quantities to inform better decision making. • Care must be taken in assigning 'roles' in physical assaults using fibre evidence. • Broad fibre distribution maps evident despite garments stored in paper bags. Knowledge of the number of fibres transferred during a particular activity is essential for the interpretation of findings in similar criminal cases. In this regard, violent contacts and physical assaults still present a challenge, due to a lack of robust published data. Hereby, we present the outcome of an empirical study where different assault activities were simulated by a Jiu Jitsu team and participants were asked to play either the role of an aggressive 'assailant' or a defensive 'victim', wearing cotton garments (i.e., Gi's). Four different scenarios were simulated in replicates (n = 5), each of them involving different intensity levels (low and high) and duration times (30 and 60 s). Results showed that approximately 1,000 to 44,000 fibres were cross-transferred between the participants' garments, with noticeable differences between the different scenarios. These values were significantly larger than those published in previous studies and, therefore, suggested the possibility of a current underestimation of the number of fibres transferred in physical assaults. Furthermore, statistical analysis by ANOVA indicated that the all the variables tested (i.e., intensity level, duration time, and participants role) had a significant effect on the number of transferred fibres (p < 0.001) and, consequently, that some knowledge of the case circumstances may be important to make more educated estimations. This is the first time that such a methodology has been applied for the quantitative assessment of fibre transfer between participants in assault activities. Data are expected to help practitioners with the interpretation of findings in real casework and lead to a more robust evidential assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Using machine learning and computer vision for automatic shoeprint image retrieval. • Automated crime scene linking with shoeprint images. • Advance performance for shoeprint image retrieval process. A shoeprint image retrieval process aims to identify and match images of shoeprints found at crime scenes with shoeprint images from a known reference database. It is a challenging problem in the forensic discipline of footwear analysis because a shoeprint found at the crime scene is often imperfect. Recovered shoeprints may be partial, distorted, left on surfaces that do not mark easily, or perhaps come from shoes that do not transfer marks easily. In this study, we present a shoeprint retrieval method by using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and normalized cross-correlation (NCC). A pre-trained CNN was used to extract features from the pre-processed shoeprint images. We then employed NCC to compute a similarity score based on the extracted image features. We achieved a retrieval accuracy of 82% in our experiments, where a "successful" retrieval means that the ground truth image was returned in the top 1% of returned images. We also extend our shoeprint retrieval method to the problem of linking shoeprints recovered from crime scenes. This new method can provide a linkage between two crime scenes if the two recovered shoeprints originated from the same shoe. This new method achieved a retrieval accuracy of 88.99% in the top 20% of returned images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 'Death by GPS' refers to fatal automobile accidents related to GPS device's. • Incidents include motorists being directed to remote or impassible areas. • Forensic Science research may benefit from the creation of a technology autopsy. • Criminal Justice research should examine negligent homicide policies related to GPS. • 'Death by GPS' is an understudied topic, requiring more attention in the future. This article seeks to give visibility to a growing program: Motorists who set out for travel following directions from their GPS device and never return. These occurrences have gained the moniker 'Death by GPS'. From giving incorrect directions, to taking motorists to isolated areas, to directing motorists into unsafe neighborhoods, GPS technology has led several people into catastrophic scenarios. This article is split into two sections. In the first section, the varying causes of Death by GPS are examined, alongside notable cases. In the second section, as Death by GPS is understudied in forensic science and legal spaces, the author explores the societal and scientific benefits of filling this gap. Relying on relevant collision figures, cultural trends, death science, legal studies, and ethics literature, this article produces groundwork on the growing issue of Death by GPS and identifies areas for future exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Holistic review of the sexual assault investigative process. • Complete bioanalytical workflow emphasising recovery and examination of evidence. • Prosecution numbers falling despite little change in forensic support. • Literature supports RapidDNA testing at SARC or by Police. • Post-covid familiarity of lateral-flow tests mean victims could test own swabs. Sexual assault casework requires the collaboration of multiple agency staff to formalise an investigative pipeline running from crime scene to court. While the same could be said of many other forensic investigations, few require the additional support of health care staff and the combined forensic involvement of body-fluid examiners, DNA experts and analytical chemists. The sheer amount of collaborative effort between agencies is laid out through a detailed examination of the investigative workflow from crime scene to courtroom with each step in the pipelines detailed and discussed. Beginning with a review of sexual assault legislation in the United Kingdom this article details how sexual assault investigations are initiated by police and supported by sexual assault referral centre (SARC) staff who are often the first responders providing primary healthcare and patient support to victims while simultaneously collecting and assessing forensic evidence. Detailing the myriad of evidential material that can be documented and collected at the SARC, the review identifies and categorises key forensic tests to first detect and identify body-fluids recovered from evidence through to the secondary analysis of DNA to help identify the suspect. This review also focusses on the collection and analysis of biological material used to support the allegation that the sexual activity was non-consensual and provides a breakdown of common marks and trauma as well as a review of common analytical methods used to infer Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA). The culmination of the investigative pipeline is discussed by reviewing the Rape and Serious Sexual Assault (RASSO) workflow used by the Crown Prosecution Service before providing our thoughts on the future of forensic analysis and possible changes to the described workflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical investigation of a former convent graveyard for conversion to a community centre identified an unrecorded, unmarked burial below a later burial. Archaeological excavation confirmed the presence of skeletonized human remains, considered by police as a possible clandestine burial. Mortuary examination indicated the remains belonged to a mature adult female. To determine whether the deceased could be a recorded missing person, radiocarbon dating was undertaken on a femur and a rib bone. This is not always straightforward, and results showed two possible ages due to intercepts on either side of the nuclear weapons testing spike in atmospheric 14C; however, the later dated burial allowed us to constrain the date of a rib to CE 1959. This study demonstrates that dating a second tissue with a longer turnaround time, such as a femur, can help to constrain which side of the bomb spike is most probable. This paper documents in one work the search, scene and sample and then advances this to resolution by anthropological analysis and radiocarbon dating of human remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operational forensic laboratories routinely perform immunological assays for detecting various body fluids. The ABAcard® p30 and HemaTrace® immunochromatographic tests from Abacus Diagnostics are used for detecting the p30 enzyme in human semen and human haemoglobin present in blood respectively. In early 2023, manufacturer modifications to the ABAcard® p30 and HemaTrace® tests resulted in a reduction in card size and volume of sample extract used in the recommended protocol. This change in card design and/or the reduced volume of sample extract may alter the sensitivity of the test. This study established and compared the limit of detection (LOD) for the old and newly modified ABAcard® p30 and HemaTrace® test cards. The LOD values showed that the new test cards were approximately 2.4-fold (HemaTrace® test) and 3.4-fold (p30 test) more sensitive than the old cards. Additionally, it was found that the new HemaTrace® test cards were more susceptible to the high dose hook effect. In response to the increased sensitivity, existing data pertaining to the reactivity of these test cards to non-target body fluid and substances warrants re-investigation to ensure positive results are interpreted correctly. • The limit of detection of the new ABAcard® p30 and HemaTrace® tests were determined. • The new design of the p30 test was 3.4-fold more sensitive than the old design. • The new design of the HemaTrace® test was 2.4-fold more sensitive than old design. • The new design of the HemaTrace® test was more susceptible to high dose hook effect. • Reactivity of the new tests to non-target body fluids should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette stubs are commonly encountered trace DNA samples at crime scenes. Standard laboratory practice typically involves direct lysis of the stub for DNA extraction, leading to the co-extraction of DNA-degrading and inhibiting constituents from smoke and tobacco. This process can result in lower-quality DNA profiles. There has been limited focus on developing specific sample processing techniques that minimize these degrading agents and inhibitors before DNA extraction, which could significantly enhance the quality of DNA profiles. This study evaluates a previously established Cell Elution Method (CEM) against the conventional Direct Lysis Method (DLM) for DNA extraction from cigarette stubs. DNA quantity, quality, and subsequent STR profiles were assessed in 80 smoked cigarette stubs, comprising both flavoured and unflavoured types. While CEM exhibited comparable DNA yield from both flavoured (0.17 ng) and unflavoured (0.19 ng) cigarettes, DLM showed significant variability in average DNA yield for unflavoured (0.05 ng) and for flavoured (0.25 ng) cigarettes. Notably, CEM-treated samples demonstrated lower Degradation Index (DI) values compared to DLM-treated ones for both the types of cigarettes. Consequently, STR profiling success rates were higher with CEM, with 95 % of flavoured and 55 % of unflavoured samples yielding informative profiles, compared to 80 % and 0 %, respectively, for DLM. In unflavoured stubs, Amelogenin marker amplification was achieved in 35 % of CEM-treated samples, significantly outperforming the 5 % success rate with DLM. Additionally, CEM resulted in higher average allele recovery rates for both flavoured (58.98 %) and unflavoured (33.41 %) samples compared to DLM. These findings indicate that CEM outperforms DLM in producing higher-quality DNA profiles from cigarette stubs. Thus, CEM can be a choice of method for processing cigarette stub prior to DNA extraction. [Display omitted] • Sample processing method to enhance DNA profile quality from cigarette stubs is reported. • Cell elution processing of cigarette stubs yields more informative DNA profiles. • Cigarette type (flavoured and unflavoured) did not impact CEM efficacy. • Direct lysis of the stubs generated lower percentage of informative profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic investigations following incidents involving chemical or biological agents present considerable challenges. Understanding the possibilities and limitations can aid in determining the most suitable procedures and enhancing the recovery of useful traces in these complex situations. This work complements previously published results on the effects of decontaminants on fingermarks deposited on glass. Identifying the perpetrators can be crucial, and DNA analysis remains a cornerstone in this regard. In this study, we investigated the ability to obtain usable DNA profiles from blood and saliva (pure and diluted) exposed to 16 different decontamination methods. Both DNA quantitation and DNA profiling were considered to assess the outcomes. The results revealed considerable variability but indicated that biological agents' decontaminants hindered DNA profiling post-decontamination to a greater extent than decontaminants aimed for chemical agents. Chlorine-based decontaminants also globally had a deleterious impact on DNA profiling. Powder decontaminants such as Fast-Act, CHpowder, and the liquid decontaminants GDS2000 did not affect DNA profiling. • This study examines forensic challenges with chemical and biological agents, focusing on enhancing the recovery of biological traces. • It examines how 16 decontamination methods affect DNA profiling of blood and saliva samples. • Biological decontaminants and chlorine-based agents hinder DNA profiling, while Fast-Act, CHPowder, and GDS2000 show no adverse effects. • Combining quantitative and degradation Index values can help adapt amplification strategies and prioritize samples in chemical and biological incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time elapsed since bloodstain deposition is a crucial aspect in forensic investigations, where non-destructive spectroscopic methods play a pivotal role. While extensive research has been conducted by UV–Vis spectroscopy, showcasing its utility in specific cases, there is still a paucity of studies based on NIR spectroscopy, which has the potential to overcome the limitations of the UV–Vis-based methods. To compensate for this disequilibrium, the present study aimed to evaluate the NIR applicability for estimating the age of forensic bloodstains and develop a performance comparison with UV–Vis spectroscopy methods. Capillary blood was sampled and subjected to a 16-day aging, during which it was repeatedly analyzed using both spectroscopic methods. Subsequently, chemometric analysis was applied to process the spectral data and independently assess the methods' performance. Classical preprocessing transforms (i.e., Savitzky-Golay derivatives and SNV transform) were used together with more targeted strategies, such as class centering, whose benefit was highlighted by PCA. Lastly, PLS regression models were computed to evaluate the effectiveness of both spectroscopic methods in estimating the time elapsed since blood trace deposition. Comparable root mean square errors in prediction (RMSEP) – 40 and 55 h for UV–Vis and NIR spectroscopy, respectively – were observed for both techniques, featuring an improvement with respect to the existing literature for NIR spectroscopy. Data fusion strategies for a multi-instrumental platform were also explored, evaluating advantages and disadvantages of low-level and mid-level approaches. The results indicated that NIR spectroscopy integrated with adequate chemometric strategies deserves increased appreciation in forensic bloodstain dating. [Display omitted] • Comparison between NIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy in dating of forensic bloodstains. • PCA on raw data shows systematic effects in UV–Vis data, solved with preprocessing. • PLS regression confirms ability of both techniques to predict time from deposition. • UV–Vis spectroscopy needs stronger preprocessing than NIR. • Mid-level data fusion improved the dating accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed descriptions of violent postictal episodes are rare. We provide evidence from an index case and from a systematic review of violent postictal episodes that demonstrates the encephalopathic features of some violent postictal behaviors. We discuss how these cases may fit in the legal framework of culpability. The data support the view that some episodes of violent postictal behavior are more accurately classified as a neurological delirium or encephalopathy rather than as a postictal psychosis. Current medical terminology may present unwarranted (and presumably unintended) barriers to exculpation for patients who exhibit post-ictal violence during an episode of delirium during which the patient was unaware of his or her violent conduct. • Postictal psychosis (PIP) has typically been defined as an episode of psychosis arising after an epileptic seizure. • A subset of cases typically included within the definition of PIP would be more accurately characterized as postictal delirium (PID) because no underlying psychotic disorder is involved in such cases. • Violent behavior can be associated with PID. • Distinguishing cases of PID with violent behavior from PIP characterized by delusions or hallucinations can have important implications for criminal culpability in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NT-proBNP and HFABP levels in postmortem urine were compared. • HFABP was significantly elevated in CHF, sepsis, and hyperthermia cases. • NT-proBNP was significantly high in AMI, CHF, sepsis, and hyperthermia cases. • Postmortem urinary NT-proBNP and HFABP levels showed a positive correlation. • The degree of HFABP/NTpro-BNP ratio differed between the causes of death. The clinical use of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and blood concentrations of heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) is well-established in diagnosing heart conditions. However, their applicability in forensics is controversial due to postmortem changes. NT-proBNP and HFABP are excreted in the urine due to their small molecular weights and may be found in postmortem urine samples; however, their correlation has not been evaluated. In this study, we compared the concentrations of urinary NT-proBNP and HFABP in 386 forensic autopsy cases. The urinary NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), sepsis, and hyperthermia cases, with the highest levels in CHF cases. Similarly, HFABP concentration was significantly higher in CHF, sepsis, and hyperthermia cases, with the highest level observed in hyperthermia cases. However, the difference in urinary HFABP levels between the AMI and control cases was not significant. Our analysis revealed a correlation between postmortem urine NT-proBNP and HFABP levels, and the NT-proBNP/HFABP ratio was high in patients with CHF and sepsis cases and low in those with hyperthermia. The difference between the ratios was possibly due to the combined release of ventricular myocardial cells in response to ventricular wall stress and myocardial injury for NT-proBNP, as well as myocardial and skeletal muscle injuries for HFABP. This study, for the first time, demonstrates the utility of postmortem measurements of urinary NT-proBNP and HFABP levels, offering valuable insights for improving the accuracy of postmortem diagnosis in forensic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Traumatic acute posterior fossa subdural hematoma (PFSDH) is rare and fatal. • Prompt surgical intervention for PFSDHs should always be considered. • Close monitoring of clinical and radiological findings is crucial. • Pediatric PFSDHs are challenging owing to radiation exposure from repeated CT. • Repeated CT scans require consideration of benefits and risks. Traumatic acute posterior fossa subdural hematoma (PFSDH) is a rare and potentially fatal condition in which the progressed hematoma compresses the brainstem or causes secondary hydrocephalus. Hence, vigilant monitoring of clinical and radiological findings is crucial to detect the typical sudden deterioration, which can occur in the early stages. However, managing pediatric PFSDHs poses additional challenges due to risks associated with radiation exposure from repeat computed tomography (CT) examinations, potentially impeding crucial diagnostic insights. Here, we present a rare pediatric case of fatal acute traumatic PFSDH. Despite undergoing a timely initial CT scan that indicated the presence of PFSDH, the patient experienced sudden deterioration 15 h later and eventually died. No follow-up CT examinations were conducted during this critical period. This case underscores the challenges in managing pediatric PFSDHs, particularly concerning the benefits of repeated CT examinations in initially stable patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forensic autopsies of community deaths show incidental, undiagnosed TB cases • Undiagnosed TB and related deaths reveal gaps in TB control programs • TB remains an important public health problem in Lusaka, Zambia • Low social-economic status and TB are intertwined in these cases Tuberculosis remains a global emergency. In Zambia only 55% of tuberculosis cases are diagnosed. We performed a study to determine incidental cases of tuberculosis seen at forensic autopsy of individuals who died suddenly and unexpectedly in the community in Lusaka, Zambia. Whole-body autopsies were performed according to Standard Operating Procedures. Representative samples obtained from relevant organs were subjected to pathological examination. Information on circumstances surrounding the death was obtained. Data on patient demographics, gross and microscopic pathological findings, and cause(s) of death were analysed. Incidental tuberculosis was found in 52 cases (45 male, 7 female, age range 14-66) out of 4286 whole-body autopsies. 41/52 (80%) were aged 21-50 years. One was a 14-year old boy who died during a football match. 39/52 (75%) deaths were attributable specifically to tuberculosis only. Other deaths were due to acute alcohol intoxication(4), violence(7), ruptured ectopic pregnancy(1), bacterial meningitis (1). All the cases were from poor socio-economic backgrounds and lived in high-density areas of Lusaka. Incidental cases of active tuberculosis undiagnosed antemortem seen at forensic autopsy reflects major gaps in the national TB control programs. More investments into proactive screening, testing, treatment activities, and accurate data collection are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Prior to COVID-19, timely sharing of forensic-related pedagogic practice was limited. • #RemoteForensicCSI bridged this gap providing monthly e-seminars and open discussion. • A supportive and valued learning community was created between academia and industry. • On-demand access, live networking and peer-openness were important features. • Professionals seek continuation and evolution of such a CPD network post-pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about rapid, transformational change to pedagogic practice on a global scale. During this time, educators across all levels needed to significantly broaden and upskill their digital skills and competence to instantaneously turn face-2-face content into remote, online provision, particularly during periods of national lockdown. Whilst there was significant e-content available in some subject domains, there were limited e-resources available to those working within the criminal justice sector. The #RemoteForensicCSI network was established in attempts to fill this gap and support both practitioner and learner transition within further and higher education and industry. This article evaluates the value and impact that the #RemoteForensicCSI initiative had on the personal development of network participants, their peers and learners, whilst considering, reflecting on and recommending how remote delivery may influence the future of teaching, training and learning within education and the wider criminal justice sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel mentoring scheme was adopted in undergraduate forensic and policing curricula. • Mentors were senior (second to fourth year) undergraduate students. • Actively mentoring others significantly developed self-confidence and self-efficacy. • A framework is proposed to link mentor and employer skills with graduate attributes. • Multiple initiatives are needed to maximise mentors' employability potential. This paper considers whether the adoption of a subject-specific, classroom-based, voluntary extra-curricular student mentoring scheme could provide an effective mechanism and andragogic approach to enhance higher education students' employability potential pre-graduation. Over the three-year pilot, 26 more advanced (second to fourth year) undergraduate students actively mentored nearly 400 first year undergraduate students during workshops delivered annually within forensic and policing focused courses. In total, 17 mentors anonymously completed online, post-scheme surveys. Survey data was quantitatively analysed to evaluate the scheme, establish which skills and attributes mentors had developed and investigate whether mentors could appropriately identify example skills within professional terminology used during employer recruitment. In addition, this paper reflects on the implementation of remote student mentoring during the COVID-19 pandemic and its adoption within a blended learning framework. The results from this research strongly support mentoring as an effective mechanism to develop undergraduate employability skills, significantly developing mentors' self-confidence and self-efficacy in their interpersonal and communication skills. Although mentors were aware of university graduate attributes and thought they could evidence these with appropriate examples, in practice this was not necessarily the case. As a result, a framework is proposed to enable mentors to identify their skills and how they may align with competencies sought by relevant forensic and policing employers. However, other andragogic practices may need to be implemented to maximise the potential for successful graduate employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Systematic method for the profiling of fraudulent identity documents. • Visual characteristics of digitised images. • Method evaluated in real work conditions. Document fraud is a transnational form of crime, and its serial character has already been highlighted. To combat this phenomenon, the Interstate Database of Fraudulent Identity Documents (BIDIF) has been created and implemented in Switzerland. It supports the comparison of documents and the detection of series, i.e., documents that share a common source. To efficiently use such a system, forensic document examiners would benefit from a harmonised and proven profiling method. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a method for comparing documents and establishing series. The method is meant to improve the detection capabilities of forensic document examiners operating BIDIF or engaged in the profiling of fraudulent documents. First, a method based on the visual characteristics of digitised images of fraudulent identity documents has been developed. Subsequently, the method was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using four tests. The first test verified the ability of the method to detect pre-existing series. The second test checked the capability of the method to detect links amongst isolated documents. Finally, two further tests were carried out to compare the method impact on the successful detection of series. These tests were carried out by professional forensic document examiners and Master students in forensic science, respectively. This allowed a comparison of the method influence on series detection. The method allowed a significant increase in the number of series and links detected, while also decreasing the occurrence of false negatives and false positives. Furthermore, links were more rapidly detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Detection of human blood via MALDI MS-proteomics based approach is possible up to the 1:20,000 dilution tested. • The MALDI MS- proteomics based approach is compatible with the prior application of KM and Luminol Tests. • Contextual presence of saliva or sweat does not prevent human blood detection. • Detection of human blood via MALDI MS- proteomics based approach is possible from porous surfaces regardless of the sampling area within the stain. For the past 7 years, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS) based methods have been developed and published for the forensic detection of blood in stains and fingermarks. However, in the view of adoption in an operational context, further investigation into the capabilities and limitations of this approach must be conducted. The refinement and testing of this approach must also be tailored to the requirements of the end users, enabling them to address the specific circumstances most encountered in a forensic scenario. The present study delves deeper into the assessment of the applicability of MALDI MS based strategy for the reliable and robust detection of human blood through: (i) a semi-qualitative assessment of the sensitivity of the method, (ii) a wider investigation of the compatibility of the method with the prior application of commonly used presumptive tests and (iii) assessment of the specificity of the method (when blood is present in mixture with other biofluids) and of its robustness, by assessing blood detection from a range of porous materials. The findings strengthen the evidence supporting the adoption of MALDI MS based approaches as a confirmatory test for the forensic detection of human blood in an operational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Findings support advice that the overlay method should not be used in isolation. • Agreement between two examiners' comparisons showed high inter-rater consistency. • One examiner showed poor agreement with two other examiners' overlay comparisons. • Whilst a lack of consistency was found, this is ameliorated at verification stage. • Validity of method: Sensitivity: 77.8%; Specificity: 61.9%; FPR: 38.1%; FNR: 22.2%. The overlay method is used in forensic podiatry to compare the shape, position, and overall fit of features between questioned and reference footprint evidence. However, the scientific foundation underpinning its validity in the comparison of insole footprints is not fully understood because of a lack of published data defining its statistical operating parameters. A review of literature revealed its subjective nature with little scientific validation, limited only to face validity. The aim of this study investigated strength of agreement between three expert footprint examiners' overlay comparisons of ten reference insole footprints using Cohen's weighted kappa (K w). Validity of method was explored using measures of sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results showed two examiners demonstrated high inter-rater consistency between their overlay comparisons (K w : 0.981; 95 %CI: 0.943 to 1.020 for Rater1 v Rater2) whilst one examiner did not (K w : 0.340; 95 %CI: 0.148 to 0.532 for Rater1 v Rater3; K w : 0.310; 95 %CI: 0.100 to 0.519 for Rater2 v Rater3). Validity was investigated using a conclusion scale in a verbal expressions table to indicate support or rejection of compatibility of footprints between one questioned insole and ten reference insoles. Data analysis indicated validity as follows: Sensitivity: 77.8 %, Specificity: 61.9 %, FPR: 38.1 % and FNR: 22.2 %. ROC analysis corroborated this finding. AUC was calculated at 0.762 or 76.2 % indicating an 'acceptable' measure of overall accuracy of the overlay method for insole footprint comparison. Findings provide novel data supporting previous suggestions that the overlay method should not be used in isolation to compare insole footprints. Data also offers insight into the scientific foundation of this method, whilst highlighting its limitations and providing some implications and recommendations for forensic podiatry practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to examine black and colored printed documents. • The IR spectra of color Cyan showed maximum discriminatory peaks. • PCA displayed 97% variance in the dataset. • PLS-DA displayed better classification accuracy than SIMCA. • PLS-DA achieved 100% accuracy in classifying unknown samples. Printed documents are a common form of evidence in forensic document examination. The integration of spectroscopy with chemometrics have evolved evidential analytical interpretation of printing inks. However, we report the first ever study that explores the examination of both black and colored printed documents combined with explorative Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and supervised techniques viz. Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) and Partial Least Square- Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). The study investigated 74 (40 Ink-based and 34 Toner- based) colored printed document samples using ATR-FTIR to discriminate and determine the source of origin of an unknown printed document using a non-destructive approach. Qualitative analysis by ATR- FTIR indicated the presence of polystyrene, bisphenol A and acrylates as the common binder polymers in the samples. The study was also able to obtain pigment information like presence of PR 57 and PR 146 in magenta, Carbon black in black, Copper Phthalocyanine and PB 15 in Cyan and PY 74 in yellow colored printed samples. Further, PCA has been used as an explorative technique that showed a variance of 97 % in the dataset and indicating that the color Cyan contributes to the maximum classification accuracy. SIMCA has been used as a supervised method to classify the known and test samples to their respective defined classes. However, SIMCA could only classify Toner-based samples in their respective class and inconclusive results were obtained in case of Ink-based samples. Finally, PLS-DA was also used to classify the two class of samples which resulted in a discrimination accuracy of 98.6 %. The derived model was also used for validation study on blind test samples which provided 100 % classification results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LaFeO 3 has been synthesized through sol–gel method. • Glycine was used as fuel for synthesis. • Absorption and emission studies were discussed. • XRD, SEM, and XPS characterizations of LaFeO 3 discussed. • Levels (I II, and III) of LFPs were visualized and identified. Latent fingerprints are considered a primary source of best reference for personal identification in criminal investigations. However, poor resolution, less background hindrance, and sensitivity over fingerprint ridges are often problems in fingerprint development. To address these issues, special care is required by developing new fluorescence materials. As a result, this effort was made to synthesize lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO 3) fluorescent nano perovskite oxide by the sol–gel method using glycine as fuel, to detect three (I, II, and III) levels of fingerprints. In addition, the absorption spectrum was recorded in a dispersed medium, and dual peaks at 329 and 406 nm in visible regions were obtained, followed by the photoluminescence spectra that showed a broad peak at 527 nm with chromaticity coordinates. Powder X-ray diffraction confirms the synthesized LaFeO 3 orthorhombic phase with a crystallite size of 54 nm, and the morphology of LaFeO 3 was found to be highly monodisperse. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that La has + 3 with Fe + 3 oxidation states, and Infrared spectroscopic techniques revealed all functional groups were present uniformly. The powder dusting method was applied on various porous and non-porous surfaces, revealing distinct ridges of fingerprints without background hindrance and with precise sensitivity; this proves LaFeO 3 is suitable for forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and sexual offending (SO) is an overlooked issue, both in clinical practice and in research. Based on a pre-specified protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42024501598), we systematically searched Pubmed and Scopus, between January 1st, 1994 and January 12th, 2024, for articles related to SO in ASD. Study quality was assessed with study design-specific tools (Study Quality Assessment Tools, NHLBI, NIH). We found 19 relevant publications (five cross-sectional studies, two case-control studies, and 12 case reports). Seven of the studies were deemed of "good" quality, the rest as "fair". Included studies addressed three key aspects: 1) psychopathological characteristics of individuals with ASD that increase the risk of committing SO; 2) intervention strategies for individuals with ASD and SO; 3) involvement of individuals with ASD and SO in the justice system. Overall, while there is an increasing interest in this topic, more rigorous study designs, including randomised controlled trials, are needed to inform clinical practice and healthcare and social policies. • Individuals with ASD are not at higher risk of committing crimes. • When individuals with ASD offend, they are at higher risk of committing SO. • ASD is still overlooked in legal settings. • Legal decisions and therapeutic approaches must be tailored to the individual case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Forensic Databases Advisory Board (FDAB), an independent board that assists the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG), has presented a First Report on ethical aspects of the following Forensic Genetic Frequency Databases (FGFD): EMPOP, STRidER and YHRD. The FDAB designed an ethical framework to evaluate the content of these FGFD, and the factors to be considered for retention and acceptance of submissions. The FDAB framework proposes to categorize submissions according to the risk of having contravened the universal ethical principles outlined by international organizations, and the guidelines adopted by the ISFG. The report has been open to discussion by the scientific community since 2023. Herein we present the conception and development of the First Report along with a summary of its content, with consideration of the feedback received. • Presentation of the Forensic Databases Advisory Board work since its establishment in 2021. • Rationale behind the ethical framework to evaluate the content of the FGFD. • Design of risk categories of submissions to FGFD. • Suggested actions on risk submissions. • Continued debate on emerging challenges is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous anatomical and anthropometrical standards that can be utilised for craniofacial analysis and identification. These standards originate from a wide variety of sources, such as orthodontic, maxillofacial, surgical, anatomical, anthropological and forensic literature, and numerous media have been employed to collect data from living and deceased subjects. With the development of clinical imaging and the enhanced technology associated with this field, multiple methods of data collection have become accessible, including Computed Tomography, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radiographs, Three-dimensional Scanning, Photogrammetry and Ultrasound, alongside the more traditional in vivo methods, such as palpation and direct measurement, and cadaveric human dissection. Practitioners often struggle to identify the most appropriate standards and research results are frequently inconsistent adding to the confusion. This paper aims to clarify how practitioners can choose optimal standards, which standards are the most reliable and when to apply these standards for craniofacial identification. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of data collection and collates published research to review standards across different populations for each facial feature. This paper does not aim to be a practical instruction paper; since this field encompasses a wide range of 2D and 3D approaches (e.g., clay sculpture, sketch, automated, computer-modelling), the implementation of these standards is left to the individual practitioner. • Provision of the most reliable anatomical and anthropometrical standards for craniofacial analysis. • Standards provided by facial feature. • Clarification of optimal standards and when to apply to craniofacial identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the reflective account of a large-scale radiographic survey of medieval and post-medieval long bones from St Albans, United Kingdom. As a practicing diagnostic radiographer and archaeologist, the author sought to apply experiential learning to generate recommendations for archaeological and forensic radiography practice. The purpose of the imaging was to identify Harris lines for biological stress, however this reflective piece concerns the adaptation of clinical radiographic technique for human dry bones. Imaging took place over five sessions in early 2021 with the assistance of an osteoarchaeologist. Radiography followed standard clinical views (anterior-posterior and medio-lateral) of femora, humeri, radii and tibiae using a digital radiography system. A workplace diary was used to record challenges, solutions and musings related to radiographic technique. The Rolfe, Freshwater and Jasper reflective model was applied to collate and present findings. A total of 502 radiographs of 426 long bones (92 individuals) were acquired. A multidisciplinary team was found to be essential for correct identification of anatomy, laterality and orientation of remains during the survey. Anterior-posterior views were easiest to achieve, with medio-lateral imaging requiring considerably more effort. Radiolucent sponge supports were necessary, although fragmented remains were often impossible to position accurately. Hands-on experience of human bones improved the author's knowledge and confidence with osteology. Although limited to selective long bones of archaeological context and personal experience, the findings of this study have direct applications for forensic radiography practice. This includes use of a multidisciplinary team, robust workflow with integrated failsafe checks, consistent imaging approach and the application of radiolucent sponge supports. Recommendations within this study may contribute towards a comprehensive guide for radiographic technique for human dry bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biological traces are widely present in forensic casework. • Current examination methods provide limited information about the trace. • A historical review of the forensic examination of biological traces can help understand how research is addressing these limitations. • Novel techniques may unlock previously unknown information from these traces. Forensic investigation involves gathering the information necessary to understand the criminal events as well as linking objects or individuals to an item, location or other individual(s) for investigative purposes. For years techniques such as presumptive chemical tests, DNA profiling or fingermark analysis have been of great value to this process. However, these techniques have their limitations, whether it is a lack of confidence in the results obtained due to cross-reactivity, subjectivity and low sensitivity; or because they are dependent on holding reference samples in a pre-existing database. There is currently a need to devise new ways to gather as much information as possible from a single trace, particularly from biological traces commonly encountered in forensic casework. This review outlines the most recent advancements in the forensic analysis of biological fluids, fingermarks and hair. Special emphasis is placed on analytical methods that can expand the information obtained from the trace beyond what is achieved in the usual practices. Special attention is paid to those methods that accurately determine the nature of the sample, as well as how long it has been at the crime scene, along with individualising information regarding the donor source of the trace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large quantities of human cells and DNA fragments are continually released into the air and this constitutes a significant proportion of indoor dust. This study explored the feasibility of aerosol DNA as a source of information to aid human identification in criminal cases. Air samples were collected using the AirPrep™ ACD220 electret filter air sampler from indoor environments. Dust samples were collected in parallel from surfaces in the same areas. A new method to extract human DNA from the air filters was developed. DNA profiles were evaluated in relation to the use and time of occupancy of the room from where samples were collected. This study showed that human DNA can be collected from air in sufficient amounts to yield full STR genotypes, suggesting the potential use of aerosol DNA as a novel investigative tool for forensic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing use of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) for the whole mitochondrial genome analysis in forensic laboratories, requires the establishment of efficient workflows and interpretation procedures, to support the feasibility of the technology and the reliability of the data. In the case of reference samples, such as blood and buccal swabs, the generation of mtDNA profiles by using MPS is relatively simple. Conversely, many forensic casework samples still pose challenges for the MPS, data interpretation and reporting of mtDNA. This is especially true for the analysis of shed hairs, which are one of the most common evidence types and which are among the most limited in terms of DNA quantity and quality. Due to these limitations, every step involved in the analysis become essentials and should be performed in order to obtain the best performance, optimizing the outcomes and minimizing the errors. In light of this, we present a study focusing on the extraction, quantification and MPS of the whole mtDNA in hair shafts, with the aims of set-up and validate a methodological pipeline to obtain the best sequencing results. The overall performance of the MPS panel, mainly in terms of total coverage, amplicons coverage and different primer pools efficiency, was evaluated also in relation to the different hair fragments, the mtDNA copy number used for libraries preparation and its degradation state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological samples recovered from recipients of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) contain genetic material from both donor and him/herself. This chimeric condition can greatly complicate analysis of a DNA evidence and undermine its power of discrimination, as the specimens could be mistakenly identified as a mixed sample when in fact it originated from a single person. Profiling reference samples could help clarify the profile anomalies, however, the degree of mixture between host's and donor's genetic materials has been reported to vary depending on the tissue from which DNA were obtained. As a result, knowledge to select appropriate sources of reference samples that would most likely reveal the person's pre- and post-transplant alleles becomes necessary to minimise any possible misunderstanding during the subsequent DNA profile interpretation and comparison. This work investigated the extent of chimerism present in different types of biological samples collected from an individual who had undergone a bone marrow transplant as a child (post-transplant interval, PTI >28 years). DNA profiles from buccal cells, saliva, hair roots, and fingernail clippings were generated using AmpF ℓ STR™ Identifiler™ Plus/Direct PCR Amplification Kit. The donor's STR profile was used to identify donor- and host-specific alleles (DSA and HSA, respectively), and relative donor chimerism (%Ch) of each marker was calculated. Results showed that the saliva sample contained the highest level of chimerism, with complete profile of donor being detected and the mean %Ch was 34.0 ± 4.5. Four out of eight DSA dropped out from the buccal cell profile, and the mean %Ch was 24.2 ± 1.7. Hair roots and fingernail clippings yielded single source profiles and only host's original alleles were present. Except for the fingernail results, these observations agreed with many of the previous studies, which further demonstrated the need for raising awareness among forensic genetic laboratories regarding the type of reference samples that should be collected in future cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the performance of five different DNA extraction methods for the recovery of DNA from bone: ChargeSwitch® gDNA Plant Kit, DNA IQ™ System Kit, DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit, PrepFiler® BTA Forensic DNA Extraction Kit and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. DNA was extracted from pig rib and femur bones that was fresh, had undergone surface decomposition for three months, and had undergone surface decomposition for one year. Extracted DNA was analyzed using real-time PCR and amplification of an in-house PCR multiplex that assessed the quality and quantity of DNA and for the presence of inhibitors. The phenol-chloroform-based method consistently yielded the highest amounts of DNA and DNA IQ the lowest; however, all methods produced relatively high yields of DNA from both pig rib and femur samples that could be amplified without any detected inhibition. The data demonstrate that with reasonable quality bone samples any of the tested methods can isolate DNA that can be successfully analyzed. The effective use of internal PCR controls is also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mineralogical and elemental analyses provide data for soil discrimination. • Mineral and element markers are identified for soils from different parts of China. • Soil geolocation tracing can be accomplished by mineralogical and elemental data. One of the key tasks of soil analysis in forensic sciences is to provide information about its diversities and geolocation. In fact, soil analysis is relevant for forensic geologists. In this study, a total of 80 soil samples were collected from eight Chinese cities (10 samples per city). Different minerals and their relative percentages were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. In addition, the relative amounts of montmorillonite, kaolinite, amphibole, feldspar, calcite, and dolomite provided information about the origin of a soil, either if it came from a northern or southern city of China. The oxide weight percentages of 10 elements of Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2, Fe 2 O 3 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, MgO, CaO, P 2 O 5 , MnO, and TiO 2 were also obtained by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) from the 80 soil samples. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) methods were performed for dimensionality reduction, elemental marker identification and soils classification to the city they came from purposes. The eighty soils analyzed in this study could be tracked correctly to their city of origin. The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model was done to evaluate the prediction ability based on the soil elemental composition, and it was confirmed by cross validation methods. The results demonstrated that mineralogical and elemental composition can provide powerful information for soil discrimination and source tracing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of death investigation in England and Wales is complex, resulting in a distinction between 'non-forensic' and 'forensic' medicolegal autopsies. This article reviews the medicolegal investigation of sudden death and the actions of the police at the scene, and features in the history, external examination and internal examination that 'non-forensic' pathologists should be attune to in their everyday practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Data on COVID-19-related sudden deaths occurring in the community are lacking • Forensic autopsies of sudden community deaths show undiagnosed COVID-19 deaths • Pulmonary thromboembolism due to COVID-19 is a major morbitity of these deaths • Underlying risk factors of sudden COVID-19 community deaths need definition Data from Africa regarding sudden and unexpected COVID-19 community deaths and underlying pathological, demographic, and co-morbidity features require definition. We performed a case series of COVID-19-related deaths seen at Forensic Post-Mortem examination of sudden and unexpected Community Deaths in Lusaka, Zambia, Africa. Whole-body Post-Mortem examinations were performed according to Standard Operating Procedures. Patient demographics, history, co-morbidities, pathological gross and microscopic findings, and cause(s) of death were recorded. Variables were grouped as frequencies and percentages. Comparison of data was made with autopsy findings of hospital COVID-19 deaths. Of 21 COVID-19 decedents, 14/21 (66.7%) were male; 18/21, (85.7%) were below 55 years of age (mean age, 40 ± 12.3; range, 20-73). The median duration of symptoms was 1 day (range 0-2); 9/21 (42.9%) had co-morbidities, with hypertension and obesity being the most common. Main post-mortem findings were diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) (80.9%), saddle and shower emboli (38.1%, respectively), and pneumonia (14.3%). Pulmonary thromboembolism (76.2%), DAD (14.3%), and SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (9.5%) were common causes of death. COVID-19 is an important cause of death to consider in forensic investigations of sudden and unexpected community deaths. Risk factors for the younger age of COVID-19 deaths and thromboembolism need to be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An assessment of the relative rarity of the characteristics of glass. • A Dirichlet process mixture model to model glass refractive index was developed. • A continuous approach that can be implemented in a likelihood ratio framework. Glass is a common type of physical evidence in forensic science. Broken glass recovered from a suspect may have similar physical characteristics to glass collected at a crime scene and therefore can be used as evidence. Statistical treatment of this evidence involves computing a measure of the weight of evidence. This may be done in a Bayesian framework that incorporates information from the circumstances of the crime. One of the most crucial quantities in this calculation is the assessment of the relative rarity of the characteristics of the glass, essentially the probability distribution used to model the physical characteristics of recovered glass. Typical characteristics used in casework are the elemental composition of glass and the refractive index measurement. There is a considerable body of scientific literature devoted to the modelling of this information. For example a kernel density estimation has been used to model the background population of glass based on the refractive index measurement and a multivariate Gaussian finite mixture model has been used to model the elemental composition of glass. In this paper, we present an alternative approach, the Dirichlet Process Mixture Model, to model the glass refractive index measurement in a Bayesian methodology. A key advantage is that using this method allows us to model the probability density distribution of refractive index measurements in a more flexible way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Individuals can maintain a particular shedder status for long periods of time. • Individuals can be categorised into 3–5 categories. • Categorisation parameters require refining. • Several alternatives to hand deposits don't appear suitable for shedder categorisation. "Shedder status" or "shedder type" are commonly used terms that categorise an individual based on their ability to deposit "touch" DNA via direct contact with a surface. However, it is not yet clear how best to categorise an individual into a shedder class, or how to allocate a shedder score on a sliding scale. This study considers categorisation of participants into discrete shedder categories based on DNA quantity and profile quality data, the maintenance of their shedder status over an extended period, and explores whether different methods of deposition or collection directly from hands or other body areas are interchangeable and/or more appropriate means of determining an individual's shedder status. The shedder categorisation of participants was possible from their handprints and remained unchanged over three years. Washing hands had limited impact and shedder categorisation was not readily possible from samples collected directly from hands, other body areas or gloves after wearing gloves for a set duration. Use of consecutive deposits may assist in establishing a participant's shedder status. As shedder categorisation may be of relevance during activity level assessments further efforts towards the ability to do so are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forensic Odontology identification scales are used in expressing expert opinion. • Confidence level and frequency of definitive terms decrease with case difficulty.. • Use of mid- level terms on the scales increases with difficulty. • 'Probable' and 'Possible' are used for identification with lower confidence. • 'Insufficient' is ascribed for lower likelihood of exclusion of the identification. Forensic odontology identification scales are used to express certainty of identifications of deceased persons. These standardized scales are assumed to convey unambiguous expert opinions and facilitate communication between forensic odontologists and end users. However, to date no studies have investigated how the experts interpret and use these scales. Forensic odontology identification scales are used to express certainty of identifications of deceased persons. These standardized scales are assumed to convey unambiguous expert opinions and facilitate communication between forensic odontologists and end users. However, to date no studies have investigated how the experts interpret and use these scales. This paper aims to examine the interpretation of the DVISYS forensic identification scale and choices of the levels in the scale subsequent to, and derived from, comparison of pairs of dental radiographs by extending the analysis of the data collected in the study by Page and Lain et. al. 2017. The studied variables: self-reported confidence, forced binary decision of match and non-match, choice of level in the DVISYS scale (Identified, Probable, Possible, Insufficient and Exclude) were further analysed in this study using mixed models for relationships between the choices of level in the identification scale and the fundamental beliefs of likelihood of identification. The results of this further analysis showed that the reported confidence of the decisions was correlated to the difficulty of cases, and as confidence decreased the use of less definitive terms ('Probable', 'Possible' and 'Insufficient') increased. 'Probable' and 'Possible' were used mainly in underlying beliefs below that of 'Identified' whereas 'Insufficient' was used mainly to convey a sublevel of 'Exclude'. The use of 'Insufficient' in this study was not consistent with the prescribed definition of the term. The participants of the original study were not aware of the difficulty grading of the cases nor were required to grade them, however the reported confidence was systematically correlated to difficulty. Furthermore, indicated confidence level was correlated with choice of level on the scale in general, but the interpretation of the definition and application of the terms varied. The findings reported here contribute to the foundational knowledge of factors governing the interpretation and application of the DVISYS forensic odontology identification scale and suggest that this scale may need to be modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood-containing mixtures are frequently encountered at crime scenes involving violence and murder. However, the presence of blood, and the association of blood with a specific donor within these mixtures present significant challenges in forensic analysis. In light of these challenges, this study sought to address these issues by leveraging blood-specific methylation sites and closely linked microhaplotype sites, proposing a novel composite genetic marker known as "blood-specific methylation-microhaplotype". This marker was designed to the detection of blood and the determination of blood donor within blood-containing mixtures. According to the selection criteria mentioned in the Materials and Methods section, we selected 10 blood-specific methylation-microhaplotype loci for inclusion in this study. Among these loci, eight exhibited blood-specific hypomethylation, while the remaining two displayed blood-specific hypermethylation. Based on data obtained from 124 individual samples in our study, the combined discrimination power (CPD) of these 10 successfully sequenced loci was 0.999999298. The sample allele methylation rate (Ram) was obtained from massive parallel sequencing (MPS), which was defined as the proportion of methylated reads to the total clustered reads that were genotyped to a specific allele. To develop an allele type classification model capable of identifying the presence of blood and the blood donor, we used the Random Forest algorithm. This model was trained and evaluated using the Ram distribution of individual samples and the Ram distribution of simulated shared alleles. Subsequently, we applied the developed allele type classification model to predict alleles within actual mixtures, trying to exclude non-blood-specific alleles, ultimately allowing us to identify the presence of blood and the blood donor in the blood-containing mixtures. Our findings demonstrate that these blood-specific methylation-microhaplotype loci have the capability to not only detect the presence of blood but also accurately associate blood with the true donor in blood-containing mixtures with the mixing ratios of 1:29, 1:19, 1:9, 1:4, 1:2, 2:1, 7:1, 8:1, 31:1 and 36:1 (blood:non-blood) by DNA mixture interpretation methods. In addition, the presence of blood and the true blood donor could be identified in a mixture containing four body fluids (blood:vaginal fluid:semen:saliva = 1:1:1:1). It is important to note that while these loci exhibit great potential, the impact of allele dropouts and alleles misidentification must be considered when interpreting the results. This is a preliminary study utilising blood-specific methylation-microhaplotype as a complementary tool to other well-established genetic markers (STR, SNP, microhaplotype, etc.) for the analysis in blood-containing mixtures. • Proposing a novel compound genetic marker (blood-specific methylation-microhaplotype). • 8 loci were blood-specific hypomethylated and the remaining 2 were hypermethylated. • The CPD of 10 successfully sequenced loci was 0.999999298. • 10 loci could recognize the presence of blood in mixtures. • 10 loci could correctly associate blood with the true donor in mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First use of graphite and polycaprolactone composite electrode for electrochemical study of NBOHs;. • Proposal of a mechanism for the oxidation of 25H-NBOH and 25B-NBOH using cyclic voltammetry. • Quantification of 25H-NBOH and 25B-NBOH in synthetic urine and blotting paper without the need for complex sample preparation. The dramatic escalation in the quantity of new synthetic drugs in recent years has prompted the pursuit of novel methods for identifying and quantifying these substances. Notably among them are the substituted phenethylamines known as NBOHs and NBOMes. Electrochemical study and quantification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) 25H-NBOH and 25B-NBOH in synthetic urine and synthetic blotting papers are presented using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on a composite electrode (CE) made of graphite and polycaprolactone (PCL). Based on the cyclic voltammetry (CV) results, we propose that the drug oxidation mechanism comprises two main steps. Initially, it involves the oxidation of the secondary amine, necessitating the removal of one electron from the amino-nitrogen atom, leading to dealkylation. Subsequently, bromine or methoxy substitution takes place. Under the optimized experimental conditions for the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) studies, analytical curves were obtained in the range of 100 to 800 ng mL−1 for 25H-NBOH and 100 to 700 ng mL−1 for 25B-NBOH (r² = 0.999), with detection limits of 19 ng mL−1 and 23 ng mL−1, respectively, and quantification limits of 64 ng mL−1 and 76 ng mL−1. The proposed method was employed for quantification of the drugs in synthetic urine and synthetic blotting papers, with recovery values between 95 % and 106 %, demonstrating no interference from the matrices. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The custom of oral tattooing is mainly performed in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and usually results in blue pigmentation of the maxillary gingiva in dentate individuals. However, its usefulness has not been explored in the forensic literature. The aim of this article is to provide a review of this custom and include an unusual case study involving persistent gingival pigmentation. Herein, this report describes a 43-year-old woman from Eritrea who presented with slight bluish hue of the edentulous maxillary ridge associated with cultural tattooing. Elucidation of the cause of subtle blue hyperpigmentation may be challenging as cultural tattooing typically fades with age. Timely recognition of this oral pseudopathologic process may serve as secondary evidence for forensic identification and possibly provide aid in localizing one's ethnogeographic origin. • Cultural tattooing of the gingiva is mainly performed in Africa for tribal identification, superstition, and beautification. • This custom imparts a blue to blue-grey discoloration of the maxillary buccal/labial gingival surfaces, which tends to fade with age. • Cultural tattooing may serve as secondary forensic evidence identification and narrow the ethnogeographic origins of an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although amyloid material in the heart is not infrequently encountered at autopsy it may on occasion be difficult to determine the significance in terms of possible contributions to the terminal mechanisms of death. A review was undertaken of the literature and of autopsy cases at Forensic Science SA over a 20-year-period (2003–2022) for all cases where significant amyloid material had been encountered on microscopy of the heart. Sixteen cases were found consisting of 11 cases where cardiac amyloid was involved in the lethal episode, and five where it was considered an incidental feature. Of the 11 lethal cases, there were three where cardiac amyloidosis was the cause of death, and eight where it was a contributing factor, along with ischaemic heart disease (N = 7) and bronchopneumonia (N = 1). The age range was 47–92 years, average 78.6 years, with a male to female ratio of 10:1. The weights of the hearts ranged from 496 to 1059 g - average 648 g. Of the five cases where it was considered an incidental finding, the causes of death were blunt head trauma (N = 2), small intestinal ischaemia (N = 2) and small intestinal obstruction (N = 1). The weights of the hearts ranged from 299 to 487 g, average 369 g. The most relevant types of amyloidosis in forensic cases tend to be light chain amyloidosis, senile cardiac amyloidosis and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. Other forms of amyloidosis that affect the heart, which include reactive amyloidosis, haemodialysis-related amyloidosis and isolated atrial amyloidosis, either have minimal or no clinical significance, or are of uncertain significance. While it may be difficult to determine the prognostic significance of amyloid material at autopsy clinicopathological correlation may provide useful supportive information. • Amyloidosis affecting the heart can have forensic implications. • Cardiac amyloidosis may occur in isolation or as part of a systemic condition. • Most cardiac cases involve amyloid light chain and transthyretin amyloid. • Each subtype has its own natural history, symptoms and clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphetamine-type stimulants are the third most widely consumed category of illicit drugs worldwide. Faced with the growing problem of amphetamine-type stimulants, numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques have been developed to detect amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MET), MDMA, MDEA or MDA in biological matrices, including hair. Hair analysis is widely used in forensic medicine, but one of its main drawbacks remains external contamination. In this study, we investigated the possibility of hair contamination through external exposure to blood containing AMP, MET MDMA, MDEA or MDA at 2 ng/mL; 20 ng/mL; 200 ng/mL or 2000 ng/mL after 6 h, 1, 3, 7 or 14 days of contact protected from light at room temperature (RT or 20 °C) or at 4 °C. Dried extracts of hair samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS after extensive washings in several baths of water, methanol and acetone before grounding. At the end of our study, contamination of hair was observed from 6 h of contact with all tested amphetamine-type stimulants. The concentrations found in hair ranged from 3 ± 1 to 1464 ± 10 pg/mg, 5 ± 1 to 5070 ± 160 pg/mg, 3 ± 1 to 1269 ± 60 pg/mg, 4 ± 1 to 1860 ± 113 pg/mg and from 8 ± 1 to 1041 ± 44 pg/mg for AMP, MET, MDMA, MDEA and MDA, respectively. Possibly due to its low polar surface area, MET was the most prone to contaminate. As anticipated, hair contamination was mainly dependent on the concentration of all molecules in the contaminating blood, reaching the SOHT cut-off of 200 pg/mg when amphetamine-type stimulants are at toxic or lethal concentrations in the blood. These observations call for caution in interpreting exposure to these substances in such forensic situations. • The main drawback of hair analysis in forensic medicine remains external contamination. • Amphetamines have been found to incorporate into hair after direct contact with blood as early as 6 hours. • Methamphetamine was the amphetamine most likely to incorporate hair from external blood contamination. • The influence of storage temperature on incorporation of amphetamines in hair from external blood was not observed. • A linear correlation was observed between amphetamines concentrations in hair and blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatal opioid poisoning is a growing global issue. This study aims to describe circumstances surrounding fatal opioid poisonings by examining death scenes, demographics, and information from bystanders with the goal of informing prevention efforts. We extracted data from the autopsy reports of 327 forensic autopsy cases with fatal poisoning involving methadone and/or morphine from 2013–2020. Fatal opioid poisonings occurred in both rural and urban areas. Death scene was the decedent's own home and a relative's or friend's home in 62% and 21%, respectively. The decedent died alone in 64% of the cases while other people were staying at the same address while death occurred in 30%. Decedents aged 15–34 years were more likely to die with other people staying at the same address than persons aged > 44 years (OR±SD: 2.3 ± 0.9, p = 0.005), and had lower postmortem blood methadone concentrations compared to persons > 34 years (Median [interquartile range]: 0.36 [0.23–0.62] vs 0.63 [0.28–1.2] mg/kg, p = 0.002). Female sex was more prevalent, and persons using illegal drugs were less prevalent in decedents aged > 44 years compared to those with age 15–44 years (29% vs 20%, p = 0.05% and 67% vs 89%, p < 0.001, respectively). Other psychoactive drugs were detected in 97% of decedents, mainly benzodiazepines (80%). Preventive strategies based on our findings include the need for harm reduction initiatives in both urban and rural areas, recognizing symptoms of fatal poisoning, and awareness of low tolerance among younger age groups. Urgent attention should be given to avoiding opioid use alone, particularly among older individuals, including women using prescribed opioids. Conveying the risks of polydrug use to all age groups is essential, especially co-use of sedative drugs. • Fatal opioid poisonings occur in both rural and urban areas. • Persons aged 15-34 were more likely to die with other people present. • Persons aged 15-34 years had lower post-mortem concentrations of methadone. • Polydrug use, mainly benzodiazepines, is very prevalent in fatal opioid poisonings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to assess the reproducibility of 2D and 3D forensic methods for facial depiction from skeletal remains (2D sketch, 3D manual, 3D automated, 3D computer-assisted). In a blind study, thirteen practitioners produced fourteen facial depictions, using the same skull model derived from CT data of a living donor, a biological profile and relevant soft tissue data. The facial depictions were compared to the donor subject using three different evaluation methods: 3D geometric, 2D face recognition ranking and familiar resemblance ratings. Five of the 3D facial depictions (all 3D methods) demonstrated a deviation error within ± 2 mm for ≥ 50% of the total face surface. Overall, no single 3D method (manual, computer assisted, automated) produced consistently high results across all three evaluations. 2D comparisons with a facial photograph of the donor were carried out for all the 2D and 3D facial depictions using four freely available face recognition algorithms (Toolpie; Photomyne; Face ++; Amazon). The 2D sketch method produced the highest ranked matches to the donor photograph, with overall ranking in the top six. Only one 3D facial depiction was ranked highly in both the 3D geometric and 2D face recognition comparisons. The majority (67%) of the facial depictions were rated as limited or moderate resemblance by the familiar examiner. Only one 2D facial depiction was rated as strong resemblance, whilst two 2D sketches and two 3D facial depictions were rated as good resemblances by the familiar examiner. The four most geometrically accurate 3D facial depictions were only rated as limited or moderate resemblance to the donor by the familiar examiner. The results suggest that where a consistent facial depiction method is utilised, we can expect relatively consistent metric reliability between practitioners. However, presentation standards for practitioners would greatly enhance the possibility of recognition in forensic scenarios. • Assessment of reproducibility of facial depiction from skeletal remains using multiple practitioners. • Three evaluation methods; qualitative and quantitative. • No single 3D method produced consistently high results across all three evaluations. • All 2D sketches and three 3D facial depictions were ranked the overall highest matches to the donor photograph. • The most geometrically accurate 3D facial depictions were only rated as limited or moderate resemblance to the donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate changes in lingula mandibulae localization before and after puberty and sex differences. 288 panoramic radiographs evaluated retrospectively were divided into four groups according to pubertal development: under and over 10 years old for females and under and over 11 years old for males. Four anatomic sites were used as reference points: (a) the anterior border of the ramus; (b) the posterior border of the ramus; (c) the deepest point of mandibular notch; and (d) the angulus mandibulae. The ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (a) and (b) and the ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (c) and (d) were determined. Two-way ANOVA was performed to assess differences between subgroups based on sex and puberty, and a Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed for multiple comparisons. Puberty and sex has a significant interaction effect on the vertical location of the lingula mandibulae. Postpubertal lingula mandibulae is positioned proportionally more anteriorly by prepubertal localization. In addition, the lingula mandibulae is situated more posteriorly in females compared to males. A significant interaction effect of puberty and sex was observed in relation to the vertical positioning of the lingula mandibulae. The spatial localization of the lingula mandibulae and its spatial displacement with age can be used both in estimating sex and the onset of puberty. Changes in the localization of lingula mandibulae according to pubertal development and sex can be used in forensic and anthropological contexts. • Various anatomical structures in the mandible can be used to predict sex. • The position of the lingula mandibulae differs in different sexes. • The position of the lingula mandibulae varies according to pubertal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While multiple studies have examined prevalence and correlates of police contact in adults with bipolar disorder (BD), literature on this topic in youth is sparse. We therefore examined the prevalence and correlates of police contact amongst youth with BD.Methods: The study included 197 youth with BD and 127 healthy controls, ages 14-20 years. Semi-structured interviews were used to determine diagnoses, treatment and police contact. The Life Problems Inventory examined self-reported trait impulsivity and emotional dysregulation. Analyses examined demographic and clinical variables among youth with versus without lifetime police contact. Variables that were associated with police contact at p<0.1 in univariate analyses were evaluated in a logistic regression model. Specific reasons for police contact, determined based on chart review, are reported descriptively.Results: Lifetime prevalence of police contact was significantly higher amongst youth with BD versus healthy controls (36% versus. 3%; χ 2 = 47.58, p =<0.001). In multivariate analyses, age of BD onset, living with both natural parents, comorbid substance use disorder and conduct disorder, and psychiatric hospitalization were associated with police contact. Common reasons for police contact included shoplifting/theft and suicidality/self-harm .Limitations: The cross-sectional and retrospective study design precludes conclusions regarding directionality of the observed associations and/or causal inferences.Conclusions: One third of youth with BD experienced police contact. Correlates generally aligned with those observed with adults. Future longitudinal research is warranted to understand distal and proximal antecedents of police contact, with the goal of developing strategies to prevent police contact, incarceration, and related consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obstetric-gynecologic forensic is based on the principles of the good clinical practice, analysis of clinical risk factors, organization and communication, and ethical-deontological principles.Study Design: In retrospective study, we analyzed our own Croatian and international completed forensic cases in the field of obstetrics and gynecology collected during 2000-2020.Results: During the study period, 322 forensic obstetric-gynecologic expertise/opinions were performed, including 283 cases from clinical obstetric-gynecologic forensics and 39 interdisciplinary criminal law cases of sexual abuse. According to diagnosis, there were 241 (85.1 %) cases of obstetric and 42 (14.8 %) cases of gynecologic expertise. As for responsibility in cases of defined malpractice, gynecologist-obstetrician was responsible in 63.7 %, resident in gynecology/obstetrics in 4.34 %, midwife in 2.89 %, emergency physician in 5.79 %, and midwifery-obstetric-neonatal-anesthesiology team in 23.18 % of cases. Out of the 283 clinical forensic expertise cases, 214 (75.61 %) were classified as complications, fateful course and adverse events, and 69 (24.38 %) as errors/malpractice. The 55,6 % highest proportion of expertise cases were ordered for peripartum term asphyxia (n = 55), preterm delivery (n = 28) and shoulder dystocia (n = 36) associated with consequential permanent disability due to hypoxic-ischemic, nerve injury (brachioparesis) or perinatal death.Conclusion: Using the procedures associated with birth injuries should be reduced, while investing more efforts in continuing education and training in emergency clinical conditions, and reversing the irrational increase in cesarean sections, unnecessary operative procedures and other interventions; medical documentation should be clear, concise and accurate, communication and organization of the work improved, while clinical risk must be clearly defined and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudden cardiac arrest affects around half a million people aged under 50 years old annually, with a 90% mortality rate. Despite high patient numbers and clear clinical need to improve outcomes, many gaps exist in the evidence underpinning patients' management. Domains identifying the greatest barriers to conducting trials are the prehospital and forensic settings, which also provide care to the majority of patients. Addressing gaps in evidence along each point of the cardiac arrest trajectory is a key clinical priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]