65 results on '"FOLSOMIA CANDIDA"'
Search Results
2. Ecotoxicity of thallium to two soil animal species with different niches and modification by organic materials
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Liu, Siyao, Sun, Lina, Liang, Fang, Wang, Zinan, Zhao, Jiejie, Li, Shaobin, Ke, Xin, Li, Zhu, and Wu, Longhua
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- 2024
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3. Ecotoxicity of bioinsecticide spinosad to soil organisms: Commercial formulation versus active ingredient.
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Moreira, Alexandre, Nogueira, Verónica, Bouguerra, Sirine, Antunes, Sara C., and Rodrigues, Sara
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SOIL biology , *SOIL invertebrates , *EISENIA foetida , *SPINOSAD , *ENERGY metabolism - Abstract
Spintor® (SPIT®) is a commercial formulation of a bioinsecticide with the active ingredient Spinosad (SPIN). Despite the efforts of regulatory agencies, there still is a lack of information regarding short- and long-term exposures to soil-dwellers, as well as effects at environmentally relevant concentrations. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of SPIT® and SPIN, on the oligochaete Eisenia fetida , and the arthropod Folsomia candida. For this, natural soil was spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations (0.00–1.49 mg of the active ingredient·kg−1 of dry soil) to assess avoidance behaviour in E. fetida and reproduction effects on both species. Further, in E. fetida adults exposed for 2- and 28-day biomarkers of oxidative stress, energetic reserves, neurotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated. A significant reduction in juvenile production for F. candida was observed for SPIT® at ≥0.66 mg kg−1 and SPIN at ≥0.13 mg kg−1, and although no effect was observed on E. fetida reproduction, the oligochaeta revealed a tendency to avoid soil spiked with SPIT® at 0.44, 0.66 and 1.49 mg kg−1. The sub-individual responses of E. fetida demonstrate genotoxicity upon exposure to SPIT® and SPIN for 2 days. The 2-day exposures of SPIT® and SPIN seem to induce defence mechanisms, and in general, SPIN exerted higher effects than SPIT® on the oligochaetes. Overall, the pro-oxidant performance and energy metabolism pathways were disrupted in both exposures to SPIT® and SPIN. The results suggest that spinosyns-based products can have an impact on soil arthropods F. candida and oligochaete's health, possibly affecting their essential functions in terrestrial ecosystems. [Display omitted] • E. fetida demonstrated sensitivity to SPIT® when in immediate contact. • F. candida showed reproductive toxicity to SPIN and SPIT®. • SPIN and SPIT® caused genotoxicity and biochemical disturbances in E. fetida. • SPIN and SPIT®, at field application doses, cause early potential risks for soil invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2025
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4. Fate and effects of two pesticide formulations in the invertebrate Folsomia candida using a natural agricultural soil.
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Simões, Tiago, Novais, Sara C., Natal-da-Luz, Tiago, Leston, Sara, Rosa, João, Ramos, Fernando, Pouca, Ana Sofia Vila, Freitas, Andreia, Barbosa, Jorge, Roelofs, Dick, Sousa, José P., van Straalen, Nico M., and Lemos, Marco F.L. more...
- Abstract
Degradation rates of two widely used pesticides were assessed, and acute and chronic effects on a standard invertebrate species investigated. An herbicide (Montana®) and fungicide (Bravo500®) formulations were investigated and results were compared to the isolated active substances of each formulation (glyphosate and chlorothalonil, respectively). Tests were performed using the invertebrate Folsomia candida as test species and an agricultural natural soil. Degradation rate tests were determined under aerobic conditions at 20 ± 2 °C, using an ecologically relevant concentration of 5 mg (a.i.) kg−1 of soil for both chemicals. Results demonstrated degradation half-lives (DT50) of 2.2 days for Montana® and 2.8 days when pure glyphosate was tested. Values of 1.1 and 2.9 days were registered for Bravo500® and its active substance chlorothalonil, respectively. There were no effects on survival for the tested concentrations of both forms of the herbicide (up to 17.3 mg kg−1). However, reproduction was affected, but only by the herbicide formulation, with an estimated EC50 value of 4.63 mg (a.i.) kg−1. Effects were most unlikely related to glyphosate. For chlorothalonil, both tested forms affected survival and reproduction. The estimated LC50 values were 117 mg (a.i.) kg−1 and 73.5 mg (a.i.) kg−1, and the EC50 41.3 mg (a.i.) kg−1 and 14.9 mg kg−1 for the formulation and the active ingredient, respectively. The effects of the active ingredient were significantly stronger, indicating the major influence of the active substance in the effects caused also by the formulation. Overall results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the effects of the formulated chemicals, as they are applied in the field, and not only their isolated active ingredients. Unlabelled Image • Glyphosate and chlorothalonil formulations/active ingredients were studied. • The tested chemicals rapidly degraded in a natural agricultural soil. • Sub- and lethal toxicity of chlorothalonil largely depended on its chemical formulation. • Sensitivity of springtails was pesticide-specific. • Chlorothalonil was the most toxic chemical to Folsomia candida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2019
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5. Mercury accumulation from food decreases collembolans' growth.
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Cardoso, Diogo N., Ferreira, Nuno G.C., Tourinho, Paula S., Santos, Cátia, Soares, Amadeu M.V.M., and Loureiro, Susana
- Abstract
Abstract In the terrestrial environment, mercury (Hg) contamination can be originated from different inorganic and metal-organic sources, redistributed and transformed in soils. In the present study, the effects of contaminated food with environmentally relevant concentrations of Hg were evaluated in the soil-dwelling invertebrate Folsomia candida. Changes in growth rate and Hg bioaccumulation levels were observed at different concentrations of Hg in food, which can be complementary for data already available for reproduction and survival from standardized protocols. Collembolan growth was recorded every two days, and their growth rate along with a Von Bertalanffy's growth curve were derived showing that growth was dependent on Hg food concentration. Also, the final length of animals reflected the Hg concentration in food, with differences in all treatments comparing to non-exposed organisms. Toxicokinetic patterns from different Hg concentrations in food were not significantly different during the uptake phase, but differences were found in the depuration phase. Combining the two approaches, collembolans seem to invest their energy for depuration processes, neglecting other vital processes, such as growth. Also, contaminated food avoidance possibly occurred, thus decreasing their feeding and contaminant intake. Therefore, growth tests in collembolans can act as complementary tools to bioaccumulation and reproductive assays, towards a mechanistic understanding of how organisms use their energy upon contamination. Changes in growth rate, even at low and environmentally relevant concentrations, could be a warning signal when occurring in species with key roles in ecosystems. Also, this study highlights the importance of these complementary tests for a better and complete approach to risk assessment studies. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Exposure to mercury through food reduces the growth of collembolans. • Mercury exposure through diet increases Hg accumulation in Folsomia candida. • A possible maximum internal sub-lethal concentration of 0.07 ng Hg/mg was achieved. • Food avoidance may occur in the presence of contaminated food at high Hg levels. • Increased Hg concentrations induced higher elimination rates in collembola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2019
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6. Toxicity of exogenous hexavalent chromium to soil-dwelling springtail Folsomia candida in relation to soil properties and aging time.
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Lin, Xianglong, Sun, Zaijin, Zhao, Long, Ma, Jin, Li, Xing, He, Fei, and Hou, Hong
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HEXAVALENT chromium , *CLAY soils , *HEAVY metals , *CANDIDA , *SOIL acidity , *SOIL salinity - Abstract
Abstract Chromium (Cr) is a well-known toxic metal, but studies on Cr toxicity to soil-dwelling springtails are fairly limited, and did not consider the effects of various soil properties and long aging time. To address this, the chronic toxicity of Cr(VI) to survival and reproduction of model organism— Folsomia candida were evaluated in the laboratory studies. The results showed that compared to the soils aged only for 2 and 21 d, the concentrations inhibiting 50% reproduction (EC 50) significantly increased by 2.8–5.2 fold and 1.7–2.6 fold, the concentrations causing 50% mortality (LC 50) were higher than the highest test concentration in four soils aged for 150 d. Furthermore, the aging effects correlated significantly with soil amorphous Fe oxides. The EC 50 values of Cr significantly differed in ten soils aged for 150 d, ranging from 27 to 512 mg kg−1, which were associated with the variations in reduction and sorption capacity in different soils. Regression analysis indicated that soil clay was the most important single factor predicting soil Cr toxicity to reproduction, and the inclusion of cation exchange capacity in the clay regression could best explain the toxicity variance (87.2%). Additionally, soil pH, organic matter and amorphous Fe oxides could also well explain the toxicity variance (>55%). Highlights • Prediction models of Cr toxicity to springtail as a function of soil properties were developed. • Soil clay was the most important single factor predicting soil Cr toxicity to springtail. • Toxicity of Cr to springtail decreased significantly after aging for 150 d. • Decreased toxicity with increasing aging in Cr(VI)-treated soil closely related to Cr(VI) reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2019
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7. Soil moisture influences the avoidance behavior of invertebrate species in anthropogenic metal(loid)-contaminated soils.
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González-Alcaraz, M. Nazaret, Malheiro, Catarina, Cardoso, Diogo N., and Loureiro, Susana
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SOIL moisture ,MINE soils ,SOIL invertebrates ,SOILS ,WATER pollution ,PLANT-water relationships ,ANTHROPOGENIC soils - Abstract
Water availability is paramount in the response of soil invertebrates towards stress situations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forecasted soil moisture scenarios on the avoidance behavior of two invertebrate species (the arthropod Folsomia candida and the soft-bodied oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus) in soils degraded by different types of anthropogenic metal(loid) contamination (mining soil and agricultural soil affected by industrial chemical wastes). Different soil moisture contents (expressed as % of the soil water holding capacity, WHC) were evaluated: 50% (standard soil moisture conditions for soil invertebrates' tests); 75% (to simulate increasing soil water availability after intense rainfalls and/or floods); 40%, 30%, 25% and 20% (to simulate decreasing soil water availability during droughts). Invertebrates' avoidance behavior and changes in soil porewater major ions and metal(loid)s were assessed after 48 h exposure. Soil incubations induced a general solubilization/mobilization of porewater major ions, while higher soil acidity favored the solubilization/mobilization of porewater metal(loid)s, especially at 75% WHC. Folsomia candida preferred soils moistened at 50% WHC, regardless the soils were contaminated or not and the changing soil porewater characteristics. Enchytraeus crypticus avoided metal(loid) contamination, but this depended on the soil moisture conditions and the corresponding changes in porewater characteristics: enchytraeids lost their capacity to avoid contaminated soils under water stress situations (75% and 20–25% WHC), but also when contaminated soils had greater water availability than control soils. Therefore, forecasted soil moisture scenarios induced by global warming changed soil porewater composition and invertebrates capacity to avoid metal(loid)-contaminated soils. Image 1 • Forecasted soil moisture scenarios changed soil porewater major ions and metal(loid)s. • Forecasted soil moisture scenarios altered soil invertebrates' avoidance behavior. • F. candida preferred soils moistened at 50% WHC regardless metal(loid) contamination. • E. crypticus avoided metal(loid) contamination depending on soil moisture conditions. • E. crypticus did not avoid metal(loid) contamination under water stress situations. Forecasted soil moisture scenarios altered invertebrates' avoidance behavior towards field metal(loid) contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2019
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8. Integrated transcriptomic and biochemical characterization of the mechanisms governing stress responses in soil-dwelling invertebrate (Folsomia candida) upon exposure to dibutyl phthalate.
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Zheng, Yu, Liu, Can, Chen, jiayi, Tang, jianquan, Luo, Jiali, Zou, Di, Tang, Zhen, He, Jiali, and Bai, Jing
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DIBUTYL phthalate , *GLUTATHIONE transferase , *PHTHALATE esters , *CANDIDA , *GENE expression , *SOIL invertebrates - Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most commonly utilized plasticizers and a frequently detected phthalic acid ester (PAE) compound in soil samples. However, the toxicological effects of DBP on soil-dwelling organisms remain poorly understood. This study employed a multi-biomarker approach to investigate the impact of DBP exposure on Folsomia candida 's survival, reproduction, enzyme activity levels, and transcriptional profiles. Analyses of antioxidant biomarkers, including catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as detoxifying enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), revealed significant increases in CAT activity, GST levels, and CYP450 expression following treatment with various doses of DBP for 2, 4, 7, or 14 days. Additionally, LPO induction was observed along with significant AChE inhibition. In total, 3175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified following DBP treatment that were enriched in six Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 144 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including 85 upregulated and 59 downregulated primarily associated with lipid metabolism, signal transduction, DNA repair, and cell growth and death. Overall these results provide foundational insights for further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying responses of soil invertebrates to DBP exposure. [Display omitted] • The molecular toxicity of DBP in soil on Folsomia candida was characterized. • DBP exposure induced oxidative stress and changed antioxidant enzymes activities. • DBP exposure influenced DNA replication-related pathways and reproductive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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9. Perfluorooctane sulfonate in surface soils: Effects on reproduction in the collembolan, Folsomia candida, and the oribatid mite, Oppia nitens.
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Princz, Juliska, Jatar, Muriel, Lemieux, Heather, and Scroggins, Rick
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PERFLUOROOCTANE sulfonate , *COLLEMBOLA , *ACARIFORMES , *PERSISTENT pollutants , *ENVIRONMENTAL toxicology - Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant, which has been detected at significant concentrations in soils at sites used for fire-fighting training operations. Recent ecotoxicological research has mainly focused on earthworms to assess the toxicity of PFOS in soil. However, the inclusion of other soil taxonomic groups allow for a more holistic estimate of contaminant risk, including the derivation of more comprehensive soil quality guidelines. The present study assessed the toxicity of PFOS using the collembolan, Folsomia candida , and the oribatid mite, Oppia nitens , in two types of soil: a coarse-textured sandy loam (VSL) and fine-textured clay loam (NRS). As a standard O. nitens reproduction test is being formalized, the results of the study were also used to compare sensitivity across test species. Effects were soil dependent, with test species being 2–4 times more susceptible to PFOS in VSL, relative to NRS, likely due to differences in organic matter and clay content. Oppia nitens was significantly more sensitive to PFOS, regardless of soil type, in comparison to F. candida . The IC50s for reproduction for O. nitens were 23 mg kg −1 (95% confidence interval: 17–32 mg kg −1 ) in the VSL and 95 mg kg −1 (69–134 mg kg −1 ) in the NRS, and for F. candida were 94 mg kg −1 (72–122 mg kg −1 ) in the VSL and 233 mg kg −1 (177–306 mg kg −1 ) in the NRS. The present study demonstrates the application and inclusion of the oribatid mite, O. nitens , for the risk assessment of contaminants in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2018
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10. Ecotoxicological effect of fipronil and its metabolites on Folsomia candida in tropical soils.
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Zortéa, Talyta, dos Reis, Tamires Rodrigues, Serafini, Suélen, de Sousa, José Paulo, da Silva, Aleksandro Schafer, and Baretta, Dilmar
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FIPRONIL , *METABOLITES , *SOILS , *TOXICITY testing , *POLLUTANTS - Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of the fipronil and its metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil desulfinyl on Folsomia candida . Three types of soils were used to perform the ecotoxicological tests, two natural soils (Oxisol and Entisol), and an artificial substrate (Tropical Artificial Soil). The treatments consisted of increasing doses of a veterinary medicinal product with active ingredient based on fipronil, and of its two main metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil desulfinyl. The doses of fipronil were 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 1.00 mg kg −1 of the active ingredient. For fipronil sulfone and fipronil desulfinyl the doses tested were: 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.00, and 5.00 mg kg −1 . The effects of toxicity on F. candida were evaluated by survival and reproduction tests, based on the methods described by ISO 11267. There was a completely randomized design, with six replicates for the fipronil tests and eight for the metabolites. We show that fipronil and its metabolites, even at very low concentrations, are toxic to F. candida . Reduction of reproduction can be observed at concentrations of 0.15 mg kg −1 . There was little difference in toxicity (LC 50 and EC 50 ) between fipronil and its metabolites. Rather, differences were related more to soil type, where the artificial soil was more sensitive than the two natural soils (Oxisol and Entisol). We conclude that it is important to perform ecotoxicological tests in natural soils, in order to generate more realistic representations of veterinary drug toxicity on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2018
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11. Contrasting impacts of non-native isopods and springtails on ecosystem processes under simulated Antarctic climate conditions.
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Martin, C.T., Aerts, R., Convey, P., and Bokhorst, S.
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ECOSYSTEMS , *COLLEMBOLA , *INVERTEBRATE communities , *PLANT biomass , *INTRODUCED species , *PLANT species diversity ,ANTARCTIC climate - Abstract
Climate change, coupled with the introduction of non-native organisms, represent major threats to the functioning of ecosystems, especially in species-poor communities such as polar terrestrial ecosystems. In this laboratory study, we quantified the impacts of the non-native springtail Folsomia candida and isopod Porcellio scaber on seed germination and growth of the non-native grass Poa pratensis , and ecosystem respiration. The impacts of invertebrate communities of progressively increasing complexity were assessed, starting with the native springtail Cryptopygus antarcticus alone, followed by C. antarcticus in combination with F. candida or P. scaber and, finally, a community including all three species. The impact of these invertebrate communities were studied in a simulation of contemporary Antarctic soil surface conditions (2 °C) and a +5 °C warming scenario over one growing season. Warming resulted in earlier germination (21 d), 10-fold increased plant biomass, N-content (>5-fold), and higher levels (90%) of ecosystem respiration. Warming also resulted in a 350% increase in C. antarcticus abundance. The presence of the woodlouse P. scaber had the strongest impact on the measured soil and plant variables and this impact was largely irrespective of temperature. Impacts included: delay in seedling emergence (4 d), reduced plant emergence (20%), and higher ecosystem respiration (135%). The presence of both C. antarcticus and P. scaber resulted in 30% higher plant leaf N-content and a reduction in C:N ratio from 21 to 17. The experimental communities containing F. candida showed a 37% reduction in plant biomass under warming. The presence of P. scaber reduced C. antarcticus abundance (94%) but F. candida abundance was unaffected. Our data indicate that non-native invertebrates differ in their ecosystem impacts, with potentially significant consequences for ecosystem functioning and community composition of plants and animals in cold biomes. • Poa pratensis thrives under warming but is impacted by non-native invertebrates. • Folsomia candida reduced plant growth under warming. • Porcellio scaber increased plant N-content and ecosystem respiration. • Porcellio scaber reduced native springtail abundance. • The impacts of non-native invertebrates are species-specific in cold biomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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12. Grazing by collembola controls fungal induced soil aggregation.
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Hannula, S. Emilia, Jongen, Renske, and Morriën, Elly
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Fungi affect soil aggregation and hence soil structure. Soil aggregation by saprotrophic fungi has been linked to various fungal traits but not tested during interactions with other organisms such as grazing soil fauna. Here we investigated how fungal identity and traits such as mycelial extension rate and biomass production affect aggregation across 49 fungal species isolated from sandy soils with different land uses. We tested each fungus and its effect on aggregation in the presence and absence of a grazer (Folsomia candida). We show that fungal species vary widely in their ability to aggregate soil, that the ability to aggregate soil was not phylogenetically conserved and the best trait predictor for aggregation was mycelial extension rate. Moreover, we show that the interactions between fungi and collembola affect the ability of fungi to aggregate soils. We conclude that identity of fungal species and their interaction with grazers affects soil aggregation and thus soil structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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13. Exploring DNA methylation patterns in copper exposed Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus.
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Noordhoek, Jeroen W., Koning, Jasper T., Mariën, Janine, Kamstra, Jorke H., Amorim, Mónica J.B., van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., van Straalen, Nico M., and Roelofs, Dick
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DNA methylation , *COPPER , *EPIGENETICS , *PHENOTYPIC plasticity , *SOIL invertebrates - Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that epigenetics-mediated phenotypic plasticity plays a role in an organism’s ability to deal with environmental stress. However, to date, the role of epigenetic modifications in response to stress is hardly investigated in soil invertebrates. The main objective of this proof of principle study was to explore whether total cytosine and locus-specific CpG methylation are present in two important ecotoxicological model organisms, the springtail Folsomia candida and the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus , and if so, whether methylation patterns might change with increased toxicant exposure. LC–MS/MS analyses and bisulfite sequencing were performed to identify the CpG methylation state of the organisms. We show here, for the first time, a total level of 1.4% 5-methyl cytosine methylation in the genome of E. crypticus , and an absence of both total cytosine and locus-specific CpG methylation in F. candida . In E. crypticus , methylation of CpG sites was observed in the coding sequence (CDS) of the housekeeping gene Elongation Factor 1α, while the CDS of the stress inducible Heat Shock Protein 70 gene almost lacked methylation. This confirms previous observations that DNA methylation differs between housekeeping and stress-inducible genes in invertebrates. DNA methylation patterns in E. crypticus were not affected by exposure to copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O) mixed in with LUFA 2.2 soil at sublethal effect concentrations that decreased reproduction by 10%, 20% and 50%. Although, differences in CpG methylation patterns between specific loci suggest a functional role for DNA methylation in E. crypticus , genome-wide bisulfite sequencing is needed to verify whether environmental stress affects this epigenetic hallmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2018
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14. Wood ash application increases pH but does not harm the soil mesofauna.
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Qin, Jiayi, Hovmand, Mads Frederik, Ekelund, Flemming, Rønn, Regin, Christensen, Søren, Groot, Gerard Arjen de, Mortensen, Louise Hindborg, Skov, Simon, and Krogh, Paul Henning
- Subjects
WOOD ash ,ASH (Combustion product) ,SOIL invertebrates ,PLANTATIONS ,CALCIUM hydroxide - Abstract
Application of bioash from biofuel combustion to soil supports nutrient recycling, but may have unwanted and detrimental ecotoxicological side-effects, as the ash is a complex mixture of compounds that could affect soil invertebrates directly or through changes in their food or habitat conditions. To examine this, we performed laboratory toxicity studies of the effects of wood-ash added to an agricultural soil and the organic horizon of a coniferous plantation soil with the detrivore soil collembolans Folsomia candida and Onychiurus yodai, the gamasid predaceous mite Hypoaspis aculeifer, and the enchytraeid worm Enchytraeus crypticus. We used ash concentrations spanning 0-75 g kg
-1 soil. As ash increases pH we compared bioash effects with effects of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, the main liming component of ash. Only high ash concentrations above 15 g kg-1 agricultural soil or 17 t ha-1 had significant effects on the collembolans. The wood ash neither affected H. aculeifer nor E. crypticus. The estimated osmolalities of Ca(OH)2 and the wood ash were similar at the LC50 concentration level. We conclude that short-term chronic effects of wood ash differ among different soil types, and osmotic stress is the likely cause of effects while high pH and heavy metals is of minor importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2017
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15. Genetic variation in light vision and light-dependent movement behaviour in the eyeless Collembola Folsomia candida.
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Gallardo Ruiz, Marta, Le Galliard, Jean-François, and Tully, Thomas
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SPATIOTEMPORAL processes , *ANIMAL genome mapping , *ANIMAL behavior , *HABITATS , *WILDLIFE-habitat relationships - Abstract
Animals can cope with spatiotemporal variation in their environment through mobility and selective habitat choice. Intra-specific variation in habitat choice has been documented especially for host plant preferences and cryptic habitat selection in insects. Here, we investigated the genetic variation in light sensitivity and light-dependent habitat choice in the eyeless Collembola Folsomia candida with a choice test under four different lighting conditions (control dark condition, two simulations of undergrowth natural light conditions and red light). We tested twelve clonal strains from diverse geographical origins that are clustered in two evolutionary clades with contrasting fast or slow life-history strategies. The clones differed in their mean movement probabilities in the dark treatment. These differences were related to the two different phylogenetic clades, where fast-life history clones are on average more mobile than slow-life history counterparts as predicted by the ‘colonizer syndrome’ hypothesis. We found behavioural avoidance of light in the three light conditions. Moreover, photophobia was stronger when the simulated light spectrum was brighter and included non-red light. Photophobia was similar among all clonal lineages and between the two clades, which suggests that this behaviour is a shared behavioural trait in this species. We discuss the use of light as an environmental cue for orientation, displacement and habitat choice under natural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
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16. Ecotoxicological effects of pig manure on Folsomia candida in subtropical Brazilian soils.
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Maccari, Ana Paula, Baretta, Dilmar, Paiano, Diovani, Leston, Sara, Freitas, Andreia, Ramos, Fernando, Sousa, Jose Paulo, and Klauberg-Filho, Osmar
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SOILS , *COLLEMBOLA , *VETERINARY drugs , *POLLUTION , *DOXYCYCLINE , *COLISTIN - Abstract
The effects of pig manure, from diets incorporating veterinary pharmaceuticals, on survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida were evaluated. Manures derived from the following diets: corn and soymeal (CS); 85% CS diet + 15% wheat meal (TR); CS diet + 100 ppm doxycycline + 50 ppm colistin + 2500 ppm Zn oxide (CSa); TR diet + 100 ppm doxycycline + 50 ppm colistin + 2500 ppm Zn oxide (TRa). Manures were tested in two subtropical soils representative of southern (Oxisol and Entisol). Despite the antibiotics no significant differences were found between the four manures within each soil. However, strong differences were found on the toxicity between soils. In Oxisol, LC 50 values were around 100 m 3 ha −1 , and EC 50 values around 80 m 3 ha −1 . In Entisol these were much lower, with LC 50 values oscillating around 20 m 3 ha −1 and EC 50 values between 10–15 m 3 ha −1 . The observed toxicity on both soils was attributed to excess of nitrogen, Cu and Zn in the highest doses. The strong difference between soils could be explained by soil properties, namely CEC, organic matter, and clay contents that were lower in Entisol, indicating a poor ability to retain contaminants increasing their availability in soil. Results suggest that the application of these residues should be regulated not only using a volume-based criterion, but should incorporate data on soil properties, complemented by an ecotoxicological assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
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17. In vivo visual evaluation of nanoparticle transfer in a three-species terrestrial food chain.
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Chae, Yooeun, Kim, Shin Woong, and An, Youn-Joo
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FOOD service , *FOOD chains , *BIOLOGICAL productivity , *NUTRIENT cycles , *ECOLOGICAL niche - Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly being used, and they present the risk of being introduced into food webs. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects of NPs in the aquatic and freshwater environments and their transfer to upper-level trophic organisms. However, information on the transfer and consequent effects of NPs on soil invertebrates is still limited. In this study, we assessed the transfer of quantum dots (QDs) through a three-species terrestrial food chain that consisted of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the collembolan Folsomia candida , and the pill bug Armadillidium vulgare , as well as their biodistribution in vital organs using fluorescence analytical techniques. To visualize QD incorporation and biodistribution in F. candida , longitudinal and transversal sections were observed after short-term (3 d) and long-term (12 d) feeding with QD-treated yeast. QDs were located only in the intestine of F. candida and excreted within 1–2 d. QDs were also transferred to the pill bug by feeding, and remained in its intestine. This study showed the transfer of NPs through a model terrestrial food chain and indicated the potential hazards of released NPs for organisms at different trophic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
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18. Evaluation of bacterial biosensors to determine chromate bioavailability and to assess ecotoxicity of soils.
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Coelho, Catarina, Branco, Rita, Natal-da-Luz, Tiago, Sousa, José Paulo, and Morais, Paula V.
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ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *CHROMIUM content of soils , *BIOAVAILABILITY , *POLLUTION , *SOIL biology , *BIOSENSORS , *ESCHERICHIA coli - Abstract
Chromate can be considered a potent environmental contaminant and consequently, an understanding of chromate availability and toxicity to soil biology is essential for effective ecological assessment of metal impact in soils. This study shows the response of two bacterial bioreporters, pCHRGFP1 Escherichia coli and pCHRGFP2 Ochrobactrum tritici , to increasing concentrations of chromate in two different soils. The bioreporters, carrying the regulatory gene chrB transcriptionally fused to the gfp reporter system, exhibited different features. In both, the fluorescence signal and the chromate concentration could be linearly correlated but E . coli biosensor functioned within the range of 0.5–2 μM and O . tritici biosensor within 2–10 μM chromate. The bioreporters were validated through comparative measurements using the chemical chromate methods of diphenylcarbazide and ionic chromatography. The bacterial sensors were used for the estimation of bioavailable fraction of chromate in a natural soil and OECD artificial soil, both spiked with chromate in increasing concentrations of 0–120 mg Cr(VI) kg −1 of soil. OECD soil showed a faster chromate decrease comparing to the natural soil. The toxicity of soils amended with chromate was also evaluated by ecotoxicological tests through collembolan reproduction tests using Folsomia candida as test organism. Significant correlations were found between collembolans reproduction and chromate concentration in soil (lower at high chromate concentrations) measured by biosensors. Data obtained showed that the biosensors tested are sensitive to chromate presence in soil and may constitute a rapid and efficient method to measure chromate availability in soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
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19. Collembolan reproduction in soils from a long-term fertilisation experiment opposes the Growth Rate Hypothesis.
- Author
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Schröder, Birthe, Steiner, Natalie, Merbach, Ines, Schädler, Martin, and Filser, Juliane
- Subjects
- *
FERTILIZATION (Biology) , *GROWTH rate , *PHOSPHORUS , *SOIL invertebrates , *PREDATION , *COLLEMBOLA , *SOIL ecology - Abstract
The Growth Rate Hypothesis (GRH) predicts better performance of fast-reproducing species in environments with increased P content. Thus far, most studies were performed in aquatic ecosystems; only few studies focused on soil ecosystems. In this study, soils from a long-term experiment (Static Fertilization Experiment, Bad Lauchstädt, Germany) that differ in P content by the factor 3 were used. We tested the influence of NPK fertilised, PK fertilised and unfertilised soils on the reproduction of Folsomia candida . In order to evaluate the effect of unit size, we compared the collembolan reproduction test as recommended by the OECD (large unit) with a recently introduced miniaturized version (small unit). Furthermore, the tests were combined with a predator–prey relationship using the gamasid mite Hypoaspis aculeifer . Even though significant differences between soils were found, reproduction was lowest at highest P content, which contradicts the GRH. In addition, predation and unit size had a strong influence on the reproduction. Both unit sizes proved feasible in predator–prey experiments, with stronger effects of mites on reproduction in the small unit due to higher relative predator density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
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20. Ecotoxicogenomic assessment of diclofenac toxicity in soil.
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Chen, Guangquan, den Braver, Michiel W., van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., van Straalen, Nico M., and Roelofs, Dick
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POLLUTION ,DICLOFENAC ,GENETIC markers ,NONSTEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents ,ARTHROPOD reproduction ,MICROARRAY technology - Abstract
Diclofenac is widely used as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug leaving residues in the environment. To investigate effects on terrestrial ecosystems, we measured dissipation rate in soil and investigated ecotoxicological and transcriptome-wide responses in Folsomia candida . Exposure for 4 weeks to diclofenac reduced both survival and reproduction of F. candida in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations ≥200 mg/kg soil diclofenac remained stable in the soil during a 21-day incubation period. Microarrays examined transcriptional changes at low and high diclofenac exposure concentrations. The results indicated that development and growth were severely hampered and immunity-related genes, mainly directed against bacteria and fungi, were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, neural metabolic processes were significantly affected only at the high concentration. We conclude that diclofenac is toxic to non-target soil invertebrates, although its mode of action is different from the mammalian toxicity. The genetic markers proposed in this study may be promising early markers for diclofenac ecotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
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21. Toxicity assessment of tire particles released from personal mobilities (bicycles, cars, and electric scooters) on soil organisms.
- Author
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Kim, Lia, Lee, Tae-Yang, Kim, Haemi, and An, Youn-Joo
- Subjects
- *
SOIL biology , *TIRES , *SCOOTERS , *MUNG bean , *SOIL leaching , *AUTOMOBILE tire testing ,BICYCLE tires - Abstract
Tire particles are generated by the abrasion of tire treads on roads and are major contributors to microplastics in soil environments. Contamination by tire wear particles worsens annually as the use of personal mobilities increases. Tire particles (112–541 µm) were obtained from three types of personal mobility tires (bicycle, car, and electric scooter) and exposed to plants (Vigna radiata) and springtails (Folsomia candida) for 28 d to assess the toxicity of each tire-particle type. The laboratory-generated tire particles exhibit adverse effects depending on the origin of the tire or test species. Particles from bicycle or electric-scooter tires changed the soil's bulk density and water holding capacity and adversely affected plant growth. Car tire particles had leached various organic compounds and induced detrimental effects on springtails (adult and offspring growth). We concluded that laboratory-generated tire particles (frow new tires) can affect the soil environment by changing soil properties and leaching chemicals; thus, causing adverse effects on soil organisms. Since this study found tire particle toxicity on soil organisms, it would be possible to compare the various contamination levels in areas near road soil and other clean soils. [Display omitted] • TPs generated on roads are major contributors of microplastics in soil environments. • TPs exposed to plants and springtails to assess toxicity of tire particle types • TPs affect soil environment by changing soil properties affecting soil organisms • TPs in soil environments increase toxicity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
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22. Collembola reduce their body sizes under arsenic contamination in the soil – Possible use of new screening tool in ecotoxicology.
- Author
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Gruss, Iwona, Twardowski, Jacek, Karczewska, Anna, Szopka, Katarzyna, Kluczek, Kamila, and Magiera-Dulewicz, Joanna
- Subjects
- *
ARSENIC , *SOIL pollution , *BODY size , *COLLEMBOLA , *ALTERNATIVE toxicity testing , *ENVIRONMENTAL toxicology - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Collembola decrease their body sizes under soil contamination with arsenic. • The distinct growth inhibition was observed after a 14-day incubation. • The growth inhibition was positively correlated with mortality and reproduction inhibition. • Growth inhibition of Collembola is proposed as a screening tool to assess soil toxicity. Collembola can be used as the model organism in the ecotoxicological tests in the soil environment. Currently, two standard bioassays are available (reproduction test in soil and avoidance behaviour test), which are highly sensitive to soil contamination. However, both of those tests have some limitations. Therefore, based on our preliminary research, we propose the alternative test of growth inhibition of springtails as a screening tool to assess the risk related to soil contamination. In this study, the growth inhibition of Collembola species Folsomia candida was analyzed as a response to soil contamination with arsenic: As(III) and As(V). Thus, twenty, 12-day-old juveniles of Collembola, were exposed to 8 concentrations of As in soils, in 6 replicates. The experiment was conducted at two soil pHs (natural and reduced). The endpoint of the test was the reduction in collembolan body size compared to the control soil, measured for all the survivors. More precisely, the feature on which this test is based in the length of the springtail body measured from the beginning of the antennae to the end of the abdomen. It was found that Collembola decrease their body sizes under soil contamination with As. Lower toxicity was found for As(V) in comparison to As(III). For As(V) the decrease in soil pH slightly increased the toxicity effect on Collembola. The effect of growth inhibition significantly correlates with the mortality and reproduction inhibition of Collembola. To conclude, this method can be applied in testing the toxicity of As in the soil as an alternative to the standard methods. However, it needs further investigations considering the exposure time and comparison to the standard methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
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23. Two pairs of eyes are better than one: Combining individual-based and matrix models for ecological risk assessment of chemicals.
- Author
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Meli, Mattia, Palmqvist, Annemette, Forbes, Valery E., Groeneveld, Jürgen, and Grimm, Volker
- Subjects
- *
PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of metals , *COLLEMBOLA , *ECOLOGICAL risk assessment , *POISONS & the environment , *POPULATION ecology , *ECOLOGICAL models - Abstract
Highlights: [•] Combination of model types for ecological risk assessment. [•] Metapopulation model as aggregation of spatially explicit individual-based model. [•] Example of application: heterogeneous exposure of collembolan populations to a metal. [•] Metapopulation model less sensitive to effects of different spatial patterns of exposure. [•] Both model types should be used and compared for a specific purpose when in doubt. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2014
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24. Effects of a soil collembolan on the growth and metal uptake of a hyperaccumulator: Modification of root morphology and the expression of plant defense genes.
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Pu, Liming, Li, Zhu, Jia, Mingyun, Ke, Xin, Liu, Hongyan, Christie, Peter, and Wu, Longhua
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PLANT root morphology ,PLANT genes ,HYPERACCUMULATOR plants ,PLANT growth regulation ,HEAVY metals - Abstract
Soil collembolans live in close proximity to plant roots and may have a role in the phytoextraction of potentially toxic metals from contaminated soils but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly investigated. We hypothesize that soil collembolans may change the root morphology of hyperaccumulators by regulating plant physiological characteristics. Here, a pot experiment was conducted in which a cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulator (Sedum plumbizincicola) was grown with or without a collembolan (Folsomia candida), and plant transcriptome and hormones as well as the root characteristics of S. plumbizincicola were analyzed. F. candida promoted the growth and Cd/Zn uptake of S. plumbizincicola , the root and shoot biomass increasing by 53.3 and 34.4%, and the uptake of Cd and Zn in roots increased by 83.2 and 65.4%, respectively. Plant root morphology, total root length, root tip number and lateral root number increased significantly by 40.7, 37.2 and 33.8%, respectively, with the addition of F. candida. Transcriptome analysis reveals that the expression levels of defense-related genes in S. plumbizincicola were significantly up-regulated. In addition, the defensive plant hormones, i.e. salicylic acid in the roots, increased significantly by 338%. These results suggest that the plant in defense of the action of F. candida regulated the expression of the corresponding genes and increased the defensive plant hormones, thus modifying root morphology and plant performance. Overall, this study highlights the importance of the regulation by collembolans of plant growth and metal uptake by interaction with hyperaccumulator roots. [Display omitted] • Folsomia candida significantly changed the root morphology of Sedum plumbizincicola. • F. candida induced a significant increase in root salicylic acid content. • The expression of plant defense-related genes was significantly up-regulated. • F. candida promoted plant metal uptake by regulating root morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
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25. Biochars provoke diverse soil mesofauna reproductive responses in laboratory bioassays.
- Author
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Marks, Evan A.N., Mattana, Stefania, Alcañiz, Josep M., and Domene, Xavier
- Subjects
- *
BIOCHAR , *SOIL invertebrates , *SOIL microbiology , *MICROORGANISMS , *BIOLOGICAL assay , *LABORATORY techniques , *SOIL fertility , *REPRODUCTION - Abstract
Abstract: Biochar application to soil has the potential to improve soil fertility under certain conditions. However, potential ecological effects remain largely unexplored and poorly understood, particularly those on soil biota. Six biochars were tested on two soil-dwelling invertebrates in short-term bioassays to determine effects on survival and reproduction. A pine wood gasification char increased collembolan adult mortality at high concentrations. Wood slow and fast pyrolysis biochars had a strong stimulatory effect on collembolan reproduction, but no strong effect on enchytraeids. A sewage sludge char was slightly stimulatory for both organisms, and a pine gasification char was inhibitory in both cases. Inhibitory effects were associated with biochars with high carbonate and Ca content and pH. In light of the high stimulation of collembolan reproduction, potential explanations such as soil microbial community shifts or gut symbiont use of biochar are suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2014
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26. Microarray detection and qPCR screening of potential biomarkers of Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) exposed to Bt proteins (Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac).
- Author
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Yuan, Yiyang, Krogh, Paul Henning, Bai, Xue, Roelofs, Dick, Chen, Fajun, Zhu-Salzman, Keyan, Liang, Yuyong, Sun, Yucheng, and Ge, Feng
- Subjects
POLYMERASE chain reaction ,BIOMARKERS ,COLLEMBOLA ,GENE expression ,INSECT genetics ,BACILLUS thuringiensis ,BACTERIAL protein analysis ,TOXICITY testing - Abstract
The impact of Bt proteins on non-target arthropods is less understood than their effects on target organisms where the mechanism of toxic action is known. Here, we report the effects of two Bt proteins, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, on gene expression in the non-target collembolan, Folsomia candida. A customized microarray was used to study gene expression in F. candida specimens that were exposed to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac. All selected transcripts were subsequently confirmed by qPCR. Eleven transcripts were finally verified, and three of them were annotated. The responses of all eleven transcripts were tested in specimens for both Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac at a series of concentrations. These transcripts were separated into two and three groups for Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, respectively, depend on their expression levels. However, those eleven transcripts did not respond to the Bt proteins in Bt-rice residues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of UV-B radiation exposure on the collembolan Folsomia candida (Willem) in the laboratory
- Author
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Beresford, Guy W., Selby, Greg, and Moore, John C.
- Subjects
- *
PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of ultraviolet radiation , *LIFE history theory , *COLLEMBOLA , *AGRICULTURAL egg production , *DNA repair , *DNA damage , *RADIATION injuries - Abstract
Abstract: This study assessed the effects of UV-B irradiation on the physiology, life history, DNA, and behavior of the blind non-pigmented soil-dwelling collembolan Folsomia candida (Willem). In three sets of controlled laboratory studies, adult F. candida were reared in darkness and exposed to light with no UV-B (filtered), low UV-B or high UV-B (weighted irradiance energy of 3.12mW/m2 and 22.1mW/m2, respectively). Study I investigated UV-B impacts on mortality, egg viability, and egg development time of F. candida under continual exposure. Study II assessed the movement patterns, mortality, egg production and fecundity of adult F. candida in response to UV-B exposure within choice environments. Study III determined the degree of UV-B induced DNA damage (thymine dimer formation) on F. candida and subsequent DNA repair. Continuous irradiation resulted in increased mortality, under high and low UV-B conditions compared to controls. Consistent with other studies on the impact of light on collembola, we found that F. candida avoided light when given the option. Though preferring darkness, animals were more likely to venture into lighted regions with no UV-B (filtered) and experienced higher mortality rates than in regions with high or low UV-B. Eggs were laid preferentially in the dark, with fewer total eggs observed in the habitat with the highest UV-B. We further demonstrated that UV-B induced the formation of thymine dimers in a dose dependent manner. DNA repair was not evident in animals that had returned to the dark after a brief intense UV-B irradiation. These findings indicate that UV-B exposure and exposure to longer wavelengths of light has both lethal and sub-lethal effects on F. candida that can adversely affect its survival. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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28. Population-level consequences of spatially heterogeneous exposure to heavy metals in soil: An individual-based model of springtails
- Author
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Meli, Mattia, Auclerc, Apolline, Palmqvist, Annemette, Forbes, Valery E., and Grimm, Volker
- Subjects
- *
HEAVY metal toxicology , *COLLEMBOLA , *SOIL pollution , *POPULATION dynamics , *HEAVY metals & the environment , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *ECOLOGICAL risk assessment , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Abstract: Contamination of soil with toxic heavy metals poses a major threat to the environment and human health. Anthropogenic sources include smelting of ores, municipal wastes, fertilizers, and pesticides. In assessing soil quality and the environmental and ecological risk of contamination with heavy metals, often homogeneous contamination of the soil is assumed. However, soils are very heterogeneous environments. Consequently, both contamination and the response of soil organisms can be assumed to be heterogeneous. This might have consequences for the exposure of soil organisms and for the extrapolation of risk from the individual to the population level. Therefore, to explore how soil contamination of different spatial heterogeneity affects population dynamics of soil invertebrates, we developed a spatially explicit individual-based model of the springtail, Folsomia candida, a standard test species for ecotoxicological risk assessment. In the model, individuals were assumed to sense and avoid contaminated habitat with a certain probability that depends on contamination level. Avoidance of contaminated areas thus influenced the individuals’ movement and feeding, their exposure, and in turn all other biological processes underlying population dynamics. Model rules and parameters were based on data from the literature, or were determined via pattern-oriented modelling. The model correctly predicted several patterns that were not used for model design and calibration. Simulation results showed that the ability of the individuals to detect and avoid the toxicant, combined with the presence of clean habitat patches which act as “refuges”, made equilibrium population size due to toxic effects less sensitive to increases in toxicant concentration. Additionally, the level of heterogeneity among patches of soil (i.e. the difference in concentration) was important: at the same average concentration, a homogeneously contaminated scenario was the least favourable habitat, while higher levels of heterogeneity corresponded to higher population growth rate and equilibrium size. Our model can thus be used as a tool for extrapolating from short-term effects at the individual level to long-term effects at the population level under more realistic conditions. It can thus be used to develop and extrapolate from standard ecotoxicological tests in the laboratory to ecological risk assessments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Metal toxicity and biodiversity in serpentine soils: Application of bioassay tests and microarthropod index
- Author
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Visioli, Giovanna, Menta, Cristina, Gardi, Ciro, and Conti, Federica Delia
- Subjects
- *
METAL toxicology , *SERPENTINE in soils , *BIODIVERSITY , *BIOLOGICAL assay , *POLLUTION , *SOIL pollution , *SOIL quality , *METAL content of soils - Abstract
Abstract: Eco-toxicological or bioassay tests have been intensively discussed as tools for the evaluation of soil quality. Tests using soil organisms, including microarthropods and plants, allow direct estimates to be made of important soil characteristics and functions. In this study we compared the results obtained by two in vitro standard bioassays following ISO or OECD guidelines: (i) the short term-chronic phytotoxicity germination and root elongation test using three different plant species Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae), Lepidium sativum L. (Brassicaceae), and Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) and (ii) the inhibition of reproduction of Folsomia candida (Collembola) by soil pollutants to investigate the toxicity of a serpentine soil present in the Italian Apennines, rich in heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, and Co. In addition, microarthropod communities were characterised to evaluate the effects of metal contents on the soil fauna in natural conditions. Abundances, Acari/Collembola ratio, biodiversity indices and the QBS-ar index were calculated. Our results demonstrate that the two in vitro tests distinguish differences correlated with metal and organic matter contents in four sub-sites within the serpentinite. Soil fauna characterisation, not previously performed on serpentine soils, revealed differences in the most vulnerable and adapted groups of microarthropods to soil among the four sub-sites: the microarthropod community was found to be rich in term of biodiversity in the sub-site characterised by a lower metal content and a higher organic matter content and vegetation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Ecotoxicological assessment of metal-polluted urban soils using bioassays with three soil invertebrates
- Author
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Santorufo, Lucia, Van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., and Maisto, Giulia
- Subjects
- *
POLLUTION , *METAL toxicology , *URBAN soils , *BIOLOGICAL assay , *SOIL invertebrates , *REPRODUCTION , *SOIL quality , *BIOACCUMULATION - Abstract
Abstract: This study aimed at assessing the quality of urban soils by integrating chemical and ecotoxicological approaches. Soils from five sites in downtown Naples, Italy, were sampled and characterized for physical–chemical properties and total and water-extractable metal concentrations. Bioassays with Eisenia andrei, Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida were performed to assess toxicity of the soils, using survival, reproduction and growth as the endpoints. Metal bioaccumulation in the animals was also measured. The properties and metal concentrations of the soils strongly differed. Metal bioaccumulation was related with total metal concentrations in soil and was highest in E. crypticus, which was more sensitive than E. andrei and F. candida. Responses of the three species to the investigated soils seemed due to both metal contamination and soil properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2012
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31. Narcotic mechanisms of acute toxicity of chlorinated anilines in Folsomia candida (Collembola) revealed by gene expression analysis
- Author
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Janssens, T.K.S., Giesen, D., Mariën, J., van Straalen, N.M., van Gestel, C.A.M., and Roelofs, D.
- Subjects
- *
NARCOTICS , *COLLEMBOLA , *GENE expression , *MICROARRAY technology , *ANILINE , *QSAR models , *BIOTRANSFORMATION (Metabolism) , *PRINCIPAL components analysis , *ELECTRON transport - Abstract
Abstract: In order to clarify the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity in a QSAR approach, the transcriptional signatures upon the 2day exposure to the 28days EC50 of a series of increasingly chlorinated aniline compounds and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene were measured in Folsomia candida. In general, the transcriptional patterns associated with all compounds revealed toxicity at the cellular membranes and hence components of narcosis type I, but a principal component analysis revealed a deviating response by the pentachloroaniline and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline exposure. Moreover the expression of a subset of mainly biotransformation related genes showed a significant relationship with the logKow, which stresses the presence of narcosis type I. This was confirmed by GO term enrichment at the level of cellular component. Genes involved in the three phases of xenobiotic biotransformation exhibited strict compound specific transcription patterns, which may reflect biotransformation processes in F. candida. Additional toxic mechanisms were especially observed for the 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline, which possible works as an uncoupler or inhibitor of electron transport systems, which is revealed by the up-regulation of genes that encode different members of the electron transport chain. The aniline and 2,3,4-trichloroaniline exposure caused the induction of genes in the ROS defense system. Additional toxicity mechanisms were less clear, but they include the attack of microbial pathogens for the six other compounds and for 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline an effect on mitochondrial protein folding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2011
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32. Transcriptional responses of Folsomia candida upon exposure to Aspergillus nidulans secondary metabolites in single and mixed diets
- Author
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Janssens, T.K.S., Staaden, S., Scheu, S., Mariën, J., Ylstra, B., and Roelofs, D.
- Subjects
- *
ASPERGILLUS nidulans , *CANDIDA , *METABOLITES , *FUNGIVORES , *TOXIGENIC fungi , *FUNGI , *CLADOSPORIUM , *HYPOTHESIS , *DIET - Abstract
Abstract: Genetic and molecular evidence to support the hypothesis that fungal secondary metabolites play a significant role in protecting the fungi against fungivory is scarce. We investigated the impact of fungal secondary metabolites on transcript regulation in the fungivorous springtail Folsomia candida feeding on mixed vs. single diets. Aspergillus nidulans, which is able to produce secondary metabolites including sterigmatocystin, and a knockout mutant with reduced secondary metabolism (A. nidulans ΔLaeA) were combined with the high quality fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides as mixed diets or offered as single diets. We hypothesized that (i) A. nidulans WT triggers more genes associated with stress responses compared to the A. nidulans ΔLaeA strain with suppressed secondary metabolism, (ii) C. cladosporioides causes significantly different transcript regulation than the A. nidulans strains ΔLaeA and WT, and (iii) mixed diets will cause significantly different transcript expression levels than single diets. All three hypotheses are generally supported regardless of the fact that functions of many of the differentially transcribed genes are still enigmatic and that a relatively subtle response, devoid of characteristic stress response genes, was observed towards the toxic fungi in the diet. The wild type A. nidulans strain elicited 30% more differentially expressed genes than the ΔLaeA mutant strain. Differentially expressed genes were not observed in the mixture diet of the C. cladosporoides × A. nidulans WT diet, indicating selective grazing on C. cladosporoides. The results bring molecular evidence for the existence of a link between fungal secondary metabolites and responses in springtails supporting the hypothesis that fungal secondary metabolites act as a shield against fungivory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2010
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33. Comparison of solid-phase bioassays and ecoscores to evaluate the toxicity of contaminated soils.
- Author
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Lors, Christine, Ponge, Jean-François, Martínez Aldaya, Maite, and Damidot, Denis
- Subjects
SOIL pollution research ,SOIL chemistry ,BIOLOGICAL assay ,PLANT bioassay ,EARTHWORMS -- Environmental aspects ,COLLEMBOLA ,POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons & the environment ,TRACE elements & the environment ,TOXIC substance exposure ,EVALUATION - Abstract
Five bioassays (inhibition of lettuce germination and growth, earthworm mortality, inhibition of springtail population growth, avoidance by springtails) were compared, using four coke factory soils contaminated by PAHs and trace elements, before and after biotreatment. For each bioassay, several endpoints were combined in an ‘ecoscore’, a measure of test sensitivity. Ecoscores pooled over all tested bioassays revealed that most organisms were highly sensitive to the concentration of 3-ring PAHs. When four soils were combined, behavioural tests using the springtail Folsomia candida showed higher ecoscores, i.e. they were most sensitive to soil contamination. However, despite overall higher sensitivity of behavioural tests, which could be used for cheap and rapid assessment of soil toxicity, especially at low levels of contamination, some test endpoints were more sensitive than others, and this may differ from a soil to another, pointing to the need for a battery of bioassays when more itemized results are expected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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34. The use of Collembola avoidance tests to characterize sewage sludges as soil amendments
- Author
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Natal-da-luz, T., Tidona, S., Van Gestel, C.A.M., Morais, P.V., and Sousa, J.P.
- Subjects
- *
COLLEMBOLA , *CHARACTERIZATION of sewage sludge , *SOIL amendments , *POLLUTION , *ANTAGONISTIC fungi , *ANALYTICAL chemistry , *CANDIDA , *ELECTROPLATING industry , *HAZARDOUS substances - Abstract
Abstract: The ecotoxicological characterization of sewage sludge takes into account the additive, antagonistic and synergistic effects that occur as a result of multi-chemical interactions. Such an evaluation therefore is essential to complement the chemical analysis that, although required by law, is clearly insufficient. Using a tiered approach in the toxic evaluation of sewage sludge allows for characterization of toxicity in a timely manner. According to the literature, reproduction tests with Folsomia candida are suitable tools for the toxic assessment of organic sludges. Therefore, the inclusion of Collembola avoidance tests at a screening level (low tier), and acting as a trigger for longer-period tests (high tier; e.g. reproduction test), may provide a successful strategy, and may complement the currently proposed test battery. To evaluate the use of both avoidance and reproduction tests with collembolans in such a tiered approach, three sewage sludges (urban, olive and electroplating industries) were mixed in with a field-collected soil at different concentrations. Avoidance and reproduction tests were performed with the soil–sludge mixtures after 0, 4 and 12weeks of incubation. The tests detected no toxicity in soil–sludge mixtures of urban and olive sludges at any incubation period. Mixtures with sludge from the electroplating industry induced toxicity only in the avoidance tests with freshly prepared and 4-week incubated samples. These results demonstrate the ability of Collembola avoidance tests to assess sewage sludge toxicity over time and its potential for hazardous sludge characterization at low tier levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2009
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35. Genetic variation in a subterranean arthropod (Folsomia candida) as a method to identify low-permeability barriers in an aquifer
- Author
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Sullivan, Terrence J., Dreyer, Austin P., and Peterson, Jonathan W.
- Subjects
- *
SOIL invertebrates , *ARTHROPODA , *SOIL permeability , *AQUIFERS , *BIOLOGICAL variation , *COLLEMBOLA , *REPEATED sequence (Genetics) , *BIOINDICATORS - Abstract
Summary: Folsomia candida (order Collembola), a common soil arthropod, has recently been described living in a shallow (2.5–5.7m below surface), unconsolidated aquifer in southwestern Michigan. F. candida was haplotyped from 14 wells using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) markers, and genetic variation in F. candida was used as a bioindicator to identify pore scale to mesoscale migration barriers in the aquifer. With one exception, individual haplotypes were only found in single wells. A significant relationship was identified between interpopulation genetic differentiation and geographic distance, and F. candida exhibits genetic population structuring over a very fine geographic scale (0.65km2). Monmonier''s algorithm was used to identify two most likely subsurface barriers to migration. Hypothesized barriers divided the F. candida populations into three genetically distinct groups, with two groups separated by only 15m. These groupings are not dependent on groundwater flow direction, and are supported by a minimum spanning network and AMOVA analysis. Because F. candida movement is limited by pore size, these barriers identify local areas of low permeability in the aquifer material. The study suggests that F. candida may serve an important role in identifying geological characteristics and patterns in aquifers that may be difficult to evaluate by other means. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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36. Phenylpyrazoles impact on Folsomia candida (Collembola)
- Author
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San Miguel, Angélique, Raveton, Muriel, Lempérière, Guy, and Ravanel, Patrick
- Subjects
- *
CANDIDA , *CANDIDIASIS , *MYCOSES , *DETOXIFICATION (Alternative medicine) - Abstract
Abstract: Effects of the broad-spectrum insecticide fipronil were investigated on a non-target insect living in the soil, the springtail Folsomia candida Willem. Fipronil induced a significant reduction in juvenile production (PNEC=250μgkg−1 dry soil), which seemed to be linked with an impact on the first stages of springtail development: juveniles and 7-day-old adults. These young organisms have a thinner integument, a smaller mass body and a weaker detoxification efficiency and were more sensitive than adults (14 days old) to fipronil and phenylpyrazole derivatives. Contact toxicity for juveniles was measured (LC50(96h)) giving the following values: fipronil, 450μgl−1; sulfone-fipronil, 430μgl−1; sulfide-fipronil, 160μgl−1. F. candida organisms were able to avoid contaminated food because phenylpyrazoles decreased food appetency. However, F. candida could bioaccumulate fipronil through trans-tegumental penetration (BAF96 h =160) and its high biotransformation rate inside springtail bodies (1ng fipronil metabolizedday−1 individual−1) was suspected to increase this process. Under natural conditions, phenylpyrazoles risk assessment on springtails seems to be weak due to their capacity of avoiding high contaminated zones and their biochemical tolerance to this class of insecticides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2008
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37. Apterygota in the spotlights of ecology, evolution and genomics
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van Straalen, Nico M., Timmermans, Martijn J.T.N., Roelofs, D., and Berg, Matty P.
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- *
APTERYGOTA , *SOIL pollution , *INSECTS , *GENOMICS - Abstract
Abstract: Wingless basal hexapods, also known as Apterygota, are becoming more and more important as models to study general biological principles, a situation testified by papers presented at the VIIth Apterygota seminar held August 2006 at Texel, The Netherlands. In this short review we discern three areas of modern biology where Apterygota may obtain a position in the spotlight: (1) ecology: Apterygota communities can contribute to testing hypotheses about species traits, community composition and ecosystem function, (2) evolution: Apterygota are a crucial link in the deep phylogeny of the arthropods, (3) genomics: transcription profiling of apterygote model species can contribute to soil assessment and a better mechanistic understanding of how soil invertebrates may adapt to soil pollution. We describe these three areas and the exciting developments going on in each. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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38. Interactions between isopods and collembolans modulate the mobilization and transport of nutrients from urban soils
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Pieper, Silvia and Weigmann, Gerd
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ORGANIC compounds , *URBAN soils , *PLANT litter , *SOILS & nutrition - Abstract
Abstract: Progressive urbanization is an ongoing major land use change expected to drastically alter properties and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Although it has been demonstrated that the soil biocoenosis of urban habitats differs from rural sites, we know very little about the functional impact of the soil fauna adapted to the urban environment. Our aim is to characterize the effects of soil animals belonging to different functional groups on the turnover of organic matter in urban ecosystems. We studied the decomposition of typical grass litter and the mobilization and transport of macronutrients, nitrogen and DOC through columns filled with soil from the central Tiergarten Park in Berlin. The microcosm experiment – lasting 9 months – was set up in several phases: a conditioning phase, a first experimental phase with half of the systems receiving Porcellio scaber and a second experimental phase in which half of the test systems formerly with and without isopods received either Orchesella cincta or Folsomia candida. The decomposition of the grass litter was greatly enhanced by isopods and so were the contents of Mg2+ and nitrate determined in the litter leachate. Closely related, the amounts of mobilized K+ and DOC were correlated with the amount of remaining litter on the soil surface. After passage through the soil the percolate from the control systems still resembled the litter leachate composition, but in presence of P. scaber a decoupling of the formerly tightly connected processes was evident. The feeding of the animals on the litter was associated with higher and active mobilization of Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and higher nitrate concentrations. Very similar effects were observed when Collembola dwelled in the microcosms, with comparably high nitrate mobilization rates. F. candida led to a deeper transport in the profile of the compounds mobilized from the litter than the isopods or the epigeic O. cincta. F. candida affected the most decomposition and mobilization processes in systems that had not contained isopods before. By contrast, O. cincta was more effective when Collembola followed isopods. In systems where both isopods and collembolans were active, the differentiation between the passive depletion of readily leachable potassium – not functionally affected by the animals – and the higher mobilization of nitrate, calcium and magnesium was most pronounced. Regarding organic carbon losses, though, the investigated urban soil was less “leaky” in these treatments, since carbon leaching was uncoupled from nutrient mobilization and attenuated in the presence of isopods and Collembola. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2008
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39. The indirect effect of above-ground herbivory on collembola populations is not mediated by changes in soil water content
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Sinka, M., Jones, T.H., and Hartley, S.E.
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HERBIVORES , *COLLEMBOLA , *RHIZOSPHERE , *DEFOLIATION - Abstract
Abstract: Above-ground aphid herbivory of a shared host plant results in increased collembola populations within the rhizosphere. Three mechanisms potentially underpin this effect: honeydew deposition, aphid-induced reduction in root biomass and altered soil water content (as a result of root reduction inhibiting plant water uptake). This study focuses on the third mechanism, altered soil water content. This has the potential to influence collembola populations as, like most soil invertebrates, these organisms are highly susceptible to humidity levels. The indirect effects of leaf chewers (grasshoppers), phloem feeders (aphids) and manual (artificial) defoliation on soil water content, and hence on collembola population abundance, were compared. The different defoliation treatments significantly affected root biomass but not soil water content, and only aphid herbivory increased collembola abundance. Altered soil water content is unlikely to be the mechanism responsible for the increased collembola populations. The study demonstrated a strong negative relationship between soil water content and collembola abundance, confirming that soil moisture is an important factor in determining where collembola are found within the soil. The results also suggest that collembola have a higher tolerance for dry than for wet conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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40. Ecotoxicological assessment of organic wastes using the soil collembolan Folsomia candida
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Domene, Xavier, Alcañiz, Josep M., and Andrés, Pilar
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ENVIRONMENTAL risk assessment , *ORGANIC wastes , *COLLEMBOLA , *SOIL testing , *SEWAGE sludge - Abstract
Abstract: The reproduction test with the collembolan Folsomia candida is used as a tool to evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of organic wastes currently applied to soil. Seven organic wastes (dewatered sewage sludges, thermally dried sewage sludges, composted sewage sludges, and a thermally dried pig slurry) were tested. These wastes had different origins, treatments, and pollutant burdens, and were selected as a representative sample of the wide variety of wastes currently generated. F. candida showed varied sensitivity depending on the waste, but also depending on the endpoint assessed. Reproduction was more sensitive than survival, although no correlations between reproduction and physico-chemical parameters and pollutant burden could be found. On the other hand, mortality was directly related to the lack of stability of wastes, probably reflecting the toxicity of end-products such as ammonium. Body length was not shown to be a sensitive endpoint for waste testing, as it was neither affected nor even stimulated by waste concentrations. Organic matter, pH, and electrical conductivity varied with waste concentration in soil-waste mixtures, although their effect on collembolan performance was expected to be low and part of the complex effect exerted by wastes when applied to real soils. Selection of the water content is the most problematic aspect in waste testing, as it may affect the performance of test organisms. In this study, a qualitative approach for water content selection in waste testing was considered to be the most suitable. Treatment of wastes affected composition and toxicity. Composting of sewage sludge increased its stability, compared to the initial sludge, but decreased its non-persistent organic pollutant burden and toxicity. On the other hand, thermally dried wastes from sludge and pig slurry displayed high toxicity, mainly attributable to their low stability. The results from the study indicate the inability of chemical methods to predict the effects of complex mixtures on living organisms with respect to ecotoxicity bioassays, but also the need for stabilization treatments of organic wastes prior to their reuse in soils. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
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- 2007
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41. Chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos reveals two modes of action in the springtail Folsomia candida.
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Jager, Tjalling, Crommentuijn, Trudie, van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., and Kooijman, Sebastiaan A.L.M.
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COLLEMBOLA ,INSECTS ,CHLORPYRIFOS ,ACARICIDES - Abstract
Abstract: Organophosphates are popular insecticides, but relatively little is known about their chronic effects on ecologically relevant endpoints. In this paper, we examine a life-cycle experiment with the springtail Folsomia candida, exposed via food to chlorpyrifos (CPF). The results for all endpoints (survival, growth and reproduction) were analyzed using the DEBtox model. Growth was unaffected by CPF, even at concentrations causing severe effects on survival and reproduction. Model analysis suggests that CPF directly affects the process of egg production. For the short-term response (45 days), this single mode of action accurately agreed with the data. However, the full data set (120 days) revealed a dose-related decrease in reproduction at low concentrations after prolonged exposure, not covered by the same mechanism. It appears that CPF interacts with senescence by increasing oxidative damage. This assumption fits the data well, but has little consequences for the predicted response at the population level. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2007
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42. Does lipophilicity of toxic compounds determine effects on drought tolerance of the soil collembolan Folsomia candida?
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Skovlund, Gitte, Damgaard, Christian, Bayley, Mark, and Holmstrup, Martin
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DROUGHTS ,POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons ,CANDIDA ,CHEMICAL terrorism - Abstract
Abstract: The ability of Collembola to survive drought stress is crucial for their distribution in the terrestrial environment. Previous studies have suggested that several toxic compounds affect the drought tolerance of Folsomia candida in a synergistic manner and that these compounds have the feature in common that they elicit their toxicity by causing membrane damage. We hypothesised that the detrimental effect of toxic chemicals on drought tolerance in F. candida depends on the lipophilicity (log K
ow ) of the compound because a higher log Kow would mean a closer interaction with membranes. In this study the three chemicals 4-nonylphenol, pyrene and p,p′-DDE were tested. Surprisingly, 4-nonylphenol, with the lowest log Kow , was the most potent with respect to reducing drought tolerance followed by pyrene, suggesting that interactions between drought tolerance and chemical stress do not depend on lipophilicity alone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...- Published
- 2006
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43. Use of an avoidance test for the assessment of microbial degradation of PAHs
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Lors, Christine, Martínez Aldaya, Maite, Salmon, Sandrine, and Ponge, Jean-François
- Subjects
- *
SOIL pollution , *SOIL remediation , *ORGANIC compounds , *CANDIDIASIS - Abstract
Abstract: An avoidance test using the soil springtail Folsomia candida was used to assess changes in contamination levels at low doses of PAHs following incubation with indigenous microflora. A soil from a former coke site was diluted to 1% in an unpolluted soil from the same site, which was used as a control, then both substrates were remoistened to 80% field capacity. The diluted soil was previously shown to be strongly repellent to F. candida, although not toxic. After 2-month incubation at 20°C, the mixture lost its repellence capacity and became attractive to the test animal, while the global 16 PAHs content had decreased to a great extent (50%). PAH disappearance was linked to the occurrence of indigenous microbiota able to degrade hydrocarbons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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44. Effects of Cd and Pb on the survival and juvenile production of Sinella coeca and Folsomia candida
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Menta, C., Maggiani, A., and Vattuone, Z.
- Subjects
- *
CANDIDIASIS , *LIFE (Biology) , *DEATH (Biology) , *LIFE sciences - Abstract
Abstract: Degradation factors can cause both quantitative and qualitative changes in fauna and thus affect soil functioning. The use of bio-indicators may help to detect environmental changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lead and cadmium on the biology (mortality, reproduction, egg hatching) of two euedaphic collembolans, Sinella coeca and Folsomia candida and to evaluate sensitivity differences between the two species. The results showed that low concentrations of lead did not cause dramatic effects on the survival and reproduction of both species. Reproduction of both species was reduced when the soil contained a nominal concentration of Pb at 1000 μg g–1. S. coeca and F. candida showed a high sensitivity to cadmium and both their reproduction and survival were significantly reduced on exposure to 50 μg g–1. Moreover, egg hatching of F. candida was affected by the cadmium concentrations in the soil, and by the amount of time that the eggs stayed in contact with cadmium. This study showed that the inhibition determined by Cd on F. candida juvenile production was caused in part by inhibition of deposition and, in part, by reduction of egg viability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
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- 2006
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- View/download PDF
45. Avoidance bio-assays may help to test the ecological significance of soil pollution.
- Author
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Aldaya, Maite Martínez, Lors, Christine, Salmon, Sandrine, and Ponge, Jean-François
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL assay ,ECOLOGICAL risk assessment ,SOIL pollution ,HYDROCARBONS - Abstract
Abstract: We measured the short-term (100min) avoidance of a soil heavily polluted by hydrocarbons by the soil springtail Folsomia candida, at six rates of dilution in a control, unpolluted soil. We compared the results with those of long-term (40-day) population tests. Five strains were compared, of varying geographical and ecological origin. When pure, the polluted soil was lethal in the long-term and avoided in the short-term by all strains. Avoidance tests, but not population tests, were able to discriminate between strains. Avoidance thresholds differed among strains. Two ecological consequences of the results were discussed: (i) toxic compounds may kill soil animals or deprive them from food, resulting in death of populations, (ii) pollution spots can be locally deprived of fauna because of escape movements of soil animals. Advantages and limitations of the method have been listed, together with proposals for their wider use in soil ecology and ecotoxicology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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46. Evaluation of the toxicity of two soils from Jales Mine (Portugal) using aquatic bioassays
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Loureiro, Susana, Ferreira, Abel L.G., Soares, Amadeu M.V.M., and Nogueira, António J.A.
- Subjects
- *
SOIL pollution , *GROUNDWATER , *ANALYTICAL chemistry , *SOIL composition , *HEAVY metals , *DAPHNIA magna - Abstract
Abstract: Soil contamination can be one path for streams and groundwater contamination. As a complement of chemical analysis and total contaminants determination, bioassays can provide information on the bioavailable fraction of chemical compounds, focusing on the retention and habitat function of soils. In this study the evaluation of the toxicity of two soils from the abandoned Jales Mine (Portugal) regarded both functions. The buffer capacity of soils was tested with bioassays carried out using the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The habitat function of soils was evaluated with the reproduction bioassay with the collembolan Folsomia candida. The Microtox solid-phase test was performed with V. fischeri using soil as test medium, and soil elutriates were extracted to perform the Microtox basic test, and an immobilization and reproduction bioassay with D. magna. The marine bacteria showed high sensitivity to the soil with low heavy metal content (JNC soil) and to JNC soil elutriates, while the soil with highest heavy metal content (JC soil) or soil elutriates exposure did not cause any toxic effect. In the bioassays with D. magna, organisms showed sensitivity to JNC and also to JC soil elutriates. Both mobilization and reproduction features were inhibited. The bioassay with F. candida did not reflect any influence of the contaminants on their reproduction. Although JNC soil presented lower heavy metal contents, elutriates showed different patterns of contamination when compared to JC soil and elutriates, which indicates different retention and buffer capacities between soils. Results obtained in this study underlined the sensitivity and importance of soil elutriate bioassays with aquatic organisms in the evaluation strategy in soil ERA processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Ecotoxicity of cobalt to the springtail Folsomia candida
- Author
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Lock, K., Becaus, S., Criel, P., Van Eeckhout, H., and Janssen, C.R.
- Subjects
- *
COBALT , *TRANSITION metals , *CANDIDA , *INVERTEBRATES - Abstract
Abstract: Despite growing concern about the potential adverse effects of elevated cobalt concentrations in the environment, hardly any toxicity data are available for terrestrial invertebrates. Therefore, chronic toxicity of cobalt was assessed for the springtail Folsomia candida. The 28-day EC50 for the reproduction of F. candida was 1480 mg Co/kg dry wt in standard artificial soil (OECD) and 409 mg Co/kg dry wt in standard field soil (LUFA 2.2). The difference in toxicity can be explained by the higher pH and cation exchange capacity which decreased cobalt bioavailability in the OECD soil. When expressed as pore water concentrations, 28-day EC50s were similar: 159 mg Co/L in OECD and 174 mg Co/L in LUFA 2.2, which corresponded with calculated Co2+ activities of 0.953 and 1.20 mmol/L, respectively. Although the presented data can be considered as a step forward in the assessment of the potential risk of cobalt in the terrestrial environment, more toxicity data for different species are needed to evaluate the environmental risk of cobalt in soils. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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48. The feeding preference of a collembolan (Folsomia candida Willem) on ectomycorrhiza (Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.)) varies with mycelial growth condition and vitality
- Author
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Kaneda, Satoshi and Kaneko, Nobuhiro
- Subjects
- *
COLLEMBOLA , *ECTOMYCORRHIZAS , *GRAZING , *CULTURES (Biology) - Abstract
The feeding preference of Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola), for mycelia of ectomycorrhiza (Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.)) was investigated, in order to predict the effects of Collembola on plant-mycorrhizal systems. We compared the impacts of different mycelial growth substrates, such as MMN agar medium and root of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), and of mycelial vitality on the feeding preference of the Collembola. Mycelial vitality was controlled by cutting the mycelium off the host root and assuming vitality would decrease after cutting. The insect preferred mycelia grown on the MMN agar to the mycorrhizal mycelia. Although mycelia grown on nutrient medium have been used in numerous preference tests, our results demonstrate that mycorrhizal mycelia should be used for understanding the relationships between Collembola and ectomycorrhiza in preference tests. On the other hand, another experiment showed that the insect chose mycorrhiza cut from the root 56 h prior to the feeding test more often than freshly cut ones, that is, low vitality mycelia more than high vitality ones. Therefore we predict that Collembola have positive effects on plant growth by enhancing nutrient release from low vitality and/or dead mycorrhizal mycelia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. PAH biotransformation in terrestrial invertebrates—a new phase II metabolite in isopods and springtails
- Author
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Stroomberg, Gerard J., Zappey, Herman, Steen, Ruud J.C.A., van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., Ariese, Freek, Velthorst, Nel H., and van Straalen, Nico M.
- Subjects
- *
INVERTEBRATES , *PORCELLIO scaber , *PORCELLIO , *EISENIA , *COLLEMBOLA , *METABOLITES , *POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons - Abstract
Soil-living invertebrates are exposed to high concentrations of contaminants accumulating in dead organic matter, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The capacity for PAH biotransformation is not equally developed in all invertebrates. In this paper, we compare three species of invertebrates, Porcellio scaber (Isopoda), Eisenia andrei (Lumbricidae) and Folsomia candida (Collembola), for the metabolites formed upon exposure to pyrene. Metabolic products of pyrene biotransformation in extracts from whole animals or isopod hepatopancreas were compared to those found in fish bile (flounder and plaice). An optimized HPLC method was used with fluorescence detection; excitation/emission spectra were compared to reference samples of 1-hydroxypyrene and enzymatically synthesized conjugates. Enzymatic hydrolysis after fractionation was used to demonstrate that the conjugates originated from 1-hydroxypyrene. All three invertebrates were able to oxidize pyrene to 1-hydroxypyrene, however, isopods and collembolans stood out as more efficient metabolizers compared to earthworms. In contrast to fish, none of the invertebrates produced pyrene-1-glucuronide as a phase II conjugate. Both Collembola and Isopoda produced significant amounts of pyrene-1-glucoside, whereas isopods also produced pyrene-1-sulfate. A third, previously unknown, conjugate was found in both isopods and springtails, and was analysed further using electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Based on the obtained mass spectra, a new conjugate is proposed: pyrene-1-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside. The use of glucose-malonate as a conjugant in animal phase II biotransformation has not been described before, but is understandable in the microenvironment of soil-living invertebrates. In the earthworm, three other pyrene metabolites were observed, none of which was shared with the arthropods, although two were conjugates of 1-hydroxypyrene. Our study illustrates the great variety of the still unexplored metabolic diversity of invertebrate xenobiotic metabolism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2004
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50. Growth of the collembolan Folsomia candida Willem in soil supplemented with glucose
- Author
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Kaneda, Satoshi and Kaneko, Nobuhiro
- Subjects
- *
COLLEMBOLA , *GLUCOSE , *SOIL microbiology , *SINGLE cell proteins - Abstract
Freely available glucose improves the conditions for soil microorganisms which are utilized as food by Collembola. We examined the effects of glucose application on collembolan (Folsomia candida Willem) growth and on several biotic and abiotic soil parameters (microbial biomass, soil respiration, qCO2, dissolved organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and Olson-P) in an artificial system without predatory pressure on Collembola. Glucose addition increased soil respiration and qCO2, and decreased nutrient levels in the soil. Collembolan growth increased with increasing glucose doses. We conclude that the availability of carbon substrates can sustain collembolan growth via an improvement of microbial growth conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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