23 results on '"Fardoun, Farouk"'
Search Results
2. Phase change materials (PCM) for cooling applications in buildings: A review
- Author
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Souayfane, Farah, Fardoun, Farouk, and Biwole, Pascal-Henry
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- 2016
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3. Optimal management proposal for hybrid water heating system
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Ibrahim, Oussama, Fardoun, Farouk, Younes, Rafic, and Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna
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- 2014
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4. Analysis of the hysteresis loop in stainless steels II. Austenitic–ferritic duplex steel and the effect of nitrogen
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Polák, Jaroslav, Fardoun, Farouk, and Degallaix, Suzanne
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- 2001
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5. Analysis of the hysteresis loop in stainless steels I. Austenitic and ferritic steels
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Polák, Jaroslav, Fardoun, Farouk, and Degallaix, Suzanne
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- 2001
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6. Optimal design of renewable energy solution sets for net zero energy buildings.
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Harkouss, Fatima, Fardoun, Farouk, and Biwole, Pascal Henry
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ELECTRIC generators , *LIFE cycle costing , *SOLAR collectors , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *HEAT pumps , *PAYBACK periods - Abstract
Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have been considered as an efficient solution to limit the growing energy consumption and pollution emissions from buildings. The configurations and the capacities of the implemented renewable energy systems in NZEBs should be wisely selected to ensure the intended performance objective. This study aims to optimize, investigate and compare six renewable energy solution sets for designing NZEBs in three different climates: Indore (cooling dominant), Tromso (heating dominant), and Beijing (mixed climate). The optimization is carried out using a multi-criteria decision-making methodology. The implemented methodology is composed of two phases. In the first phase, the optimal sizes of solution sets in each climate are derived and analyzed. The effectiveness of optimal solution sets is evaluated with respect to economy, environment, energy and grid stress. In the second phase, recommendations for each region are offered according to the overall performance evaluation results. The evaluation criteria include life cycle cost, payback period, levelized cost of energy, CO 2 eq emissions, grid interaction index, load matching index, and total energy consumption. The analyses show that, in Indore (hot climate), it is recommended to utilize the solution set composed of air source heat pump for cooling and flat plate solar collectors for domestic hot water (DHW) production. In Tromso (cold climate), the use of a biodiesel generator is promising to produce both electricity and hot steam for heating as well as DHW use. In Beijing (mixed climate), it is recommended to utilize electric chillers for cooling and natural gas condensing boiler for heating and DHW usage. • Renewable energy solution sets for net zero energy building are optimized. • Hot, cold and mixed climates are investigated. • Building performance is analyzed in terms of energy, cost, and CO 2eq emissions. • Load matching and grid stress analysis is conducted. • Suitable design options for each climate are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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7. Passive design optimization of low energy buildings in different climates.
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Fardoun, Farouk, Harkouss, Fatima, and Biwole, Pascal Henry
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BUILDING design & construction , *MATHEMATICAL optimization , *BUILDINGS & the environment , *THERMAL comfort , *ENERGY consumption , *COOLING , *BUILDING envelopes - Abstract
Abstract Worldwide, the residential buildings are consuming a considerable amount of energy. The high potential of buildings towards energy efficiency has drawn special attention to the passive design parameters. A comprehensive study on optimal passive design for residential buildings is presented in this paper. Twenty-five different climates are simulated with the aim to produce best practices to reduce building energy demands (for cooling and heating) in addition to the life-cycle cost (LCC). The occupants' adaptive thermal comfort is also improved by implementing the appropriate passive cooling strategies such as blinds and natural ventilation. In this respect, the implemented methodology is composed of four phases: building energy simulation, optimization, Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM), sensitivity study, and finally an adaptive comfort analysis. An optimal passive solution of the studied building indicates the potential to save up to 54%, 87% and 52% of the cooling demands (Qcool), heating demands (Qheat) and LCC respectively with respect to the initial configuration. The obtained optimal passive parameters are validated with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL benchmark for low energy building's envelope. Additionally, the integrated passive cooling strategies have demonstrated its competency since it leads to a significant overheating decrease. Highlights • Residential building's passive design parameters are optimized. • Effect of different climates of Köppen Geiger classification is studied. • Thermal comfort and energy performance of the case-studies are significantly enhanced. • Passive cooling strategies lead to adequate thermal comfort and fewer cooling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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8. 4-E based optimal management of a SOFC-CCHP system model for residential applications.
- Author
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Al Moussawi, Houssein, Fardoun, Farouk, and Louahlia, Hasna
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SYSTEMS design , *SOLID oxide fuel cells , *ELECTRIC power systems , *TRIGENERATION (Energy) , *MATHEMATICAL optimization - Abstract
Enhancing efficiency, meeting environmental standards, and preserving fuel resources are highly important objectives in power generation systems, at a time where world is endangered by several energetic, environmental, and health crises. Thus, better designs are constantly sought to increase the performance of such systems. In this study, an environment friendly trigeneration system based on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is selected and designed for domestic applications. Negligible emissions are thus recorded as the SOFC is fueled solely by hydrogen. The system is modeled following three steps: the energy simulation of residential building to determine its demands, the system’s prime mover–SOFC, and the trigeneration recovery system ensuring the maximum coverage of heating, cooling, and domestic hot water loads respectively. The system is then evaluated under the 4-E assessment criteria: energy, exergy, economy, and environment. Depending on these criteria, the system is multi-objectively optimized. Two operation strategies are adopted: off-grid following electrical load and on-grid base load operations. Optimization results show that the trigeneration system is energetically and economically superior and performs well under both strategies. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies (65.2% and 45.77%) and minimum system cost rate (22.2 cents/kWh) are obtained under on-grid base load operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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9. Selection based on differences between cogeneration and trigeneration in various prime mover technologies.
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Al Moussawi, Houssein, Fardoun, Farouk, and Louahlia, Hasna
- Subjects
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COGENERATION of electric power & heat , *TRIGENERATION (Energy) , *ELECTRIC utilities , *ENERGY consumption , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
Energy demands and fuel costs are continuously increasing which necessitates either finding new energy resources or improving current energy systems. Multi-generation systems as cogeneration (CHP) and trigeneration (CCHP) are interesting solutions that can enhance energy generation performance and fix some interrelated reliability, safety, and flexibility issues. In this regard, many prime mover technologies are available in which the choice between each is greatly dependent on end-user conditions and preferences. Yet, it is prior to choose whether cogeneration or trigeneration is more suitable. Thus, this paper reviews the main differences between CHP and CCHP systems in most available prime mover technologies, after which a selection table is proposed in order to make appropriate multi-generation system installation choices, depending on specific case study parameters. In general, CHP and CCHP systems yield positive technical and environmental performance impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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10. Hybrid cooling systems: A review and an optimized selection scheme.
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Kojok, Farah, Fardoun, Farouk, Younes, Rafic, and Outbib, Rachid
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AIR conditioning , *COOLING systems , *ENERGY consumption , *VAPOR compression cycle , *EVAPORATIVE cooling , *MATHEMATICAL optimization - Abstract
The hybrid cooling system has proved to be an energy saving technology for building air conditioning. Numerous systems combining different cooling processes or cooling machines have been proposed and investigated in the literature. A properly selected hybrid cooling system offers a great reduction in energy consumption and a coefficient of performance improvement varying according to different climates and system designs. This paper provides a detailed review of existing hybrid cooling systems with their corresponding individual cooling machines. A brief state of the art of the most common individual cooling systems in hybrid cooling for building use is firstly presented. Then, the hybrid cooling systems are classified into five main categories according to the combination of cooling processes or machines: Vapor compression based cooling, absorption based cooling, adsorption based cooling, desiccant-evaporative and multi-evaporator cooling. In each category, the studied configurations and the benefits of each hybridization method are presented. It is found that each hybrid system combines the advantages of the different cooling processes used. However, a hybrid system could have a negative repercussion if it does not match the climatic zone where it will be used. Consequently, a selection scheme to recommend the best hybrid cooling system for minimum energy consumption and pollution emissions in buildings according to different parameters is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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11. Review of tri-generation technologies: Design evaluation, optimization, decision-making, and selection approach.
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Al Moussawi, Houssein, Fardoun, Farouk, and Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna
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ELECTRICITY , *ENERGY consumption , *ENERGY economics , *TRIGENERATION (Energy) , *HEAT recovery - Abstract
Electricity, heating, and cooling are the three main components constituting the tripod of energy consumption in residential, commercial, and public buildings all around the world. Their separate generation causes higher fuel consumption, at a time where energy demands and fuel costs are continuously rising. Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) or trigeneration could be a solution for such challenge yielding an efficient, reliable, flexible, competitive, and less pollutant alternative. A variety of trigeneration technologies are available and their proper choice is influenced by the employed energy system conditions and preferences. In this paper, different types of trigeneration systems are classified according to the prime mover, size and energy sequence usage. A leveled selection procedure is subsequently listed in the consecutive sections. The first level contains the applied prime mover technologies which are considered to be the heart of any CCHP system. The second level comprises the heat recovery equipment (heating and cooling) of which suitable selection should be compatible with the used prime mover. The third level includes the thermal energy storage system and heat transfer fluid to be employed. For each section of the paper, a survey of conducted studies with CHP/CCHP implementation is presented. A comprehensive table of evaluation criteria for such systems based on energy, exergy, economy, and environment measures is performed, along with a survey of the methods used in their design, optimization, and decision-making. Moreover, a classification diagram of the main CHP/CCHP system components is summarized. A general selection approach of the appropriate CCHP system according to specific needs is finally suggested. In almost all reviewed works, CCHP systems are found to have positive technical and performance impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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12. Recovery Storage Tank Size: An Optimization Approach for Tri-generation Systems on Diesel Power Generators.
- Author
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Moussawi, Houssein Al, Mahdi, Mohammad, Fardoun, Farouk, and Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna
- Abstract
Electrical energy demand is continuously increasing due to the global population growth and improved living standards. This proposes a growth in the potential for the use of tri-generation systems in residential sector, due to their ability to produce both useful thermal energy and electrical power from a single source. In Lebanon, the electrical capacity shortage has created an informal back-up self-generation systems, mostly are diesel power generators, estimated to represent about 30% of all electricity generated. This paper presents a simulation study, using TRNSYS software, of tri-generation systems working on diesel engines to supply the different residential energy demands. The recovered percentage of the exhaust gas wasted energy is determined and an optimizing study is carried out to find the optimum storage tanks sizes of the recovered thermal energy. Results show that tri-generation systems are found to make diesel power generators more energy-efficient and thus reduce greenhouse gases emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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13. Review of water-heating systems: General selection approach based on energy and environmental aspects.
- Author
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Ibrahim, Oussama, Fardoun, Farouk, Younes, Rafic, and Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna
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HYDRONICS ,HOME energy use ,INDUSTRIAL costs ,HEAT pumps ,PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation - Abstract
Abstract: Water heating contributes an important proportion of residential energy consumption all around the world. Different kinds of domestic hot-water production systems exist. The operational cost, environmental effect and performance of these systems differ according to various energy sources, climates, system types and system designs. Hence, the proper choice of a domestic hot-water system could save energy, protect nature and reduce operational costs, significantly. This paper illustrates, to the best of the author's knowledge, the existing water-heating systems all along with the principle, advantages, disadvantages and state-of-the-art for each. Six different categories were presented, namely wood, oil/gas, electric, heat pump, solar and instantaneous systems. The heat-pump systems were further classified into several groups, namely air source, ground source, solar assisted, ground source-solar assisted, photovoltaic–thermal and gas-engine driven systems. In addition, concerning solar water heating, different types of systems and collectors were presented and reviewed. Principal conclusions from the review are outlined and a general approach to recommend the appropriate water-heating system is proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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14. Air source heat pump water heater: Dynamic modeling, optimal energy management and mini-tubes condensers.
- Author
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Ibrahim, Oussama, Fardoun, Farouk, Younes, Rafic, and Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna
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HEAT pumps , *WATER heaters , *DYNAMIC models , *ENERGY management , *TUBES , *CONDENSERS (Vapors & gases) , *DYNAMIC simulation - Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents a dynamic simulation model to predict the performance of an ASHPWH (air source heat pump water heater). The developed model is used to assess its performance in the Lebanese context. It is shown that for the four Lebanese climatic zones, the expected monthly values of the average COP (coefficient of performance) varies from 2.9 to 5, leading to high efficiencies compared with conventional electric water heaters. The energy savings and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions reduction are investigated for each zone. Furthermore, it is recommended to use the ASHPWH during the period of highest daily ambient temperatures (noon or afternoon), assuming that the electricity tariff and hot water loads are constant. In addition, an optimal management model for the ASHPWH is developed and applied for a typical winter day of Beirut. Moreover, the developed dynamic model of ASHPWH is used to compare the performance of three similar systems that differ only with the condenser geometry, where results show that using mini-condenser geometries increase the COP (coefficient of performance) and consequently, more energy is saved as well as more GHG emissions are reduced. In addition, the condenser “surface compactness” is increased giving rise to an efficient compact heat exchanger. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2014
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15. Energy status in Lebanon and electricity generation reform plan based on cost and pollution optimization
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Ibrahim, Oussama, Fardoun, Farouk, Younes, Rafic, and Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna
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ELECTRIC power production , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *ENVIRONMENTAL management , *POWER plants , *WIND power , *NATURAL gas , *CAPITAL investments - Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents a review of the energy status, conventional and renewable, in Lebanon and illustrates their problems with the suggested recommendations. In addition, a detailed review of the principal directorates of the electricity of Lebanon Company (EDL) is also presented all along with the existing problems and recommended solutions. An economic, environmental optimization of different power sources is studied, where three scenarios are introduced based on the fuel source of different CCGT power plants. The results emphasized on the maximum possible use of wind energy and natural gas in electricity generation. Based on the optimization study, a five-year master plan for electricity generation is modeled. The suggested plan has an investment capital cost of 5553 M$ with the savings and additional incomes being 5900 M$ compared to EDL financial status in the adopted base year, 2009. In addition, this plan exceeds the trend to introduce a 12% share of renewable energy in the power sector by 2020, where the share is supposed to be about 15% out of the total installed capacity before this date. The concluding remarks highlight the role of politics in the development of the energy sector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2013
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16. Electricity of Lebanon: Problems and Recommendations.
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Fardoun, Farouk, Ibrahim, Oussama, Younes, Rafic, and Louahlia-Gualous, Hasna
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ELECTRIC power production ,ELECTRIC power transmission ,ENERGY shortages ,ELECTRIC power distribution ,FINANCIAL statements - Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents a detailed review of EDL (Electricité du Liban). It displays the institution''s technical problems at the level of electricity generation, transmission and distribution as well as the administrative and financial states and suggests several recommendations. It is obvious that EDL suffers a great shortage in its generating capacity and human resources and would not be effective without conducting a national strategy that includes radical solutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2012
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17. Quasi-Steady State Modeling of an Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater.
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Fardoun, Farouk, Ibrahim, Oussama, and Zoughaib, Assaad
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HEAT pumps ,WATER heaters ,HOT water ,SIMULATION methods & models ,MATHEMATICAL models ,EVAPORATORS ,STEAM condensers ,ELECTRIC power - Abstract
Abstract: Heat pump systems can be found in high number of applications. One of these is the production of domestic hot water. This paper presents a quasi-steady state simulation model to predict the performance of a simple air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH). The mathematical model consists of submodels of the basic system components, namely, evaporator, condenser, compressor, and expansion valve. These submodels were built based on fundamental principles of heat transfer and thermodynamics. The model was coded into MATLAB software and used to predict system parameters of interest such as hot water temperature, evaporating and condensing pressures, heat rejected in the condenser, electric power input, heating seasonal performance factor, and coefficient of performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2011
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18. A review on energy piles design, evaluation, and optimization.
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Mohamad, Zahraa, Fardoun, Farouk, and Meftah, Fekri
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HEAT exchangers , *HEAT pumps , *CONCRETE additives , *HEAT pipes , *CYCLIC loads , *BUILDING-integrated photovoltaic systems , *FUSION reactor blankets , *PIPE - Abstract
Integrating heat exchanger pipes with structural foundations in one system has created a new renewable solution for buildings' thermal loads. However, the interaction between thermal and geotechnical loads makes their design more complex and challenging. This review-study represents the current state of knowledge about the thermal and thermo-mechanical behaviors of energy piles. It also investigates the key parameters that affect their design concerning the piles' dimensions, the arrangement of pipes, concrete admixture, and fluid characteristics. It is found that the thermal efficiency improves significantly by increasing the number of pipes inside the piles and by adding thermally conductive materials to the concrete within acceptable limits. Besides, this paper reviews most of the studies conducted on optimizing vertical ground heat exchangers coupled with heat pumps. Objective functions, decision variables, design constraints, and optimization methods are specified and listed. It is concluded that a multi-objective optimization is highly recommended to enhance the dual performance of an energy pile system coupled with a heat pump using the 4E evaluation criteria (energy, exergy, economy, and environment) while ensuring the safety of the foundation under thermal cyclic loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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19. Energy performance and economic analysis of a TIM-PCM wall under different climates.
- Author
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Souayfane, Farah, Biwole, Pascal Henry, Fardoun, Farouk, and Achard, Patrick
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LATENT heat , *PHASE change materials , *INSULATING materials , *BUILDING envelopes , *COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
Abstract The application of an innovative translucent superinsulated latent heat storage wall, combining transparent insulation material and phase change materials (TIM-PCM wall), on the envelope of a typical office under different climates is evaluated. Energy and economic analysis related to this application are presented. The simulation process is carried out using an experimentally validated numerical model. The results show that the incorporation of the TIM-PCM wall, on the south orientation, is more efficient than the use of a double-glazed in all considered climates. The optimum TIM-PCM wall area is evaluated economically through life-cycle cost and payback period analysis. The purpose is to ensure effective performance of the wall in each climate and at the same time to ensure economic viability. The results show that, in polar and subarctic climates, the application of the TIM-PCM wall has a high economic value and the investment appears to be attractive, the payback period being 10.5 years and 7.8 years respectively. In Dras (continental climate), the use of the wall is found economically unfeasible due to low energy prices and high discount rates. At current prices, the TIM-PCM wall investment in Sacramento (Mediterranean climate) and Toronto (Humid continental) does not offer economic benefits. Highlights • Application of the TIM-PCM wall under different climates. • Energy and economic analysis related to the application of the TIM-PCM wall. • Evaluation of the optimum TIM-PCM wall area in each climatic condition. • Economic viability depends on climatic conditions, energy price and investment cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Thermal behavior of a translucent superinsulated latent heat energy storage wall in summertime.
- Author
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Souayfane, Farah, Biwole, Pascal Henry, and Fardoun, Farouk
- Subjects
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ENERGY storage , *ENERGY economics , *PHASE change materials , *HEAT transfer , *THERMAL analysis - Abstract
This paper investigates the thermal performance of a translucent solar wall providing, concurrently, storage and restitution of heat, super thermal-acoustic insulation and daylighting to the interior environment. The wall is composed of glazing, silica aerogel used as a transparent insulation material (TIM) and glass bricks filled with fatty acid, an eutectic phase change material (PCM). To assess the TIM–PCM wall thermal behavior, experimentations were conducted in-situ in a full-sized test cell located in Sophia Antipolis, southern France. Experimental data shows that the tested wall is more effective in winter and might cause overheating during the summer mainly due to solar gains and un-cycling behavior of PCM which remains in liquid state. To enhance the energy performance of the wall in summertime, a numerical model describing the heat transfer mechanisms occurring in the PCM layer in combination with the other transparent wall layers is developed. Then, the model of the wall is linked to TRNSYS software to assess the thermal performance of the whole building. The numerical model is validated experimentally and a good agreement is shown comparing the simulated values with the measured data for seven consecutive days in summer and winter. The importance of considering the natural convection effect in the liquid PCM is also demonstrated. Moreover, it was shown that shading devices can effectively reduce overheating while natural night ventilation decreases the indoor temperature without affecting the PCM performance since the outdoor temperature is always higher than the phase change temperature. The use of a glass with selective solar reflection properties depending on the season instead of the ordinary glazing is shown also to be very effective way to overcome the overheating problem. Finally, the TIM-PCM wall is tested under different climate conditions and passive solutions are given to ensure thermal comfort in summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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21. Review and comparative study of analytical modeling for the elastic properties of textile composites.
- Author
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Hallal, Ali, Younes, Rafic, and Fardoun, Farouk
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ELASTICITY , *COMPARATIVE studies , *TEXTILES , *COMPOSITE materials , *NUMERICAL analysis , *FINITE element method , *FLEXIBILITY (Mechanics) - Abstract
Abstract: In this study, a review of the progress made in analytical modeling of 2D and 3D textile composites is presented. The review covers the most known analytical models developed in the last 30years to evaluate the elastic properties of textile composites. A discussion of these models is presented, where the corresponding advantages and disadvantages are revealed. In addition, a comparative study of some selected analytical models is presented. Results obtained from previous analytical, numerical and experimental studies are presented in order to show the potential of investigated analytical models. It is shown that recently developed analytical models, applied on different kinds of textile composites, could yield good results, while maintaining more flexibility, easy to apply and the less time consuming in comparing with numerical FE (Finite Element) models. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Improved analytical model to predict the effective elastic properties of 2.5D interlock woven fabrics composite
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Hallal, Ali, Younes, Rafic, Fardoun, Farouk, and Nehme, Samer
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COMPOSITE materials , *WOVEN composites , *STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) , *STIFFNESS (Mechanics) , *MATHEMATICAL models , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Abstract: An improved analytical modeling, three stages homogenization method “3SHM”, of a 2.5D interlock woven composite is proposed. The development of the analytical model based on mixed iso-strain and iso-stress assembling models (the stiffness and the compliance averaging models) is presented. A finite element (FE) modeling is carried out in order to use its results in the development of the analytical model. It is proved that a model based only on an iso-strain condition could not give accurate results, while a mixed iso-strain and iso-stress model yields more accurate estimations. the developed homogenization method as well as the geometrical modeling, that takes into account the real geometry of undulated yarns, proposed by the analytical model leads to very good agreement in comparing with results obtained from FE models and available experimental data from the literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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23. Experimental study of solid-liquid phase change in the presence of supercooling and natural convection.
- Author
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Shamseddine, Ibrahim, Biwole, Pascal Henry, Pennec, Fabienne, and Fardoun, Farouk
- Subjects
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SUPERCOOLING , *THERMAL insulation , *MECHANICAL shock , *HEAT storage , *SOLID-liquid interfaces - Abstract
This study experimentally investigates the supercooling and natural convection behavior in three PCM, namely pure octadecane (organic), a eutectic PCM, and sodium acetate trihydrate (inorganic). The aim is to explore the effect of different factors on the degree of supercooling and on the natural convection, and to provide data for numerical simulation models. Results show that the type of PCM, the temperature of the cooling fluid, and mechanical shocks have a direct effect on the degree of supercooling. The supercooled PCM shows a high sensitivity to any changes in the applied conditions. The thermal insulation of the unheated PCM boundaries has a major effect on the solidification and melting dynamics and topology, particularly regarding the solid-liquid interface. The cross-sectional temperature profiles, the inclination of the solid-liquid interface, and the melting rate show that regardless of the PCM, natural convection plays a significant role during heating but not during cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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