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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.007 Byline: Debra Harker (a), Bishnu Sharma (a), Michael Harker (a), Karin Reinhard (b) Keywords: Obesity intervention strategies; Germany; Residence students; Eating behavior Abstract: Like other western countries, Germany too reports record numbers of overweight and obese individuals with young German adults in a particularly high-risk position. As such, this study sought to investigate if food choice varied by the place of residence (dependent or independent) of these young adults. Using a self-administered questionnaire, analyses of quantitative data from 305 German students between the ages of 18 to 24 years indicate that students living in the family home consume more serves of both fruit and vegetables each day in comparison to young adults living independently. Further, higher proportions of dependent students eat more serves of every food group each day in comparison to their independent counterparts. The study finds a significant difference in mood, weight concern, and attitudes towards healthy eating between students under 21 years old and those above 21 years old. This study demonstrates clear implications for a number of stakeholders. The individuals themselves must better develop skills in both food choice and food management, including budgeting. Parents can facilitate this development whilst the children are in the family home and then encouraging empowerment once the student makes the transition to college or university. The article includes implications for marketers and social marketers; the former must offer more information and guidance on food choice, for example, through better food labelling, the latter must address these message issues for future attitude and behavioural change campaigns. Author Affiliation: (a) University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia (b) BA University of Cooperative Education Ravensburg, Berufsakademie Ravensburg, MarktstraAe 28, D-88212 Ravensburg, Germany Article History: Received 1 September 2008; Revised 1 January 2009; Accepted 1 February 2009

Objective: Examination of current dietary patterns of Dinka and Nuer refugees from Sudan to the United States prior to dental restoration and nutrition training. Design: Thirty-one participants were interviewed regarding current intake and knowledge of US food and nutrition principles. Twenty-nine completed three 24-hour food diaries. Selling: Refugee homes, campus offices, and classrooms in a midwestern city. Participants: Eight Nuer females and 9 Nuer and 14 Dinka males participating in a program to replace lower front teeth traditionally extracted in childhood. Phenomenon of Interest: Are refugees familiar with preparing and consuming US foods given that dental restoration will allow, for example, raw and/or tough food to be nipped or incised? Are diets substantively different from African ones, eg, sugar-rich, fat-rich, and dairy-poor? Analysis: Interview data and diet diaries were matched, and data were compared for common themes and patterns. Results: Refugees ate a monotonous diet, with few fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. All lacked familiarity with US foods and preparation techniques but ate convenience foods and sweetened beverages in large quantities. Conclusions and Implications: Refugees possessed limited understanding of 'healthful' US food and were overwhelmed by choices. Regardless of dental status and time in the United States, few had selection and preparation skills for US foods. Nutrient deficiency and related disease are likely without intervention. Key Words: Dinka, Nuer, refugee nutrition, refugee resettlement

Objective: Evaluate the relationship between maternal concern for healthful eating and maternal and adolescent dietary intake, eating behavior, and home food environment. Design: Mothers of a subsample of adolescents who participated in a school-based survey (Project Eating Among Teens [EAT]) completed telephone interviews. Participants: Seven hundred fourteen mother-adolescent pairs. Variables Measured: Mothers responded to a question regarding how much they are personally concerned with eating healthfully, and adolescents responded to a question regarding perceptions of their mothers' concern about eating healthfully. Dependent variables included adolescent and parent food intake and home food environment. Analysis: Multinomial cumulative logistic regression models, adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and adolescent grade level. Results: A positive association was found between maternal concern for healthful eating and maternal fruit and vegetable intake, maternal breakfast and lunch consumption, and serving fruits and vegetables in the home. Maternal concern for healthful eating (as reported by mothers) was not associated with adolescent behavior. Adolescent perception of maternal concern for healthful eating was positively associated with adolescent fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions and Implications: Mother's concern for healthful eating is associated with maternal eating behavior and the home food environment. Adolescent perceptions of maternal attitudes are a stronger predictor than actual maternal attitudes of adolescent behavior. Parents should be encouraged to share their beliefs regarding the importance of healthful eating with their adolescents. Key Words: parent, child, food intake, home food availability

Objective: The study sought to develop an understanding of how employed mothers constructed time for food provisioning for themselves and their families. Design: A grounded theory approach and semistructured, in-depth interviews. Setting: A metropolitan area of approximately 1 million people in the northeastern United States. Participants: Thirty-five low-wage employed mothers were purposively recruited to vary in occupation, race/ethnicity, education, household composition, and age using workplace, community, convenience, and snowball sampling. Phenomenon of Interest: Low-wage employed mothers' constructions of time for food. Analysis: Interview transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results: Most mothers expressed feelings of time scarcity. Mothers described 3 timestyles that reflected how they constructed time. Timestyles reflected mothers' experiences of strain and time scarcity, usual time management strategies, and sense of control over time. Mothers prioritized feeding their children but wanted to complete meals quickly in order to move on to other tasks. Conclusions and Implications: Recognizing issues of time scarcity and individual differences of timestyles and time management strategies can help researchers better understand food choice practices and assist practitioners in identifying practical food provisioning strategies for low-wage employed mothers. Food policies and recommendations should be evaluated for their relevance to the time scarcity and work strain issues that these mothers faced. Key Words: timestyle, time scarcity, food choice (J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39:18-25)

Objective: Examine the role of food spending behaviors and perceptions on fruit and vegetable intake among preadolescent children and their parents. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Metropolitan city. Participants: Five hundred fifty-five parent/child dyads participating in the PARADE study. More than 50% of participants were African American and nearly 40% of households were low income. Variables Measured: Body mass index calculated from child anthropometric data and parents' self-reported height and weight. Adult and child fruit and vegetable intake, annual household income, and food purchase behavior and perceptions obtained from parent questionnaire. Analysis: Analysis of variance used to identify differences in means at P Results: No statistically significant differences in fruit and vegetable intake by income status were observed. Children in households spending the least per week on groceries consumed fewer daily fruits and vegetables. Perceptions of cost of fruits and vegetables were also found to be significantly associated with fruit and vegetable intake among children and parents. Conclusions and Implications: Public health efforts to raise awareness of the relatively low cost of fruits and vegetables should be continued. These efforts may be complemented with policy strategies that make fruits and vegetables more viable options for low-income households. Key Words: Fruit and vegetable intake, food purchase, grocery spending (J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39:26-30)

The purpose of this paper is to describe a process for developing and validating outcome measures relevant to dietary quality behaviors targeted by Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE). The ultimate goal is a measure that is valid, reliable, sensitive to change, and practical for use for a wide variety of FSNE evaluation purposes. The development process has incorporated input from FSNE stakeholders at the federal and state level and follows a systematic, research-driven approach that incorporates both qualitative and quantitative research and includes methods for identification of subject domains, selection of evaluation items, initial pretesting, and reduction of items. This type of research establishes the trustworthiness of new evaluation measures. Key Words: evaluation, measure, validity, reliability, FSNE

Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) is an optional component of the Food Stamp Program aimed at improving food choices of program participants. The last decade has seen a dramatic expansion in FSNE, accompanied by increased interest in FSNE evaluation. The Society for Nutrition Education, as a leader in nutrition education research, has worked collaboratively with federal partners to improve FSNE evaluation. This is the first in a 3-part series of papers presented in this issue of the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. The series reviews the issues, priority needs, and opportunities identified through this process; explains our current focus on the development of a brief measure assessing FSNE-relevant dietary behaviors; and describes plans for measurement development. Key Words: food stamp nutrition education, evaluation

Humans are biologically adapted to their ancestral food environment in which foods were dispersed and energy expenditure was required to obtain them. The modern developed world has a surplus of very accessible, inexpensive food. Amid the enormous variety of different foods are 'super' foods, such as chocolate, which are particularly appealing and calorie dense. Energy output can be minimal to obtain large amounts of food. In terms of education (eg, in nutrition and risk-benefit thinking) and environment design, modern cultures have not kept pace with changes in the food world. Overweight and worrying about food result from this mismatch between human biological predispositions and the current food environment. The French have coped with this mismatch better than Americans. Although at least as healthy as Americans, they focus more on the experience of eating and less on the health effects of eating. They spend more time eating, hut they eat less, partly because of smaller portion sizes. French traditions of moderation (versus American abundance), focus on quality (versus quantity), and emphasis on the joys of the moment (rather than making life comfortable and easy) support a healthier lifestyle. The French physical environment encourages slow, moderate social eating, minimal snacking, and more physical activity in daily life. KEY WORDS: obesity, portion size, physical activity, food attitudes, French paradox

The Food Habits Questionnaire (FHQ) is an effective method for the determination of the dietary behavior in worksites and medical office settings. The FHQ method is economical, gives reliable results, and is more responsive to intervention effects than the other methods. The easy to score FHQ method is related to the body mass index and glycosylated haemoglobin level. The FHQ method determines the behaviors that increase dietary-fat intake.

A study of the feeding behavior of the father canary on juvenile canaries reveals that juveniles show preferences for the food selected by the parent canaries. The juveniles spontaneously picked up on canary seeds whereas they ingested more oats only when these seeds were available to their fathers. Choice of seeds made by juveniles were influenced by their father's choice only in the case of the oat seeds.

A new model for studying the behavioral traditions in animals is used for studying the impact of traditional food habits on individual Norwegian rats in colonies to show that the replacement subjects displayed a remarkable allegiance to the food preferences shown by their respective initiating colonies. The model facilitates subjective studies of the environment of the specimens and analysis of the social relationships between imparters of the knowledge of tradition regarding order and distribution of food preferences and the learners.

The examination of food storing by black-capped chickadees in two experiments shows that food-storing is regulated by photoperiod in a similar fashion to other yearly fluctuating behavior patterns such as breeding and migration in birds. The impact of photoperiodic history on storing employing the data from the final stage of the experiment was tested when the birds were in similar situations.

An experiment conducted on dancing honey bees, Apis mellifera, helped clarify that their capacity to indicate direction and distance of food resources to their nestmates depended more on their use of path integration than on cognitive mapping of their surroundings. Path integration in flying insects such as honey bees is complicated by the influence of pitch and roll movements and direction changes, which alter the compass directions of location orientation cues. These bees are capable of flying directly to their nests after feeding, despite wind changes affecting flight and ground speeds making distance-estimation more complicated.

DNA fingerprinting helps evaluate the genetic similarity of common ravens, Corvus corax, between and within feeding groups, and detect whether kin selection plays a role in the retention of food-sharing behavior and whether they share their food resources with close kin. Ravens of the same feeding group are not more genetically similar than those of different feeding groups. Few ravens are, however, found in feeding groups comprising more than one of their close relatives.

Use of a 12-item version of the Eating Attitudes Test in a study of 11,315 lower and upper secondary school students in Norway revealed significant but small differences in eating attitudes of adolescents depending on their parents' socio-economic status and no variations due to urbanization and region. However, non-Western immigrant adolescents, whether born in Norway or in other countries, exhibited riskier eating patterns than Norwegian adolescents and other immigrant adolescents.

Study of two deep-sea foraminifera, Globobulimina pacifica and Uvigerina peregrina, reveal the occurrence of sediment aggregates with and without bacteria within the food vacuoles. This contrasts with that of the near-shore dweller Ammonia beccarii, which possesses food vacuoles that contain live bacteria, associated with sediment aggregates. The three species may feed on bacteria by deposit feeding to ingest bacterial cells with sediments.

Experiments conducted to evaluate the discriminatory potential of wild birds toward their preys were done using three varying pieces of pastry bait, and it was noted that birds can use size as a factor of unpalatability. Cardiff birds offered a larger size difference opted for medium size food, avoiding the same when adulterated with quinine and mustard powder, although they showed no indication of recognizing these by sight or smell. Birds, able to distinguish large size differences, could also differentiate between smaller differences. The birds learnt with experience as well as by regular trial-and-error methods.

Health behavior theories describe the relations among variables influencing a behavior and specify targets for facilitating behavior change. Nutrition education does not have a dominant theory specific to the discipline. Instead, constructs from multiple theories have been borrowed, primarily from the social sciences, and have been applied to describe or predict nutrition-related behaviors. However, current theories do not fully predict behavior or behavior change. A more effective approach may be to integrate distinct constructs from competing theories into one or more polytheoretical models that can be empirically tested and refined into a more comprehensive, tailored theory or set of theories specific to food and nutrition behavior changes. In our view, more than one will be needed to address the complex array of people, issues, and contexts that we routinely address in nutrition education and behavioral interventions. KEY WORDS: theory, health promotion, behavior change, nutrition education

Experimental studies of 16 cats to examine their food preferences reveal that domestic cats display anti-apostatic selection to choose rare foods from two high-density food mixtures. The two food types contain distinct sensory properties with meaty odors. Linear regression analyses of the experimental data confirm the anti-apostatic selection scheme and show the variation in the component of the frequency-independent selection scheme. The hypothesis that nutritional levels of the rare foods attract the cats provides a suitable explanation for the anti-apostatic selection by the cats.

The study uses carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data in human bone collagen to evaluate human diet in the Southern Nasca Region before and during Wari imperial influence. Results indicate that the Wari did not manage Nasca agricultural labor to increase maize production and that the people had access to a wide variety of foods during both periods.

Isotope analysis data reveals that people of Viking Age and Early Christians of Gotland preferred seafood and their dietary preference did not change despite macro-regional, environmental and socioeconomic changes at end of the Viking Age. When harbor was closed people of Ridanas constructed another harbor to fulfill their seafood preference.

San Jacinto I archaeological site is analyzed to understand the beginning of sedentism and its relationship with pottery and food production in savannas where environment was highly seasonal. San Jacinto I site was used by Archaic foragers of northern Colombia in fourth millennium as logistic camp during dry season to collect rich perennial resources when there was shortage of its availability.

The present study is to investigate the impact of automatic attitudes, dietary restraint standards and self-regulation resources on eating behavior. The results indicate that the behavioral impact of automatic attitudes and personal standards depends on available self-control resources and ego depletion reduces the ability to regulate one's behavior.

Obesity intervention involves teaching people to understand portion size and the importance of physical activity. Supersize America: Beating the Obesity Epidemic includes 69 slides with current statistics on obesity and uses quizzes to compare calories consumed with calories burned from daily activities, such as walking. Seventy-one participants rated the pilot test good to excellent and as a result of the program plan to serve more healthful meals (38%); eat at least 5 fruit and vegetable servings daily (35%); eat reasonable portion sizes (58%); maintain a healthy weight (30%); lose weight (35%); and increase daily physical activity (58%).The program was revised twice, and the final version was taught to 400 professionals from April 2003 through December 2004. Postclass evaluations indicate that 97% rated the program content/presentation as 'good to excellent.' All participants reported benefits, including adoption of new practices. Most frequently mentioned were eating smaller food portions and increasing the type, amount, and frequency of physical activity. After-class follow-up evaluations from 323 participants indicate that 87% are overweight and request information on this health issue; 96% admit that they eat too large portions; 28% do some exercise 30 minutes daily; 92% walk, jog, or bike; 75% diet yearly, reporting the Atkins Diet most frequently; and 84% believe that eating large portions and not engaging in enough exercise cause overweight. This popular program has been adopted by public health nutritionists and Extension educators after several national professional presentations. One-year follow-up evaluations will document behavior change over time.