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In the high temperature industry, controlling the external surface temperature of the kiln shell is crucial for reducing heat loss, energy consumption, and carbon emissions. While aerogels are esteemed for their superior thermal insulation properties and considered as optimal materials in the thermal insulation layer of energy saving lining for burning zone of cement rotary kiln, their structural integrity at elevated temperatures confines their applications to medium and low temperature settings. To overcome this limitation, the fiber-reinforced aerogel composites have been developed to bolster the high-temperature endurance of aerogel products. Notably, composites containing ZrO 2 -enhanced fibers exhibit significantly higher resistance to thermal degradation from local overheating, such as flame impingement, compared to their counterparts without ZrO 2. However, the mechanisms of performance degradation and the reinforcing role of ZrO 2 in fiber reinforced aerogel composites at high temperatures especially above 1000 °C, remain unclear. This study specifically focuses on the thermal conductive properties of commercial aerogel felts, both with and without the inclusion of ZrO 2 across a range of temperatures, and examines the subsequent phase transitions and microstructural evolutions upon thermal treatment. Critical analyses of heat flow, mass change, density, linear shrinkage, and pore size distribution during the calcination process were conducted. After 6 h of heat treatment, composites with ZrO 2 -enhanced fibers retained an 81.44 % porosity, unlike composites without ZrO 2 which sintered and became denser. The experimental findings demonstrate that the performance of fiber reinforced aerogel composites mainly depends on the fiber's framework microstructure and fiber-aerogel reactions, which provides the references for developing excellent aerogel composites and evaluating of the usability in high temperature zone of kiln. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suspended dust plays a critical role in regulating the Martian climate by influencing the atmospheric thermal gradient, altering the amount of infrared and visible energy absorbed and scattered by the atmosphere, and acting as condensation nuclei for CO 2 ice-clouds particles. There are many well demonstrated, dust-related effects on martian climate which depend on dustsize, concentration, chemical and bulk composition. Currently, an accurate estimation of these parameters is lacking as they are derived from indirect measurement of the optical depth acquired from the surface and orbital data. These indirect measurements require a priori assumptions on the grain distribution curve and are hence subject to possible biases. To overcome these limitations, an optical particles counter called MicroMED has been developed under the National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) leadership. MicroMED can measure the sizes of individual dust grains in a specific volume of air thus providing the grain size distribution and concentration. MicroMED has been selected to join the Dust Complex payload on board the ExoMars 2022. The Flight Model of the instrument has been developed and optimized starting from two prototype BreadBoard versions. Here we present the sub-systems that constitute MicroMED and their testing and characterization process, performed using the Breadboard models. We discuss the optimizations and improvements introduced on the basis of the prototype results and the overall performances of the final design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thermal pretreatment had negative/no effect on larval performance. • Mechanical pretreatment increased bioconversion rate for both substrates. • Bioconversion rate of grass clippings improved by 23–44%. • Mechanical pretreatment affected physical properties and microbial respiration. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL , Hermetia illucens (L.)) are recognized for efficient biowaste reduction while yielding valuable proteins and fats for animals. However, lignocellulosic fibers in biowastes are difficult to digest by biowaste and larval digestive tract microorganisms as well as the larvae themselves. This study investigated two biowaste physical pretreatments (thermal, mechanical) for improving BSFL processing of fibrous biowastes. Cow manure, spent grain, and grass clippings were thermally pretreated at 90 °C for three durations (0.5, 1 and 4 h). Contrary to expectations, thermal pretreatment resulted in either no improvement or decreased larval performance on all substrates, regardless of treatment duration. In contrast, mechanical pretreatment of spent grain and grass clippings, involving milling with three screen sizes (0.5, 1 and 2 mm) showed promising results. Specifically, bioconversion rates on 0.5 mm-milled spent grain and grass clippings increased by 0–53 % and 25–44 % dry mass, respectively compared to untreated. Additionally, larval protein conversion increased by 41 % and 23 % on spent grain and grass clippings, respectively. However, mechanical pretreatment did not affect fiber degradation by larval conversion, as hemicellulose decreased by 25 % and 75 % for spent grain and grass clippings, respectively, regardless of particle size. Particle size reduction influenced substrate microbial respiration (CO 2 mg/min), with 0.5-mm milled grass clippings exhibiting higher respiration compared to untreated, although this effect was not observed for spent grain. This study highlights mechanical pretreatment's potential in enhancing BSFL bioconversion of fibrous biowastes and the importance of understanding substrate physical properties influencing substrate microorganisms and BSFL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs are threatened by emerging microplastic pollution but only a few studies are available regarding the extent of contamination in coral reef systems in situ. For this research, we collected samples from the seawater, sediments, and coral colonies of the Panjang Island cluster and the Karimunjawa Archipelago, Java Sea. Microplastics were detected in all sample types. Based on a Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05), there is a significant difference in microplastic abundance between areas subjected to different levels of human activity. Corals showed the highest concentration of microplastics, with fragments being the most dominant type. No significant difference in microplastic abundance was found among the different polyp sizes (Mann–Whitney test, p > 0.05) or among different species (Kruskal–Wallis test, p > 0.05). All coral samples contained fragment and fiber microplastics in their polyps, consisting of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), silicone-based plastic, polysulfoxide, and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. Here, we provide the first evidence of microplastics inside corals, observed using a histological method. The types of microplastic detected in the histological sections were similar to those extracted from the coral polyps. Tourism and fishing activity both play a role in governing the distribution, abundance, and diversity of microplastics in coral reef systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence is inconsistent regarding associations between relative proportions of macronutrient intake and disease risk, potentially due to limitations in accounting for differential effects of simple sugars and dietary fiber, grouped as "carbohydrates." We examined the association between the ratio of dietary fiber to carbohydrate intake (FC-R) measure, the relative proportion of macronutrients, and mortality risk in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. We performed a retrospective cohort study, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2007–2018 and linked mortality data among 15,789 adults aged ≥40 years. We categorized participants into three groups by tertile cutpoints of FC-R, and by percent calories from carbohydrate (<45 %, 45–65 %, and >65 %). Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI), adjusting for demographic, health history, and lifestyle factors. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 2044 deaths were observed. Compared to the low FC-R group, higher FC-R groups showed a reduction in mortality risk after adjusting for potential confounders (high vs low: HR = 0.71, 95 % CI = 0.62–0.83). The association persisted in those consuming 45–65 % and >65 % of calories from carbohydrate, while the association was attenuated in those with <45 % of calories from carbohydrate. Percent calories from carbohydrate showed no association with mortality risk. Higher FC-R was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk in adults with moderate to high levels of percent calories from carbohydrate. Mechanisms of the association warrant further investigation. • Diets with higher fiber/carbohydrate ratio were related to lower mortality risk. • Such diets were also associated with lower cardiovascular and cancer mortality risk. • The associations were observed for diets with ≥45 % calories from carbohydrate. • Use of fiber/carbohydrate ratio may help reduce chronic disease risk and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional constipation is the most common of the disorders of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 12% of the world population. Although classically considered a chronic condition, many individuals experience shorter yet repetitive bouts of constipation representing a different clinical entity. There has been increased interest in this latter disorder, which has recently been classified as occasional constipation. This Rome Foundation working group document reflects the consensus of an international team of specialists who summarized currently available research to provide a working definition of and treatment algorithm for occasional constipation. The recommendations herein are based on current evidence, accounting for gaps in the literature as well as international variance in definitions and health seeking behaviors for constipation. The committee members reviewed the scientific literature, focusing specifically on occasional constipation, with the understanding that as a new entity, a paucity of data would be available. We used Rome IV research and clinical definitions to establish the framework for our definition of occasional constipation. Where possible, treatment recommendations were determined on the basis of the earliest extractable data from functional constipation studies, focusing on positive results within the first 2 weeks of treatment. We used the Delphi method to create consensus with 100% agreement between the authors. An evidence-based review of the literature resulted in the definition of occasional constipation as follows: "individuals who experience the presence of at least 1 functional constipation symptom, in the absence of alarm signs or symptoms, occurring at irregular and infrequent intervals, which is bothersome enough to induce a patient to seek medical management." Medical management whether seeking medical care or self-treatment was left to the individual's discretion, and we did not include time anchors because these thresholds require further investigation. Polyethylene glycol and stimulant laxatives are recommended as first-line interventions, whereas magnesium-containing compounds are suggested in individuals failing to respond to these therapies. There are insufficient data to make recommendations for using fiber or stool softeners. Prescription laxatives should be reserved for individuals with chronic constipation. Occasional constipation is a unique clinical entity characterized by infrequent but recurrent symptoms. Data are limited because consensus definitions have been lacking. Establishing a standardized definition and therapeutic recommendations provides a framework for future studies focusing on epidemiologic and symptoms-based outcomes. Further studies are needed to confirm and refine these recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optic nerve head (ONH) region at the posterior pole of the eye is supported by a fibrous structure of collagen fiber bundles. Discerning how the fibrous structure determines the region biomechanics is crucial to understand normal physiology, and the roles of biomechanics on vision loss. The fiber bundles within the ONH structure exhibit complex three-dimensional (3D) organization and continuity across the various tissue components. Computational models of the ONH, however, usually represent collagen fibers in a homogenized fashion without accounting for their continuity across tissues, fibers interacting with each other and other fiber-specific effects in a fibrous structure. We present a fibrous finite element (FFE) model of the ONH that incorporates discrete collagen fiber bundles and their histology-based 3D organization to study ONH biomechanics as a fibrous structure. The FFE model was constructed using polarized light microscopy data of porcine ONH cryosections, representing individual fiber bundles in the sclera, dura and pia maters with beam elements and canal tissues as continuum structures. The FFE model mimics the histological in-plane orientation and width distributions of collagen bundles as well as their continuity across different tissues. Modeling the fiber bundles as linear materials, the FFE model predicts the nonlinear ONH response observed in an inflation experiment from the literature. The model also captures important microstructural mechanisms including fiber interactions and long-range strain transmission among bundles that have not been considered before. The FFE model presented here advances our understanding of the role of fibrous collagen structure in the ONH biomechanics. The microstructure and mechanics of the optic nerve head (ONH) are central to ocular physiology. Histologically, the ONH region exhibits a complex continuous fibrous structure of collagen bundles. Understanding the role of the fibrous collagen structure on ONH biomechanics requires high-fidelity computational models previously unavailable. We present a computational model of the ONH that incorporates histology-based fibrous collagen structure derived from polarized light microscopy images. The model predictions agree with experiments in the literature, and provide insight into important microstructural mechanisms of fibrous tissue biomechanics, such as long-range strain transmission along fiber bundles. Our model can be used to study the microstructural basis of biomechanical damage and the effects of collagen remodeling in glaucoma. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mullite fiber-based porous ceramics is one of the most commonly used high-temperature insulation materials. However, how to further reduce the thermal conductivity and improve the strength of such materials has been a challenge in the field of high-temperature insulation. In this paper, mullite micro/nano fiber-based porous ceramic was prepared by introducing mullite nanofibers into mullite microfiber-based porous ceramics and the effect of microfiber/nanofiber weight ratio on the samples properties were characterized and analyzed. Results showed that the compressive strength and high-temperature thermal insulation properties of the porous ceramics increased significantly with an increase in the nanofiber content. For the porous ceramics with similar density (about 0.50 g/cm3), the compressive strength of the sample with a microfibers/nanofibers weight ratio of 1:2 was 1.43 MPa, which was much higher than that of the porous ceramics prepared with only microfibers (0.26 MPa). Meanwhile, the backside thermal equilibrium temperature of the sample with a microfiber/nanofiber weight ratio of 1:2 at 900 °C environment was 355.8 °C, which was much lower than that of the porous ceramic prepared with only microfibers (476.5 °C). In addition, in order to investigate the temperature resistance of mullite micro/nano fiber-based porous ceramics, the sintering temperatures was increased from 1400 °C to 1500 °C. Results shows that the high-temperature thermal insulation performance of mullite micro/nano fiber-based porous ceramics with high mullite nanofiber content decays more seriously. The back-temperature test showed that the thermal equilibrium temperature of the samples with a mullite micron/nanofiber weight ratio of 1:1 in 900 °C environment increased rapidly from 386.3 °C to 454.2 °C when the sintering temperature was increased from 1400 °C to 1500 °C. The preparation of mullite micro/nanofiber-based porous ceramics provides a new strategy to improve the performance of fiber-based porous ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease with dental plaque accumulation. This study aimed to analyze the association between carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and periodontitis risk. In this cross-sectional study, the data of 6470 participants aged ≥30 years with available oral health exam data of periodontal status were collected from NHANES 2009–2014. Participants were divided into no & mild periodontitis group (n = 3309) and moderate & severe periodontitis group (n = 3161). The possible correlation between the carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and the risk of periodontitis was explored via univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied as the effect size. After adjusting for all the confounding factors, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio <10.89 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69–0.97), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63–0.87), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71–0.97) were correlated with reduced risk of periodontitis. In people aged ≥65 years, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30–0.95) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37–0.86) were correlated with reduced risk of periodontitis in comparison with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio ≥18.48 group. The decreased risk of periodontitis was also found in males with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49–0.97) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56–0.95). In people without diabetes, we found that those with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio <10.89 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61–0.93), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.88) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70–0.99) were linked with lower risk of periodontitis. Low carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio was associated with decreased risk of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber intake may lower digestive tract cancer risk, possibly by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. However, no data are available about the role of specific fiber fractions with prebiotic activity (e.g., inulin-type fructans (ITFs), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galactooligosaccharides (GOSs)) on the risk lower digestive tract cancers. The objective was to assess the association between prebiotic intake and the risk of cancers of the upper digestive tract and stomach. Within the PrebiotiCa study, data were derived from a network of Italian case–control studies conducted between 1992 and 2009. Participants' usual diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. ITFs, and selected FOSs (nystose, kestose, and 1F-β-fructofuranosylnystose) and GOSs (raffinose and stachyose) were quantified in several food products via laboratory analyses. Participants' prebiotic intake was calculated by multiplying food frequency questionnaire intake by the prebiotic content of each food item. Cases were patients admitted to major hospitals with incident histologically confirmed cancers; there were 946 cases of cancer of the oral cavity/pharynx, 198 of the nasopharynx, 304 of the esophagus, 230 of the stomach. More than 4,000 patients admitted to the same hospitals for acute nonneoplastic and not diet-related conditions were selected as control subjects. The outcomes were oral and pharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, esophageal, and stomach cancers. The odds ratios and corresponding 95% CIs of the various cancers were derived using logistic regression models adjusted for major confounders and energy intake. No association was observed between intake of prebiotics and risk of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, nasopharynx, and esophagus. High raffinose intake reduced stomach cancer risk (odds ratio for the third vs the first tertile 0.6, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.9); no other prebiotic was associated with stomach cancer. The current study does not support a major role of prebiotic fibers on selected upper digestive tract cancers. The association between high raffinose intake and reduced stomach cancer risk needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the most commonly reported metric for fiber in dairy cattle nutrition. An empirical method, NDF is defined by the procedure used to measure it. The current definitive method for NDF treated with amylase (aNDF) is AOAC Official Method 2002.04 performed on dried samples ground through the 1-mm screen of a cutting mill with refluxing and then filtration through Gooch crucibles without (AOAC−; reference method) or with (AOAC+) a glass fiber filter filtration aid. Other methods in use include grinding materials through the 1-mm screen of an abrasion mill, using filtration through a Buchner funnel with a glass fiber filter (Buch), and use of the ANKOM system (ANKOM Technology, Macedon, NY) that simultaneously extracts and filters samples through filter bags with larger (F57) or smaller (F58) particle size retentions. Our objective was to compare the AOAC and alternative methods using samples ground through the 1-mm screens of cutting or abrasion mills. Materials analyzed were 2 alfalfa silages, 2 corn silages, dry ground and high-moisture corn grains, mixed grass hay, ryegrass silage, soybean hulls, calf starter, and sugar beet pulp. Samples were run in duplicate in replicate analytical runs performed on different days by experienced technicians. Compared with cutting mill–ground samples, the aNDF% of dry matter results from abrasion mill–ground samples were or tended to be lower for 8 of 11 samples. Method affected aNDF% results for all materials, with method × grind interactions for 6 of 11 samples. For ash-free aNDF% assessed with cutting mill–ground materials, a priori selected contrasts showed that the number of materials for which methods differed or tended to differ from the AOAC methods were 4 (Buch), 8 (F57), and 3 (F58); and 3 for AOAC– versus AOAC+. However, statistically different does not necessarily mean substantially different. For a given feed and grind, a positive value for the absolute difference between the AOAC– mean and an alternative method mean minus 2 times the standard deviation of AOAC− suggests that values for the alternative method fall outside of the range of results likely to be observed for the reference method. The number of observed positive values for materials processed with cutting and abrasion mills, respectively, were 0 and 2 (AOAC+); 2 and 2 (Buch); 8 and 10 (F57); 4 and 7 (F58); and 0 and 4 (AOAC−). With the materials tested, methods in order of agreement with the reference method were Buch, F58, and F57, which often gave lower values. The AOAC+ gave results similar to AOAC−, substantiating it as an allowed modification of AOAC−. Best agreement between the reference method and variant NDF methods was achieved with the 1-mm screen cutting mill grind. The 1-mm abrasion mill grind produced more aNDF% results that were lower than the reference method but with fewer differences when filter particle retention size was smaller. The use of filters that retain finer particles could be explored to improve comparability of variant NDF methods and grinds. Further evaluation with an expanded set of materials is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TiO 2 -PVDF fiber film has the hierarchical structure as sky radiative cooling material. • TiO 2 -PVDF fiber are prepared by the polymer assisted electrospinning technique. • The TiO 2 -PVDF fiber film possesses high solar reflectivity of 99.01% (Vis band), 97.20% (NIR band) and high emissivity of 89.91% in atmospheric window. • In the outdoor testing, the maximum sub-ambient cooling temperature of 6.9℃ under sunlight, and 4.4 ℃ at night are achieved. Radiative sky cooling is a passive cooling method without consuming any additional energy. Here, we propose a kind of hierarchically structural and particle-enhanced TiO 2 -PVDF fiber film as the radiative sky cooling material. TiO 2 -PVDF fibers are prepared by the polymer assisted electrospinning technique. The hierarchical structure encompasses polymer fibers, inorganic enhanced particles and pores formed by interlacing fibers. In this work, the effect of TiO 2 adding on the morphology, structure and spectral performance of hierarchically structural fiber film are discussed. By introducing the inorganic TiO 2 particles with high refractive index into polymer fiber matrix, the refractive index difference among the hierarchical structure can increase the scattering and solar reflectance, and phonon polariton resonance will increase the infrared emission. The obtained TiO 2 -PVDF fiber film possesses the optimal high solar reflectivity of 99.01% (Vis band), 97.20% (NIR band) and infrared emissivity of 89.91% within the atmospheric window band. In outdoor testing in Wuhan (temperate climate) during October, the maximum sub-ambient cooling temperature under sunlight can reach 6.9℃, and 4.4℃ at night. Thus, this TiO 2 -PVDF fiber film can become a promising all-day cooling and energy saving material. Furthermore, it can be used in the more cooling and thermal management fields to greatly improve the comfortability of people's living and life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is focused on the preparation and characterization of composite nano/microfibers based on alumina applicable as fillers in ceramic-matrix composites. The graphene-coated Al 2 O 3 microfibers have been prepared in the form of continuous alumina/graphene fibers from electrospun precursors using needle-less electrospinning, calcination, and catalyst-free chemical vapor deposition of graphene layers on the surface of the microfibers. The phase composition and morphology of the composite fibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The porosity of the final fibers was evaluated by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The surface microstructures of composite fibers were rough and their diameters were in the range from 300 nm to 2 μm. The phase transformation at 1100 °C led to the formation of a mixture of γ-, δ-, and α-Al 2 O 3. TEM results confirmed that the alumina fibers were covered by the 3–4 layers of graphene-based structure. The specific surface area of pure alumina fibers after carbon deposition slightly increased from the initial 40 m2/g to 45 m2/g, due to a slightly wavy surface of graphene layers. Raman spectroscopy and XPS analysis results showed that the surface layer of fibers is formed as graphene oxide. Between the graphene oxide and alumina grains a chemical bonding C–O–Al, C–O–O–Al was discovered as the nucleation of the graphene oxide sheet. The growth mechanism of graphene oxide layers on the surface edges of Al 2 O 3 grains was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthy dietary patterns with adequate fiber improve cardiometabolic (CM) outcomes and attenuate disease progression. Resistant starch (RS) is a fermentable fiber that affects CM outcomes; however, studies are heterogeneous and inconsistent. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to assess the impact of RS intake by type and amount on CM outcomes while considering subject characteristics and trial duration. Randomized crossover or parallel studies (n = 31) were selected and compared according to acute (1 day; n = 12), medium (>1-30 days; n = 8), or long (>30 days; n = 11) duration. Most acute trials in healthy adults showed improvements in postprandial glycemic outcomes irrespective of RS type or amount. However, a more pronounced reduction occurred when test meals did not match for available carbohydrate. Daily RS intake had a minimal effect on CM outcomes in medium duration trials, but insulin resistant adults had better glycemic control at 4 weeks. Several longer duration trials (8-12 weeks) showed favorable CM outcomes with daily RS intake in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but not in those at risk for T2D. Furthermore, some studies reported improved lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, and heart rate. Future studies should consider matching for available carbohydrates between the RS and control groups to understand the gut microbiome's role. Furthermore, energy and fiber should be considered. Overall, the acute intake of RS improves glycemic outcomes, and consuming RS at for least 4 and up to 8 to 12 weeks in adults with prediabetes and T2D, respectively, appears to improve CM outcomes. CM, cardiometabolic; RS, resistant starch; SCFA, short chain fatty acid; T2D, type 2 diabetes.Y [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is a common disorder associated with significant impairment in quality of life. This clinical practice guideline, jointly developed by the American Gastroenterological Association and the American College of Gastroenterology, aims to inform clinicians and patients by providing evidence-based practice recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of CIC in adults. The American Gastroenterological Association and the American College of Gastroenterology formed a multidisciplinary guideline panel that conducted systematic reviews of the following agents: fiber, osmotic laxatives (polyethylene glycol, magnesium oxide, lactulose), stimulant laxatives (bisacodyl, sodium picosulfate, senna), secretagogues (lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide), and serotonin type 4 agonist (prucalopride). The panel prioritized clinical questions and outcomes and used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework to assess the certainty of evidence for each intervention. The Evidence to Decision framework was used to develop clinical recommendations based on the balance between the desirable and undesirable effects, patient values, costs, and health equity considerations. The panel agreed on 10 recommendations for the pharmacological management of CIC in adults. Based on available evidence, the panel made strong recommendations for the use of polyethylene glycol, sodium picosulfate, linaclotide, plecanatide, and prucalopride for CIC in adults. Conditional recommendations were made for the use of fiber, lactulose, senna, magnesium oxide, and lubiprostone. This document provides a comprehensive outline of the various over-the-counter and prescription pharmacological agents available for the treatment of CIC. The guidelines are meant to provide a framework for approaching the management of CIC; clinical providers should engage in shared decision making based on patient preferences as well as medication cost and availability. Limitations and gaps in the evidence are highlighted to help guide future research opportunities and enhance the care of patients with chronic constipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace mineral (TM) source can potentially alter nutrient digestibility through effects on microbial populations. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether sulfate versus hydroxy (IntelliBond) sources of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn had any effect on dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestibility, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. All available cattle studies (8 studies, 12 comparisons) were used to estimate the effect size (hydroxy mean − sulfate mean). Factors included in the analysis were method of digestibility analysis (total collection, marker-based, or 24 h in situ), study design (randomized design or Latin square), beef (n = 5) versus dairy (n = 7) cattle, and days on treatment; these factors were retained when P < 0.05. Dry matter digestibility was increased by hydroxy TM in beef (1.64 ± 0.35 units) but not in dairy models (0.16 ± 0.13 units) relative to sulfate TM. The NDF digestibility increased significantly with hydroxy versus sulfate TM, but digestibility assessment method influenced this response. Studies using total collection or undigested NDF as a flow marker showed a significant increase (2.68 ± 0.40 units and 1.08 ± 0.31 units, respectively) in NDF digestibility for hydroxy versus sulfate TM; but studies utilizing 24-h in situ incubation did not detect any change (−0.03 ± 0.23 units). These observations may reveal differences in precision of measurement or may indicate mineral effects beyond the rumen; total collection is considered the gold standard method. Hydroxy TM did not affect DMI per animal or per unit of body weight relative to sulfate TM. In conclusion, feeding hydroxy versus sulfate TM does not appear to affect DMI but, depending on type of cattle and method of measurement, can increase dry matter digestibility and NDF digestibility, which may be explained by differences in solubility of the TM sources in rumen, differentially affecting fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SiC/SiC composites are attractive candidates for many nuclear systems. As reinforcements, SiC fibers are critical to the in-service performance of composites. In this work, the temperature effects on the irradiation-induced microstructural evolution of Cansas-III SiC fibers were investigated using in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With in-situ 800 keV Kr ion irradiation, at room temperature (RT) the SiC fiber experienced heterogeneous amorphization and became completely amorphous at ∼2.6 dpa. Above the critical temperature of crystalline-to-amorphous (T c), SiC fibers underwent a simultaneous process of carbon packet disappearance and nano-grain growth at 300 °C and 800 °C. Possible mechanisms were discussed. [Display omitted] • The irradiation-induced-amorphization dose of SiC fiber at RT were determined with in-situ observation. • The SiC fiber experienced heterogeneous amorphization. • SiC fiber underwent the disappearance of carbon packets and nano-grain growth simultaneouslt at 300 °C and 800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oilseed cakes (OC) present high potential as feedstock for the biobased industry. Biotechnological processes allow OC valorization by the production of diverse value-added products and simultaneously altering OC structure, improving their nutritional value, and boosting OC utilization in animal feed. This work explored the use of fungi consortium of two different species as a bioprocessing approach to improve the nutritional quality of OC, obtain enzymes and antioxidants by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of sunflower cake (SFC) and rapeseed cake (RSC). Rhyzopus oryzae and Aspergillus ibericus consortium led to the highest production of cellulase (135 U/g) and β-glucosidase (265 U/g) while maximum protease (228 U/g) was obtained with A. niger and R. oryzae consortium. Maximum xylanase production (886 U/g) was observed in SSF of RSC resulting in high hemicellulose reduction. The synergistic action of lignocellulosic enzymes resulted in extracts with increased antioxidant potential with possible application as food additives against oxidative stress. [Display omitted] • Sunflower and rapeseed cakes were fermented by filamentous fungi consortia. • During solid-state fermentation (SSF) the lignocellulosic matrix of oilseed cakes was modified. • R. oryzae and A. ibericus consortia achieved maximum production of cellulase and β-glucosidase. • Highest production of xylanase led to higher decrease of hemicellulose. • SSF is a clean biotechnological process that allow antioxidants extraction from OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to highlight the insight into adhesion aspects within the components of the glass FRC (i.e. , fiber and matrix) and between resin luting material and the glass FRC construction. The fundamentals of semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) based FRCs and their advantages in forming a solid adhesive interface with indirect FRC restoration, dental adhesive, and luting cement are elaborated. The important resin matrix systems and glass fibers used in FRCs are discussed. This is principally based on a survey of the literature over Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and a review of the relevant studies and publications in scientific papers in international peer-reviewed journals for the specific topic of biomaterials science. The keywords used for the search approach were: adhesion, fiber-reinforced composite, glass fiber, and semi-interpenetrating polymer network. The polymer matrix systems of semi-IPN-based FRCs and formation of secondary-IPN layer are pivotal for bonding of multiphasic indirect dental constructs and repair. Additionally, describing areas of indication for FRCs in dentistry, explaining the adhesion aspects of FRC for the cohesion of the material itself, and for obtaining durable adhesion when the FRC construct is luted to tooth and remaining dentition. Current progress in the field of FRC research and future directions are summarized and presented. By understanding the isotropic-anisotropic nature of fibers and the interfacial adhesion within the components of the FRC; between resin cement and the FRC construction, the clinically successful FRC-based multiphasic indirect tooth construct can be achieved. The interfacial adhesion within the components of the FRC and between resin luting material and the FRC construction play a key role in adhesion-based unibody dental restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) has gained increment in cultivation worldwide. An increase in cultivation has a direct and profound effect on date seed waste generation. This study aims to highlight the valorization potential of date seed waste by studying the fiber, sugar, and color profiles of 18 date seed varieties. The indigestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is higher among all varieties with a spectrum ranging from 37.70 ± 1.96 g to 49.22 ± 2.26 g. A similar trend was observed for the digested acid detergent fiber (ADF) analysis. However, lignin and hemicellulose values were found to be as low as 2.55 ± 1.27 g and 16.97 ± 0.53 g respectively. Color analysis was comparative alongside date paste of the same 18 varieties. The results depicted similar results with lightness (L) for both date seeds and paste. However, in comparison date seeds were more inclined towards the redness and yellowness spectrum. Sugar profile varied with each variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of bio-based copolyester fiber with adjustable crystallization, orientation structure and mechanical property still remains a great challenge. In this study, a series of copolyester fibers based on terephthalic acid (PTA), ethylene glycol (EG) and l -Lactide (L-LA) were prepared via melt copolymerization and spinning. The resultant PLA- co -PET (PETLA) fibers exhibited tunable structure and property due to the synergistic effects of chemical structure and drawing process. The chemical structure of PETLA was confirmed by NMR, FTIR and XRD, which suggested that the random degree of copolymer increased with LA content and the viscosity decreased with the increase of LA content. The crystallization behavior, melting characteristic, thermal stability and rheological property were investigated by DSC, TGA and rheometer, the results indicated that all the PETLA exhibited the crystallization capacity, melting temperature and thermal stability were slightly affected by LA segment. The synergistic effects of LA segment and spinning process on PETLA structure and property were analyzed by WAXD and SAXS. The breaking strength of PETLA fibers dropped from 5.3 cN/dtex of PET to 2.8 cN/dtex of PET 85 LA 15 , which still met the requirements of most textile applications. Therefore, our work presented a feasible approach to prepare bio-based polyester fibers with tunable property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timoho fiber (TF) is a biodegradable bio-fiber rich in cellulose and a renewable agro textile fiber rich in cellulose polysaccharides. Isolation of micro cellulose from TF is an alternative reinforcement approach in a bio-composite application. This study characterized TF obtained from isolation employing FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, and TGA using hydrolysis. Pretreatment was done using alkaline, bleaching, and hydrolysis. FTIR confirmed that the maximum amount of noncellulosic materials had been removed from TF. The XRD result showed that hydrolysis treatment increased the crystal size and crystallinity index of the TF (88.68 %). TGA also revealed that the highest thermal stability had been found in the hydrolyzed TF. The micro cellulose TF represented an interesting source of cellulose reinforcing materials, and it might be continued in the form of nano cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites receive widespread attention due to their desirable mechanical properties but the effect of fiber wettability on the water transport properties is rarely investigated. This work aims to reveal the effect and mechanism of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers, represented by polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVAF) and polypropylene fiber (PPF), on the water absorption kinetics of geopolymer composites. Results indicate that both fibers can slightly weaken the water absorption capacity due to increased micron-scale voids and capillary length. Moreover, waterproof composite with a water contact angle of ∼120° can be fabricated by adding PPF and polydimethylsiloxane. PPF weakens the vaporization-condensation process of moisture, thereby extending the duration of the induction stage by 16.7 h, within which a low water absorption rate is maintained. In contrast, hydrophilic PVAF promotes the water absorption process. Therefore, hydrophobic fibers are more beneficial to improve the waterproof performance of geopolymer composites. The development of waterproof fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites is of great potential to improve the corrosion resistance and durability of buildings serving in high-humidity environments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nova classification of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) rests on poorly defined food processes and the presence of food additives from a chemically heterogeneous group, easily leading to misclassification. UPFs are claimed to promote overconsumption of energy and obesity due to high palatability, but little evidence supports effects beyond those that can be accounted for by nutrient composition, energy density, and food matrices. Observational studies link dietary intake of UPFs with obesity, but none have demonstrated independent associations after controlling for likely confounders. A highly cited randomized controlled feeding study that compared a UPF diet with an unprocessed diet showed a rapidly weaning effect on energy intake that can be entirely explained by more conventional and quantifiable dietary factors, including energy density, intrinsic fiber, glycemic load, and added sugar. Clearly, many aspects of food processing can affect health outcomes, but conflating them into the notion of ultra-processing is unnecessary, because the main determinants of chronic disease risk are already captured by existing nutrient profiling systems. In conclusion, the Nova classification adds little to existing nutrient profiling systems; characterizes several healthy, nutrient-dense foods as unhealthy; and is counterproductive to solve the major global food production challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanically strong and electrically conducting fibers, particularly those with high specific capacitances, are promising fiber-shaped electrodes for fiber- and textile-based energy storage devices like fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSCs). However, a high loading of fillers or bridging agents is commonly required to fabricate fiber electrodes with good mechanical strength, which compromises electrical conductivity and energy storage performance. Herein, an easily scalable wet-spinning strategy is reported to fabricate multifunctional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene/carbon nanotubes (MXene/CNT) hybrid fibers from a harmonious mixture of MXene and CNT in water and using acetic acid as a coagulation bath. The hybrid fiber achieved high strength (61 ± 7 MPa), good conductivity (1142.08 ± 40.04 S cm−1) and excellent energy storage performance (∼295 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1) at a very low CNT content of ∼1 wt%. When CNT loading increased to ∼9 wt%, the maximum strain at broken reached 161 ± 19 MPa and conductivity further increased to 1715 ± 22 S cm−1. The excellent mechanical performance allows hybrid fibers to be knitted into textiles for energy storage textiles. The assembled FSCs exhibit energy and power densities of ∼6.08 mW h cm−3 and ∼6440 mW cm−3, respectively. The excellent performance of MXene/CNT fiber and good feasibility for scalable production will open up new opportunities for the development of wearable and textile-based devices in the near future. [Display omitted] • Large scale wet-spinning of MXene/CNT fibers with great fiber performance. • CNTs infiltrated between MXene flakes and constructed good connection between MXene flakes. • The excellent mechanical properties allow hybrid fibers to be weave into fabrics for energy storge applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Production of SCFAs from food is a complex and dynamic saccharolytic fermentation process mediated by both human and gut microbial factors. Knowledge of SCFA production and of the relation between SCFA profiles and dietary patterns is lacking. Objectives Temporal changes in SCFA concentrations in response to 2 contrasting diets were investigated using a novel GC-MS method. Methods Samples were obtained from a randomized, controlled, crossover trial designed to characterize the metabolic response to 4 diets. Participants (n  = 19) undertook these diets during an inpatient stay (of 72 h). Serum samples were collected 2 h after breakfast (AB), after lunch (AL), and after dinner (AD) on day 3, and a fasting sample (FA) was obtained on day 4. The 24-h urine samples were collected on day 3. In this substudy, samples from the 2 extreme diets representing a diet with high adherence to WHO healthy eating recommendations and a typical Western diet were analyzed using a bespoke GC-MS method developed to detect and quantify 10 SCFAs and precursors in serum and urine samples. Results Considerable interindividual variation in serum SCFA concentrations was observed across all time points, and temporal fluctuations were observed for both diets. Although the sample collection timing exerted a greater magnitude of effect on circulating SCFA concentrations, the unhealthy diet was associated with a lower concentration of acetic acid (FA: coefficient: –17.0; SE: 5.8; P -trend = 0.00615), 2-methylbutyric acid (AL: coefficient: –0.1; SE: 0.028; P -trend = 4.13 × 10–4 and AD: coefficient: –0.1; SE: 0.028; P -trend = 2.28 × 10–3), and 2-hydroxybutyric acid (FA: coefficient: –15.8; SE: 5.11; P -trend: 4.09 × 10–3). In contrast, lactic acid was significantly higher in the unhealthy diet (AL: coefficient: 750.2; SE: 315.2; P -trend = 0.024 and AD: coefficient: 1219.3; SE: 322.6; P -trend: 8.28 × 10–4). Conclusions The GC-MS method allowed robust mapping of diurnal patterns in SCFA concentrations, which were affected by diet, and highlighted the importance of standardizing the timing of SCFA measurements in dietary studies. This trial was registered on the NIHR UK clinical trial gateway and with ISRCTN as ISRCTN43087333. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Purified diets (PDs) contain refined ingredients with one main nutrient, allowing for greater control relative to grain-based diets (GBDs), which contain unrefined grains and animal byproducts. Traditional PDs like the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-76A (76A) and AIN-93G (93G) can negatively impact metabolic and gut health when fed long term, in part due to lower total fiber, no soluble fiber, and higher sucrose content. Objective Two studies were conducted to determine how PDs with reduced sucrose and increased fiber (soluble and insoluble) influence metabolic and gut health in mice compared with traditional AIN PDs or GBDs. Methods In study 1, C57Bl/6N mice (n  = 75) consumed a GBD [LabDiet 5002 (5002)], 76A, 93G, or 2 PDs with reduced sucrose and higher fiber for 88 d. Body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed. In study 2, C57Bl/6N mice (n  = 54) consumed either 2 GBDs (LabDiet 5001 or 5002) or PDs with different types/levels of fiber for 14 d. Microbiome alterations and predicted functional metagenomic changes were measured. Results The PD with 75 g cellulose and 25 g inulin per 4084 kcals marginally influenced body weight and adiposity, but improved glucose tolerance relative to 93G (P  = 0.0131) and 76A (P  = 0.0014). Cecal and colonic weights were lower in mice fed cellulose-based PDs compared with those fed GBDs and soluble-fiber PDs. Soluble-fiber PDs reduced alpha diversity and showed similar beta diversity, which differed from cellulose-based PDs and GBDs. Certain genera associated with improved gut health such as Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia were significantly elevated by soluble-fiber PDs (P  ≤ 0.01). Metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism were affected by PDs. Conclusions PDs formulated with lower sucrose and increased fiber content, particularly soluble fiber, blunted elevations in metabolic parameters and favorably impacted the microbiota and metagenome in C57BL/6N mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Higher intake of fiber has been associated with lower risk of incident symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA). We examined whether levels of alkylresorcinol (AR), a marker of whole grain intake, were associated with OA in subjects in The Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) Study.Method: Knee x-rays and knee pain were assessed at baseline and through 60-months. Stored baseline fasting plasma samples were analyzed for AR homologues (C17:0, C19:0, C21:0, C23:0, C25:0) and total AR levels (AR sum). Two nested case-control studies, one for incident radiographic OA and one for incident symptomatic OA were performed with participants re-assessed at 15, 30 and 60 months. Multivariable conditional logistic regression with baseline covariates including age, sex, BMI, physical activity, quadriceps strength, race, smoking, depressive symptoms, diabetes and knee injury tested the association of log transformed AR levels with OA outcomes.Results: Seven hundred seventy-seven subjects were, on average, in their 60's, and most were women. For 60-month cumulative incidence, there was no significant association between quartiles of AR concentration and incident radiographic (e.g., for incident radiographic OA, highest vs lowest quartile of AR sum showed RR = 0.93 (95% CI 0.59, 1.47), and for symptomatic OA RR was 1.22 (95% CI 0.76, 1.94). In secondary analyses examining 30-month incidence, high AR levels were associated with a reduced risk of X-ray OA (RR = 0.31 (95% CI 0.15, 0.64).Conclusion: In primary analyses, AR levels were not associated with risk of OA, but secondary analyses left open the possibility that high AR levels may protect against OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic constipation is a prevalent disorder that remains challenging to treat. Studies suggest increasing fiber intake may improve symptoms, although recommendations on the fiber type, dose, and treatment duration are unclear. Objectives We investigated the effects of fiber supplementation on stool output, gut transit time, symptoms, and quality of life in adults with chronic constipation via a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods Studies were identified using electronic databases, backward citation, and hand searches of abstracts. RCTs reporting administration of fiber supplementation in adults with chronic constipation were included. Risks of bias (RoB) was assessed with the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Results were synthesized using risk ratios (RRs), mean differences, or standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs using a random-effects model. Results Sixteen RCTs with 1251 participants were included. Overall, 311 of 473 (66%) participants responded to fiber treatment and 134 of 329 (41%) responded to control treatment [RR: 1.48 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.88; P  = 0.001); I2 = 57% (P  = 0.007)], with psyllium and pectin having significant effects. A higher response to treatment was apparent in fiber groups compared to control groups irrespective of the treatment duration, but only with higher fiber doses (>10 g/d). Fiber increased stool frequency [SMD: 0.72 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.08; P  = 0.0001); I2 = 86% (P  < 0.00001)]; psyllium and pectin had significant effects, and improvement was apparent only with higher fiber doses and greater treatment durations (≥4 weeks). Fiber improved stool consistency (SMD: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.46; P  < 0.0001), particularly with higher fiber doses. Flatulence was higher in fiber groups compared to control groups(SMD: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.13; P  < 0.00001). Conclusions Fiber supplementation is effective at improving constipation. Particularly, psyllium, doses >10 g/d and treatment durations of at least 4 weeks appear optimal, though caution is needed when interpreting the results due to considerable heterogeneity. These findings provide promising evidence on the optimal type and regime of fiber supplementation, which could be used to standardize recommendations to patients. The protocol for this review is registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020191404. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CTS) is widely used to treat wastewater's heavy metal and organic matter pollution. When used as an adsorbent, it can be prepared into different forms, such as microspheres, gels, and fibers. However, CTS has certain drawbacks, including a propensity to swell, low acid resistance, and poor mechanical characteristics. Polyimide (PI) has good acid resistance and recyclability. This study focused on the surface CTS-grafting modification of PI fibers for cobalt ion adsorption. The morphological changes of the resultant CTS-grafted PI fibers (PI CTS fibers) during functionalization were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and their structural and chemical changes were characterized by using X -ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier -transform infrared spectroscopy, and static contact angle measurement. The PI CTS fibers could fit the Langmuir isotherm model to yield a maximum adsorption capacity of 46.04 mg g−1, and its thermodynamic fitting indicated that the adsorption process was a heat-absorbing reaction. The PI CTS fibers demonstrated good cycling performance and stable tensile strength in the adsorption-desorption cycling experiments. In the third cycle experiment, the PI CTS fibers maintained an adsorption rate of 89.13% and tensile strength of 89.14%. Through grafting CTS onto the PI fibers, the low acid resistance of CTS was significantly enhanced. The PI CTS fibers exhibit a higher maximum cobalt ion adsorption capacity compared to fibrous chitosan. Under acidic conditions, PI CTS fiber demonstrates excellent cobalt ion adsorption capabilities and allows for repeated recycling. The PI CTS fibers could also be recycled, which provides a novel pathway for cobalt recycling. [Display omitted] • We successfully grafted chitosan onto PI fibers to achieve the functionalization of PI fibers. • PI CTS fibers have good recyclability and can be reused for Co(II) ion adsorption. • The PI CTS fiber had a maximum adsorption capacity of 46.04 mg g−1, which is a good maximum adsorption capacity compared to other chitosan adsorbents. • PI CTS fiber effectively improved the disadvantage of poor acid resistance of chitosan, and solved the disadvantage of poor mechanical properties of chitosan by grafting chitosan onto PI fiber carrier. • Provides new ideas for the recovery of Co from used lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • High performance PTLCP fibers with LOI above 70% were obtained via melt spinning. • Structure and property of the fiber were fully studied by experiment and simulation. • The PTLCP exhibited synergistic flame retardant mechanism in vapor and condensed phase. • The maximum tensile strength of the as-spun fiber was 0.77GPa at low SDR of 29. In order to acquire polymeric fibers have both excellent flame retardance and mechanical properties, high molecular weight phosphorus-containing liquid crystal copolyesters derived from 6-hydroxy-2-naphthenic acid (HNA), terephthalic acid (TA) and 10-(2,5-dihydroxypheny)-10-hydro-9-oxa-10-phospha phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-HQ) were synthesized via "one-pot" melt polymerization, and then the fibers were obtained by melt spinning method. The structure and property of the copolyesters were studied elaborately by experimental characterization technique and molecular simulation method. Shear shinning behavior was observed from rheology measurement, indicating that the copolyesters had excellent melt fluidity and spinnability. The rigidity of molecular chain was efficiently improved by the phosphorus-containing monomer DOPO-HQ and naphthalene HNA units which could be reflected by the molecular simulation results as well as high T g values. The flame retardant mechanism of the phosphorus-containing flame retardant copolyester was systematically studied via limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) test, cone calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the copolyesters exhibit synergistic flame retardant mechanism of gas phase and condensed phase. Meanwhile, mechanical property of the as-spun fibers could be significantly improved by increasing the spinneret draw ratio (SDR) attributed to high molecular chain orientation. The maximum tensile strength of the as-spun fiber was 0.77 GPa observed for P-HNA60P20 at a relatively low SDR of 29. It was shown the unique combination of good thermal stability, spinnability as well as mechanical and flame retardant properties of the copolyesters would make them could be used as high-performance flame retardant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants, being immobile, are subject to environmental stresses more than other creatures, necessitating highly effective stress tolerance systems. Transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in the adaptation mechanism as they can be activated by diverse signals and ultimately control the expression of stress-responsive genes. One of the most prominent plant TFs family is MYB (myeloblastosis), which is involved in secondary metabolites, developmental mechanisms, biological processes, cellular architecture, metabolic pathways, and stress responses. Extensive research has been conducted on the involvement of MYB TFs in crops, while their role in cotton remains largely unexplored. We also utilized genome-wide data to discover potential 440 MYB genes and investigated their plausible roles in abiotic and biotic stress conditions, as well as in different tissues across diverse transcriptome databases. This review primarily summarized the structure and classification of MYB TFs biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and their role in secondary metabolism in different crops, especially in cotton. However, it intends to identify gaps in current knowledge and emphasize the need for further research to enhance our understanding of MYB roles in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Color and hardness are key indicators for distinguishing PFB varieties. • PFB have a high content of quality-proteins (∼24 %), fiber (21–25 %), and minerals. • PFB contain phenolic compounds (1.21 mg GAE/g) with antioxidant capacity. • PFB flours show 212% foaming and 52% emulsifying capabilities. • PFB flours' viscosity increases on heating and produce firm gelatinized flours. Peruvian fava beans (PFB) are used in traditional cuisine as a nutrient-rich, flavorful, and textural ingredient; however, little is known about their industrial properties. This study evaluated the physicochemical, nutritional, and techno-functional characteristics of PFB varieties: Verde , Quelcao , and Peruanita. PFB exhibited distinct physical characteristics, quality parameters, and morphology. The color patterns of the seed coat and the hardness were the main parameters for distinguishing them. Nutritionally, all three samples exhibited high protein (23.88–24.88 g/100 g), with high proportion of essential amino acids, high dietary fiber (21.74–25.28 g/100 g), and mineral content. They also contain polyphenols (0.79–1.25 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (0.91–1.06 mg CE/g) with antioxidant potential (16.60–21.01 and 4.68–5.17 µmol TE/g for ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively). Through XRD measurements, the semi-crystalline nature of samples was identified, belonging to the C-type crystalline form. Regarding techno-functionality, PFB flours displayed great foaming capacity, with Verde variety being the most stable. Emulsifying capacity was similar among samples, although Peruanita was more stable during heating. Upon heating with water, PFB flours reached peak viscosities between 175 and 272 cP, and final viscosities between 242 and 384 cP. Quelcao and Verde formed firmer gels after refrigeration. Based on these results, PFB would be useful to developing innovative, nutritious, and healthy products that meet market needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Statistics and language processing tools were used to analysis papers. • Fiber polymer composites were largely used in machine learning applications. • Nanoparticles as reinforcement and nonpolymeric matrices were less frequent. • Neural and deep neural networks were frequently used. • Machine learning applications mostly occurred in structure health monitoring. Fiber composites must be evaluated to achieve correct use in various fields. Their properties, performance, condition, and integrity can be quickly predicted and optimized by machine learning (ML), after extensive training, compared with experiments and conventional computational simulations. In this document, papers on ML applications in fiber composites were collected and critically reviewed. It was revealed that kind learning environments have been primarily used. Supervised ML has been more frequently used than unsupervised ML, whereas some specific semi–supervised ML (e.g. , reinforcement learning) or deep predictive control have been overlooked. Most ML applications have been successful on the laboratory scale and in the short term. Furthermore, the deployment of ML applications has been overlooked. In addition, retroactive feedback from the manufacturing of fiber and polymers to the manufacturing of composite laminates and structures was neglected. Accordingly, a control loop in the chain of manufacturing processes was discussed. Additionally, language processing tools and statistics were used to summarize and analyze the papers. Finally, it was proposed that multiscale modeling using ML and physics is a potential approach to advance predictions for future applications. Therefore, physicochemical interactions (van der Waals or electrostatic) from nanoscale can be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The distance between the sampling locations on either side of the signal and the center wavelength must exceed the signal's bandwidth to obtain the actual NF. • Linear interpolation and cubic interpolation are more suitable for calculating the NF. • Even using a high power input signal of 0 dBm, the NF is only degraded by about 1.8% compared to the case where the substrate noise is ignored. • The effect of different sampling point counts and resolutions have less influence on the NF. Noise figure (NF) is a key metric for Fiber amplifier (FA), which affects the performance of signal transmission. The main factors affecting the NF are related to the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) characteristics of the active fiber itself. However, during our study of NF, we found some easily overlooked factors that can have a significant impact on the results, such as the fetch distances and interpolation algorithm for calculating the ASE where the signal wavelength is located. Further, to date, we have also found little relevant research on whether the sampling characteristics of the instrument and the substrate noise contribute to the NF. On the other hand, bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers (BDFA) have developed rapidly in recent years. In this work, we use BDFA as an example, using different fetch distances, interpolation algorithms, substrate noise, and sampling variables (resolution and point counts), to comprehensively compare and analyze the impact caused by NF. The experimental results suggest that the distance between the sampling locations on either side of the signal and the center wavelength must exceed the signal's bandwidth to obtain the actual NF; Linear interpolation and cubic interpolation are more suitable for calculating the NF; Even using a high power input signal of 0 dBm, the NF is only degraded by about 1.8% compared to the case where the substrate noise is ignored; In addition, the effect of different sampling point counts and resolutions have less influence on the NF. We believe this work provides a reliable reference value for calculating the accuracy of NF and will be useful for practical applications of active-fiber amplifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the self-healing of cracks in four repair systems mixed by aerobic-anaerobic bacteria and fiber is studied. The results showed that specimens S-1, S-3, and S-4 demonstrate remarkable efficacy in achieving complete repair for the majority of cracks with widths of 0.6 mm or less within a healing period of 28 d. Conversely, cracks exceeding 0.45 mm in width in specimen S-2 present challenges in achieving complete restoration. The Water permeability experiments showed that the crack repair effect of the four groups of specimens was in the following order: S-4 > S-3 > S-1 > S-2. Notably, cracks with initial widths <0.4 mm exhibit a commendable secondary repair rate of approximately 90 %. Further analysis underscores the fiber-reinforced binary microbial mineralization repair system (S-4) as yielding optimal repair outcomes, significantly enhancing water seepage resistance post-repair. This comprehensive investigation underscores the potential of our proposed repair systems to effectively crack-healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soft, elastic and permeable hygroelectric fibre for wearable human monitoring textile, which generate the electrical energy from humidity gradient energy. Our generator is very soft (Young's modulus of 0.4 MPa) and exhibit high dynamic and static elasticity (strain of 100%). [Display omitted] • We present, for the first time, new fibre-type hygroelectric generator with a longitudinal asymmetric structure. • The harvester is very soft (Young's modulus of 0.4 MPa) and exhibit high dynamic and static elasticity (strain of 100 %). • We propose novel application of permeable hygroelectric textile for wearable human monitoring sensor. Hygroelectric energy harvesting that uses ambient humidity change to produce electricity is considered important technology in wearable energy sources and self-powered sensors. However, most of these generators are 2-dimensional structures (e.g., film type) and have a low softness with limited elasticity, limiting their wider application, especially in the field of wearable devices. To address the issue, we developed here a soft and highly elastic hygroelectric fiber that consists of hetero-chemically treated carbon nanotube buckles: highly oxidized zone, and non-oxidized pristine carbon nanotubes. By the proton generation in response to ambient humidity change and consequent diffusion from the oxidized carbon nanotube buckle to the pristine one, our hygroelectric fiber generates a high open-circuit voltage (80 mV), a short-circuit current (6 mA/m2), and a peak power density (2.5 mW/m2). The present fiber generator also shows a high elasticity up to 100 % strain and an average Young's modulus of less than 0.47 MPa, which are much elastic and softer than previously reported hygroelectric generators. Textile type hygroelectric energy harvester is also demonstrated by weaving fiber generators into the commercialized textile, which enables non-invasive measurement of humidity in respiration corresponding to body activity and real-time tracking of breath of the human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel layered-and-staggered structural concrete system was proposed. • Ballistic behaviors of five series of concrete targets were investigated. • Novel concrete outperformed steel fiber concrete in reducing penetration depth. • Crack deflection and bullet yawing were observed in the novel concrete. Inspired by the structure of abalone shells, a layered-and-staggered concrete system composed of concrete tiles joined with rubber mortar was proposed for ballistic protection. Ballistic tests demonstrated that, when subjected to Type 53 API bullet impact at velocities ranging from 780 to 815 m/s, the layered-and-staggered concrete outperformed both steel fiber reinforced bulk concrete and simple layered concrete with comparable compressive strengths in terms of reducing bullet penetration depth. Furthermore, damage in the layered-and-staggered concrete was primarily confined to areas surrounding directly impacted tiles or joints; cracks on the impact face did not propagate radially as observed in bulk concrete but instead deflected along weak interfaces between adjacent tiles. Additionally, crack deflection and bullet yawing were observed in the thickness direction of the layered-and-staggered concrete targets, aligning with expectations for bionic design effects. Incorporating steel micro-fibers into the layered-and-staggered system enhanced individual tile's impact resistance but did not reduce bullet penetration depth. The proposed layered-and-staggered concrete exhibits promising potential for practical applications, particularly in scenarios requiring prompt repair of damaged components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-based sandwich composite structures (SCS) are materials that have great potential for various applications. SCS consists of two or more layers of different materials, namely core and facing. The core is usually made of lightweight and rigid materials, while the facing is made of strong and durable materials. One of the advantages of wood-based SCS is that it is environmentally friendly. Wood is a renewable material and has recyclable properties. In addition, wood-based SCS also has strong mechanical properties, fire resistance, and can function as a shield for electromagnetic waves. In this journal review, we will report on the applications of wood-based SCS. These applications include: Electromagnetic wave shielding: Wood-based SCS can be used as electromagnetic wave shielding due to its high dielectric properties and Strong mechanical properties, i.e. wood-based SCS can be used as a material with strong mechanical properties because it has a rigid core and strong facing. This journal review is expected to provide useful information for researchers and developers of wood-based SCS materials. • Wood-based sandwich composite structures (SCS) have great various applications. • The advantages of wood based SCS is that it is environmentally friendly. • Wood-based SCS can be used as electromagnetic wave shielding. • SCS has strong mechanical properties because it has a rigid core and strong facing. • This review provide useful for researchers and developers of wood-based SCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TLM electrodes ensure superior conductivity-friction material interfacing in DF, even during intense deformation. • The SEBS sheath confers super-elasticity to the DF (strain at break of 862.3%). • The dual-structure variable design significantly enhances the triboelectric output performance of the DF. • DF has an excellent open-circuit voltage (265.8 V/m) while maintaining 60 % open-circuit voltage at 300 % elongation. Fibrous triboelectric nanogenerators (FTENGs) are highly desirable nano-energy harvesting devices due to largely available contact area and convenience in integration, which enables more efficient conversion of randomly disordered low-mass mechanical energy into electrical energy. Unfortunately, the high triboelectric output of existing FTENGs under mechanical deformations is considerably limited due to their inherently low stretchability of conductive or friction materials. Therefore, simplified equivalent models are established by mimicking the core–shell structure of natural silk, which discuss the influence of different structural variables of fibers on the electrical energy output, thus guiding the design of construction as well as enhancing the triboelectric behaviors. Herein, we successfully constructed a dual-structure variable FTENG (DF) (dual-channel electrode, twisting) that combines excellent stretch and electric performance by utilizing an efficient and scalable thermal stretching, twisting, and injection process. The twisting process assigns the FTENG a larger effective contact area to enhance the surface charge density of the friction material, while the dual-channel electrode enable faster charge transfer, resulting in a significant improvement in the triboelectric output performance. The open-circuit voltage (V oc) of the DF is up to 265.8 V/m, far surpassing the non-structure variable, single electrode-structure variable and single twisting-structure variable counterpart FTENGs, providing remarkable durability. Also, a single DF has a strain at break of up to 862.3 %, exhibiting excellent mechanical stretchability. Moreover, multiple DFs can achieve more significant electrical output characteristics. The dual-structure variable design and the facile manufacturing method will bring inspiration for the preparation of high-performance energy production devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In forensic science, a robust and sound interpretation and evaluation of transferred fibre evidence requires an understanding of the principles and mechanisms that underpin fibre transfer, yet existing research lacks consistency and repeatability. This study investigates the impact of washing activities on both the release of fibres into wastewater and the transfer of constituent fibres from donor garments to receiver swatches. Using a low-cost friction tester and automated data collection through photography and ImageJ image processing software, controlled conditions were maintained for repeated experiments. Results indicated significant fibre release during wash cycles, with load size and donor garment history playing crucial roles. The donor garments subjected to repetitive washes exhibit a progressive decrease in the number of fibres transferred, independently of the load size. This study underscores the importance of considering a garment's washing history in forensic science contexts, but also for consistency in the way that data are collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove ecosystem faces significant threats from the various pollutants including microplastic (MPs). The aim of this study was to assess variations in MP distribution in mangrove sediments of rhizosphere (R) and non-rhizosphere (NR) regions. A total of 14,960 MP particles were identified from Sandspit backwater (SS-1 & SS-2) and Creek areas (PQ & KC). Notably, the NR showed higher MP counts (7848) compared to the R region (7112). Analysis revealed variations in MP types, with beads being predominant in both R and NR, followed by film, fiber, and fragments. KC exhibited highest MP contamination, followed by PQ, SS-2, and SS-1. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene in sediments samples. This first detailed report on MP in mangrove sediments and other limited studies from Pakistan establishes the widespread distribution of MPs in the coastal area and provide a baseline for further elaboration in future. • The highest counts of microplastic were recorded from NR area as compare to R. • FTIR analysis of the MPs were endorsed the presence of PET and polyethylene PE in the sediments of both R and NR mangrove areas. • Texture of MPs were also varies as fiber, film, fragment, and bead were observed. • Colour of MPs also differs i.e. transparent, red, black, green and blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Taking a commercial bismuth-doped fiber as an instance, we first measured the refractive index distribution of the BDF in the O-band using a self-developed fiber refractive index tester, and thereby obtained its actual mode-field area. Then, based on this we further propose an irregular Bragg bismuth-doped fiber with the refractive index growing layer by layer. • The results suggests that the effective mode-field area of this fiber reaches 401 um2 at 1320 nm, which is nearly 5.8 times that of a common single-mode BDF. Finally, we performed numerical simulations of the amplification performance based on this fiber. Under the condition of total pumping power of 8 W, the signal with −20 dBm input power obtains a gain of more than 54 dB and an NF of less than 5 dB at 1320 nm wavelength. • We believe this work demonstrates the great potential of this Bragg bismuth-doped fiber as an O-band high-gain amplifier and high-power laser. In recent years, O-band bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) have been rapidly developed due to the fluorescence properties of bismuth-doped glass in the near-infrared (NIR) band, while there are still few studies on bismuth-doped fibers (BDF) with large mode fields as of now. In addition, although the use of a double-pass structure on the amplifier can lead to gain improvement, this also deteriorates the noise figure (NF). Therefore, the study of bismuth-doped fibers with large mode-field areas is a promising path to develop high-performance BDFA. In this work, taking a commercial bismuth-doped fiber as an instance, we first measured the refractive index distribution of the BDF in the O-band using a self-developed fiber refractive index tester, and thereby obtained its actual mode-field area. Then, based on this we further propose an irregular Bragg bismuth-doped fiber with the refractive index growing layer by layer. The results suggests that the effective mode-field area of this fiber reaches 401 um2 at 1320 nm, which is nearly 5.8 times that of a common single-mode BDF. Finally, we performed numerical simulations of the amplification performance based on this fiber. Under the condition of total pumping power of 8 W, the signal with −20 dBm input power obtains a gain of more than 54 dB and an NF of less than 5 dB at 1320 nm wavelength. This work demonstrates the great potential of this Bragg bismuth-doped fiber as an O-band high-gain amplifier and high-power laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based milk alternatives are gaining increasing relevance in the food industry, but the influence of plant proteins and fibers on the specific product properties has not yet been explored. In this study, the influence of soy protein isolate and the oat fiber β-glucan on the emulsion and powder properties of plant milk alternatives is analyzed. The components exhibit different behavior at the oil-water interface after homogenization, thereby affecting droplet size distribution, dynamic viscosity and emulsion stability in terms of electrostatic repulsion. To determine the interactions of the components at the interface, the individual raw materials soy protein isolate and oat bran as well as mixtures of both were investigated. The measurements highlight variations between the fiber component and the plant protein source at the interface. The identified differences in emulsion characteristics also manifest in spray drying with different particle sizes and lipid encapsulation efficiencies. • Plant-based milk alternative emulsion and powder characteristics are influenced by the addition of plant proteins and fibers. • Fiber component significantly determined the drop break-up during homogenization and the stability of the O/W interface. • Spray-dried plant-based milk alternative powder is impacted by emulsion properties. • Soy protein isolate in formulation resulted in particle structure with high lipid encapsulation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To scientifically and efficiently utilize reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) generated during asphalt pavement maintenance, and to promote resource recycling and sustainable development, this paper developed and evaluated the Fiber-enhanced RAP interlayer for HMA overlay and preservation treatments. In this paper, RAP interlayer was designed based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the pull-out strength and the shear strength of were tested. Through double-objective optimization and analysis, the recommended proportions were determined as 2.22 kg/m2 of rubber asphalt, 10.57 kg/m2 of aggregate, and 30% RAP content. Subsequently, the effects of different basalt fiber contents on the pull-out strength, shear strength, flexural strength, fatigue life, and permeability coefficient of asphalt mixture with interlayer containing RAP were investigated. The results indicated a significant improvement in these properties with an 80 g/m2 basalt fiber content. The performance of asphalt mixture with Fiber-enhanced RAP interlayer was obviously superior to the asphalt mixture with interlayer without fiber and RAP. According to the test results of Digital Image Correlation (DIC), it was found that basalt fibers effectively reduce stress concentration, delaying the initiation and propagation of cracks. • Fiber- enhanced RAP interlayer is developed. • The RAP content reaches 30%. • Basalt fibers delay the propagation of cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothesis that exogenous xylanase added to diets for gestating and lactating sows will increase the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and total dietary fiber (TDF), increase digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy, and improve the reproductive performance of sows was tested. Two diets for gestating sows and two diets for lactating sows were formulated without or with 100 g per ton of an exogenous xylanase (16,000 units/kg). Diets were fed in two consecutive reproductive cycles. From 106 animals, 48 pregnant sows, organized in 4 blocks of 12 sows (6 sows per treatment in each block), were placed for 10 days in metabolism crates starting on day 35 (mid-gestation) and again on day 95 (late-gestation) with feces and urine being collected for 4 days. Sows were moved to the lactation unit on day 106 of gestation and feeding of lactation diets was initiated. Fecal samples were collected (grab-sampling) from days 10–14 post-farrowing. The number and weight of pigs born, mummified, stillborn, and weaned per sow were recorded, and survival rate and litter average daily gain were calculated. Litters were weaned on day 20 ± 1. All animals were rebred and 46 sows were placed in metabolism crates in mid and late-gestation as in the first cycle, and treatments in the farrowing unit during the second cycle were also as in the first cycle; however, colostrum and milk samples were collected from sows in the second cycle. Results indicated that reproductive performance was not different between sows fed control diets and sows fed diets with xylanase during the two reproductive cycles. In the first gestation period, the ATTD of TDF in late-gestation was greater (P < 0.05) in sows fed the diet with xylanase than in sows fed the control diet. During the first lactation, sows fed the diet with xylanase had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of GE and TDF, and greater (P < 0.05) DE than sows fed the control diet. During the second gestation, sows fed the diet with xylanase had greater (P < 0.05) DE in mid-gestation. During the second lactation, sows fed the diet with xylanase had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of GE and TDF, and greater (P < 0.05) DE than sows fed the control diet. In conclusion, DE was greater in diets with xylanase than in control diets during the two reproductive cycles, and sows fed the lactation diet with xylanase had greater digestibility of fiber than sows fed the control diet. • Xylanase increased digestibility of energy and fiber in diets fed to sows • Xylanase increased digestible energy in diets for sows • Xylanase did not impact reproductive performance of sows [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A conductive fiber with synergistic conductive network is prepared for strain sensor. • The synergistic effect is beneficial for tunable and balanced sensing performances. • The sensor shows great potential for human motion monitoring and tactile sensing. • The fiber displays good photothermal performances even under 150% strain. With the rapid development of portable electronic products, smart wearable devices show great application potential in personalized motion monitoring, health monitoring and even in human-machine interaction. In particular, high-performance flexible fiber-shaped strain sensors are receiving more and more attention because they can be well integrated with clothes or human skin for real-time human activities monitoring. However, achieving improved sensitivity, wide detection range, diverse applications and easy operation of them remains a challenge. Here, we adopt a simple wet-spinning technique to prepare a porous fiber-shaped carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber (CATF) for high-performance strain sensor, of which the synergistic conductive network of CNTs and AgNPs enables a wide detection range (∼248 %), high sensitivity (GF > 4295), fast response/recovery time (120 ms/140 ms) and excellent stability. Interestingly, strain sensing range and sensitivity of the sensor can be tuned by changing the AgNPs loading to make it suitable for different application scenarios. All the merits of the sensor make it capable for diverse human movements monitoring, pronunciation recognition, and gesture recognition. More importantly, our prepared CATF strain sensor can be easily weaved into wearable smart textiles, showing great potential for tactile sensing to realize multi-touch and pressure tracking. Finally, the CATF also displays efficient photothermal conversion capability even under different tensile strains up to 150 %, showing great potential in human body thermal management to improve the wearing comfort of wearable electronic fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of the introduction of fiber broadband in North Carolina, through the lens of student achievement. I link granular data on new fiber construction and advertised download speeds with administrative test score data and local labor market data. Exploiting variation in fiber availability at the census block group level, I implement a difference-in-differences design and find modest effects on educational outcomes, roughly equivalent to lowering class sizes by one student. I show fiber increases local employment and search intensity for supplementary educational materials. Last, I show that increased competition from fiber providers drives quality improvements in other available technology. • Fiber broadband availability increases both math and student standardized test scores • Fiber availability applies competitive pressure on other technologies to raise speeds • Fiber availability improves test scores through increased employment • Limited evidence that fiber increases usage of supplementary education materials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton production areas have been shifted to saline-alkaline soils with high Na+ content, resulting in low soil K+/Na+ ratios, leading to K+ deficiency in cotton, which is detrimental to the yield and quality of the fiber and cottonseed. It was hypothesized that improving the soil K+/Na+ ratio by applying potassium under moderate salt stress could affect the contents of K+ and Na+ in various organs of cotton bolls. This could affect the growth and biomass distribution of the cotton bolls, ultimately impacting the yield and quality of both the fiber and the cottonseed. To test this hypothesis, a pot experiment using the cotton cultivar CCRI-79 was conducted in 2021 and 2022, and the results showed that improving the soil K+/Na+ ratio under moderate salt stress (1) increased the cotton boll K+/Na+ ratio, accelerated boll growth, and increased the proportion of boll biomass distributed to the fiber and the cottonseed kernel. (2) increased fiber and cottonseed yield. Specifically, the boll retention rate and the number of fruit nodes increased, thereby increasing the boll number. The increase in boll weight can be explained by an increase in the components of fiber and cottonseed yield per boll. Compared with those in the control soil without added salts (C), the fiber and cottonseed yield at a K+/Na+ ratio of 1:9 (SK2) were only 7.1%–21.0% and 4.9%–17.0% lower, respectively. (3) increased fiber and cottonseed quality. SK2 can completely alleviate the effects of moderate salt stress on fiber uniformity, length, and micronaire. And the fiber strength of SK2 is only 5.0%–7.2% lower than C. The oil content and yield of cottonseed kernels increased, and the total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and unsaturated index (UI) increased. Although the protein content decreased, the protein yield increased, and the total amino acid (TAA) content increased. SK2 and C did not differ significantly in oil and protein contents. Taken together, these findings indicate that the optimal alleviation of moderate salt stress on the yield and quality of fiber and cottonseed was achieved at a K+/Na+ ratio of 1:9. These results will help to synergistically increase the yield and quality of cotton fiber and cottonseed in saline-alkaline soil and provide new clues for elucidating the mechanism through which the K+/Na+ ratio regulates salt tolerance in cotton. • Improving the soil K+/Na+ ratio can alleviate moderate salt stress in cotton. • Improving the soil K+/Na+ ratio increases the yield of cotton fiber and cottonseed. • Improving the soil K+/Na+ ratio is beneficial for promoting fiber quality. • Cottonseed oil and protein quality are promoted by improving the soil K+/Na+ ratio. • The distribution proportion of boll biomass to fiber and seed kernel increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]