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Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is still a preference for the treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures in children. However, no reports have shown the pin trajectory and the characteristics of the entry point so far. So we established a computational simulation model of the elbow to observe the trajectory of pinning for supracondylar humerus fractures. We reconstructed an adult elbow computationally and simulated pin placement through lateral and medial pinning. Pin trajectories were traced after placement and after the addition of the skin profile; the relative entry points of the pins were determined. We used the center of the dorsal olecranon inflection as an anatomic reference for the entry points of lateral pinning. Four quadrants were established based on the center of the dorsal olecranon inflection: upper medial quadrant, upper lateral quadrant, lower medial quadrant, and lower lateral quadrant (LLQ). The maximum angle of pinning through the lateral column was 64° ± 3°. The minimum angles of pinning through the lateral column and middle column were 37° ± 3° and 20° ± 2°, respectively. The range of safe angle pinning through the medial column was between 18° ± 2° and 57° ± 3° to avoid penetration of the olecranon fossa and the cortex of the medial column. The entry points of lateral pinning were within the lateral half of the LLQ, and the lateral one-third of the LLQ contained all entry points of the pins through the lateral column and minor points of the pins through the middle column. The exit points of the medial pinning were within the lateral fringe of the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction region; entering from the inferior two-thirds of the medial epicondyle could lead to the exit points in the proximal half of the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction region laterally. For lateral pinning, the entry points would be within the lateral half of the LLQ. For the pins through the lateral column, the entry points should be within the lateral one-third of the LLQ. For medial pinning, entering from the inferior two-thirds of the medial epicondyle would lead to a more proximal exit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seepage face and the corresponding exit point (EP) contribute to the sophisticated groundwater hydrodynamics in the coastal aquifer. Several analytical solutions have been presented to estimate the EP movement. Nevertheless, previous theoretical studies are all limited to the Darcy flow assumption which is not applicable under the wave induced swash condition. In this study, a more general condition taking into account the non-Darcy flow effect with the Forchheimer formula was considered. Applying the v -transform method, a new analytical solution was derived to represent the swash induced EP movement under the wave action. Subsequently, detailed analyses of the EP movement characteristics were conducted, upon which its temporal variation features, as well as the influence of the non-Darcy flow effect and beach slope, were scrutinized. In addition, a decay parameter is used to describe the further reduction of the aquifer storage coefficient resulting from the truncated capillary fringe. By inter-comparing the available experimental data with the newly derived analytical solution, the optimal decay parameter was found to be 0.46. These new findings are of great importance to extend our understandings of the wave induced groundwater hydrodynamics in the swash zone. • A new analytical solution for estimating the exit point (EP) movement under the wave-induced swash condition was derived. • EP movement quickly reaches its final equilibrium velocity soon after its formation. • Equilibrium EP moving velocity is insensitive to the strong non-Darcy flow condition. • Non-Darcy flow effect is pronounced for the large beach slope condition. • As for the truncated capillary fringe, the optimal decay parameter was found to be 0.46 regarding the available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can occur as a rare late complication of electrical burns. It may occur in any bony part of the body where there has been an electrical burn injury. Osteomyelitis occurs several weeks or months after the initial infection, and can persist for several months or years, and is difficult to manage. To our knowledge, to date, no chronic osteomyelitis of the femur has been reported after an electrical burn injury. The present case report is of a 40-year-old man who sustained a high voltage electrical burn injury involving his right upper and lower limbs as well as the posterior trunk. The estimated total body surface area burned was 20 %. He developed chronic osteomyelitis of the right femur several months after the initial injury. The upper extremities are the sites most frequently affected by chronic osteomyelitis following electrical burns. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism, and treatment entails a combined medical and surgical approach. Osteomyelitis of the long bones of the lower extremities is an uncommon complication of electrical burn injuries involving the lower limbs. We, however, advocate a high index of suspicion when faced with electrical burns of the lower extremity. • Osteomyelitis is a rare complication of electrical burn injury. • Electricity is a devastating cause of burn injury. • Electrical injuries often have entry and exit wounds. • The upper limb and cranial vault are the most common sites of osteomyelitis following electric burns. • It takes several months after an electrical burn injury for osteomyelitis to occur and treatment is often very difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary It remains challenging to determine the unknown free surface in three dimensional unconfined seepage in earth dams. A number of iterations are frequently required which make the problem computationally expensive. In the present research, a weak form quadrature element formulation is presented for three dimensional analysis of unconfined seepage which is an extension of the recently established method for two dimensional seepage problems. “Free points” are introduced by the interpolation of which the free surfaces are smoothly approximated. Grid lines are constructed in the element and the “free points” are confined to the lines when updated. An interpolatory scheme for locating the exit points is proposed. Formulations and procedures of the method are given in detail. Results of numerical examples are compared with available analytical solutions and numerical solutions in the literature and agreement is reached demonstrating the efficiency and reliability of the present formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]