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Ceramic membranes are increasingly recognized for their effectiveness in processing fermentation broths. However, developing ceramic membranes with superior anti-fouling properties remains a challenge for large-scale applications. Iron oxide nanomaterials have gained significant research interest as a cost-effective and readily available solution for mitigating membrane fouling, thanks to their excellent hydrophilicity. This study introduces ceramic membranes enhanced with iron oxide via a facile sol-gel technique. The membrane's resistance to fouling, hydrophilicity, adhesion force, and surface potential were assessed. Post-modification, a consistent distribution of iron elements on the membrane surface was achieved, with negligible alteration in pore size. Although the pure water permeance (450 ± 45 L m−2 h−1·bar−1) did not change significantly, the permeance of the modified membrane (225 L m−2 h−1·bar−1) was nearly 20 % higher than that of the original membrane when separating a 1000 ppm oil-in-water emulsion, with both membranes achieving 99 % oil droplet rejection. Moreover, the flux recovery rate of the modified membrane surpassed that of the original membrane by approximately 30 %, indicating a significant improvement in anti-fouling performance. Upscaling experiments further validated the modified membrane's anti-fouling performance and capability to rapidly process broths with high oil content. Overall, this study presents a novel anti-fouling ceramic membrane for the treatment of oil-containing fermentation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decontamination of wastewater is an important issue for the nuclear industry. The removal of Sr2+, one of the most problematic radioelements, requires hierarchical materials suitable for fixed-bed processes. This article describes a patented emulsion-templating route for the synthesis of Linde Type A (LTA) zeolite-geopolymer composites with a multiscale porosity. By dispersing zeolite particles in an emulsion oil-in-water containing precursors of geopolymer, LTA zeolite–geopolymer composites can be obtained after curing and eliminating the oil phase. The zeolite particles alter the macroporous structure of the materials (replicating the oil droplets) as well as the size of the mesopores of the geopolymer binder. Moreover, zeolite contents higher than 30 wt% induce a crumbling of the material structure. The presence of LTA zeolite particles increases the selectivity of the composites for Sr2+ in very saline media, while the porous network of the material ensures rapid adsorption. The optimal composite prepared here outperformed a commercial sorbent for the Sr2+ decontamination of a saline wastewater through a packed column. • Geopolymer-zeolite composites were synthesized through an emulsion-templating route. • The zeolite weight percentage in the composite strongly influences its microstructure. • Increasing the amount of zeolite in the material increases its selectivity for Sr2+. • Geopolymer-zeolite composites are well adapted to be used in fixed bed process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions have shown excellent capability in augmenting the enteral bioavailability of BCS class III drugs, besides being effective controlled-release formulations. However, the problem of thermodynamic instability has restrained their industrial applicability. The self-double emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS) is one of several approaches used to improve the stability of double emulsions. SDEDDS is a mixture of primary emulsion and secondary surfactant that can spontaneously emulsify into double emulsions in an external aqueous environment with mild agitation. Here, we prepared SDEDDS of gentamicin sulfate by response surface methodology. Selected optimized formulations (ODS1 and ODS2) were evaluated for zeta potential (Y1), optical clarity (Y2), release at 420 min (Y3), emulsion stability index (Y4) and self-emulsification time (Y5). For ODS1, Y1=−35.45 (±1.06)mV, Y2=53.19 (±0.35)%, Y3=75.79 (±0.60)%, Y4=93.97(±0.15)% and Y5=0.631 (±0.014)min, whereas for ODS2, Y1=−35.70 (±0.56)mV, Y2=48.09 (±0.64)%, Y3=76.61 (±0.99)%, Y4=93.00(±0.94)% and Y5=0.687(±0.02)min. Furthermore, ex-vivo studies on intestinal permeability revealed that SDEDDS improved membrane permeability compared to drug solution. Histopathology investigations revealed that SDEDDS promoted permeation without causing significant local membrane distortion. In addition, in - vivo studies revealed a 2.84 -fold increase in AUC 0-∞ of optimized SDEDD compared to pure drug oral solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein describe photocuring-assisted emulsion of a ceramic suspension prepared using a thermo-regulated phase-separable camphene/photopolymer vehicle for synthesis of porous hydroxyapatite (HA) spheres with unique porous structures. HA suspensions with different camphene contents (60 vol %, 70 vol %, and 80 vol %) were prepared by dispersing HA particles in various camphene/hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) solutions at room temperature and then emulsified in an aqueous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution via magnetic stirring. Emulsions were frozen at −20 °C for phase separation of camphene/HDDA solutions and then photocured for polymerization of HDDA enclosing HA particles. Synthesized spheres were freeze-dried to remove the camphene-rich crystals. All spheres sintered at 1250 °C for 3 h had well-defined spherical shape with three-dimensionally interconnected pores. The porosity of individual HA spheres increased from ∼ 56.5 vol % to ∼ 78.7 vol % with an increase in camphene content from 60 vol % to 80 vol %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a highly prevalent ocular surface disease that affects life quality and reduces productivity at work. The purpose of this study is to improve the efficacy of tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of DED using the special eye surface retention properties of cationic nanoemulsion (CNE) modified by thermosensitive in-situ gel (ISG) (CNE-ISG). The precorneal retention of CNE-ISG containing 0.05% FK506 (50 min) was longer than that of CNE containing 0.05% FK506 (25 min) and commercial suspension containing 0.1% FK506 (Talymus®) (10 min). Successfully modeled dry-eye rabbits were treated with 0.05% CNE-ISG (twice/day), 0.05% CNE and 0.1% suspension (Talymus®) (thrice/day). Schirmer's tear secretion test showed no significant difference between the CNE-ISG group and the healthy group after 5 days of treatment (p > 0.05). The results of a tear ferning test (TFT) showed that the tear-fern-like crystal branches in the CNE-ISG group returned to normal after 5 days of treatment. Histological analysis showed that the number of goblet cells in the CNE-ISG group significantly increased. HET-CAM stimulation test showed that the CNE-ISG group had no ocular irritation. The above results indicated that CNE-ISG might be a promising delivery system and as an effective dosage form was employed for FK506 in the treatment of DED. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this work is to remove the cationic malachite green dye (MG) from wastewater using the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. The used emulsion liquid membrane contains n-hexane as a diluent and a surfactant (Span 80) as an emulsion stabilizer, 0.5 M nitric acid (HNO3) solution as a stripping phase, and MG dye solution as a feed phase. Amongst the main factors that affect the separation of dyes, treat ratio, agitation speed, surfactant concentration, agitation time, emulsification time, phase ratio, and initial dye concentration have been investigated. The results showed that almost 100% of the cationic MG dye in the feed phase were separated under the best experimental circumstances. These conditions are a 1:2 treat ratio, 350 rpm agitation speed, 2% surfactant (Span 80), 3 min agitation time, 30 s emulsification time, 1:2 phase ratio, and 20 mg/L initial dye concentration. The ELM revealed a highly efficient and straight forward method for removing cationic dye from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new, stochastic mathematical model for the crystallization of emulsion in dispersed media. The mathematical model reads as a stochastic partial differential equation by combining the heat energy equation and the nucleation theory with specified drift and diffusion. We show the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the model by using techniques of stochastic partial differential equations. Numerical experiments are drawn to support the theoretical results. Moreover, comparison of numerical results to experimental ones is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emulsion-based topical semisolid dosage forms present a high degree of complexity due to their microstructures which is apparent from their compositions comprising at least two immiscible liquid phases, often times of high viscosity. These complex microstructures are thermodynamically unstable, and the physical stability of such preparations is governed by formulation parameters such as phase volume ratio, type of emulsifiers and their concentration, HLB value of the emulsifier, as well as by process parameters such as homogenizer speed, time, temperature etc. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the microstructure in the DP and critical factors that influence the stability of emulsions is essential to ensure the quality and shelf-life of emulsion-based topical semisolid products. This review aims to provide an overview of the main strategies used to stabilize pharmaceutical emulsions contained in semisolid products and various characterization techniques and tools that have been utilized so far to evaluate their long-term stability. Accelerated physical stability assessment using dispersion analyzer tools such as an analytical centrifuge to predict the product shelf-life has been discussed. In addition, mathematical modeling for phase separation rate for non-Newtonian systems like semisolid emulsion products has also been discussed to guide formulation scientists to predict a priori stability of these products. [Display omitted] • The factors affecting the stability of emulsion semisolid products were analyzed. • Assessing and predicting the long- term physical stability of emulsion semisolid products was explored. • Various strategies to stabilize emulsions contained in semisolid products were established. • Accelerated assessment of physical stability to predict the shelf life was demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This study harnesses data driven approach for emulsion strength prediction. • Emulsion stability index is introduced to standardize emulsion category. • The model is validated against laboratory and field data. • Deployed the tool successfully with the help of an application workflow. Produced fluids from oil field often contain emulsions which are a major challenge in the Petroleum Industry. Emulsion stability determines the ease with which oil and water separate in emulsion and plays an important role for production operations. The standard approach to know emulsion strength involves bottle testing which is time consuming and subject to human interpretation. A faster and safer alternative is by running a mathematical model. However, because of the complexity of emulsion system, an equation from first principles for predicting emulsion stability is not available even with such vast work in the literature. In this research we test a data driven approach for predicting emulsion stability category and introduce a new concept of emulsion stability index. A model is built from the emulsion behavior of real crude oil and validated for field success. A software application of this produced emulsion stability tool, packaged as PrEST, is also created for deploying the model at enterprise level to provide quick guideline for emulsion strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the increased concentrations of co-trimoxazole (C-TMZ) in wastewater have gained significant concerns for their persistent input and possible risk to human health and the ecological environment. In this work, the separation of C-TMZ from wastewater by the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) method was investigated. The W/O emulsion phase consists of xylene as the main solvent, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as a carrier, Span80 as a stabilizer agent, and H2SO4 solution as the stripping (internal) phase. The influence of several effective conditions on the extraction efficiency and emulsion stability were examined, including homogenization time, membrane to internal phase volume ratio, stabilizer and carrier concentration, H2SO4 concentration, pH of the external phase, emulsion to external ratio, and stirring speed. It was found that after 10 min of mixing time between the emulsion and the external phases, more than 98% of C-TMZ is removed from the external phase with the highest membrane stability of 99.5%. The determination of mass transfer coefficients and extraction kinetics were also investigated in this study. Four recycling processes of the organic liquid membrane phase were successfully applied to extract C-TMZ in a new ELM process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin from grape pomace (Vitis vinifera var. Fetească Neagră and Vitis vinifera var. Rară Neagră) was extracted by using different extraction techniques (conventional, microwave-assisted and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction). Microwave-assisted extraction showed highest yield (11.2 %) for Rară Neagră pectin, while conventional extraction presented highest yield (9.9 %) for Fetească Neagră pectin. The yield was directly correlated with the galacturonic acid content, degree of esterification, molecular weight and functional features (water-holding, oil-holding and water-swelling capacity, emulsifying properties and rheological behavior of pectin emulsions). In addition, the FT-IR, morphological structure, thermal analysis and emulsion properties of obtained pectin samples from different extraction techniques revealed dissimilar results by comparing with commercial pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revealed the relationship between cellulose types/adding methods and film properties, in which sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were added into starch/PBAT blown films in powder, aqueous solution, and emulsion forms, respectively. Cellulose interacted with starch networks via hydrogen bonds, and those added in emulsion form made more homogeneous film morphologies. MCC emulsion enhanced the film strength (40%) and modulus (149%) to the greatest extent, while comprehensively, HPMC emulsion possessed better reinforcement effects on the films, which increased mechanical properties (31% ~ 100%), moisture barrier (20%), oxygen barrier (93%), surface hydrophobicity (20%), as well as water resistance (12% ~ 76%). Findings supported the application of cellulose in high-throughput biodegradable films, and the high-content starch/PBAT blown films reinforced by HPMC emulsion had great potential in commercial packaging fields. • Cellulose reinforced high-content starch/PBAT film prepared by extrusion blowing • Effects of adding method and modification of cellulose on films were investigated. • Ethylparaben emulsified the cellulose, facilitating its dispersion in the films. • Adding cellulose with smaller particle size was beneficial for the film strength. • Surface hydrophobicity and barrier properties were increased by HPMC emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus , and Marburg marburgvirus are the filoviruses most commonly associated with human disease. Previously, we administered a three-dose regimen of trivalent vaccines comprising glycoprotein antigens from each virus in mice and non-human primates (NHPs). The vaccines, which contained a polysorbate 80-stabilized squalane-in-water emulsion adjuvant and were lyophilized from a solution containing trehalose, produced high antibody levels against all three filovirus antigens. Subsequently, single-vial formulations containing a higher concentration of adjuvant were generated for testing in NHPs, but these vaccines elicited lower neutralizing antibody titers in NHPs than previously tested formulations. In order to explain these results, in the current work we measured the size of adjuvant emulsion droplets and the peroxide levels present in the vaccines after lyophilization and reconstitution and tested the effects of these variables on the immune response in mice. Increases in squalane droplet sizes were observed when the ratio of adjuvant to trehalose was increased beyond a critical value, but antibody and neutralizing antibody titers in mice were independent of the droplet size. Higher levels of peroxides in the vaccines correlated with higher concentrations of adjuvant in the formulations, and higher peroxide levels were associated with increased levels of oxidative damage to glycoprotein antigens. Neutralizing titers in mice were inversely correlated with peroxide levels in the vaccines, but peroxide levels could be reduced by adding free methionine, resulting in retention of high neutralizing antibody titers. Overall, the results suggest that oxidation of glycoprotein antigens by peroxides in the polysorbate 80-stabilized squalane-in-water emulsion adjuvant, but not lyophilization-induced increases in adjuvant emulsion droplet size may have been responsible for the decreased neutralizing titers seen in formulations containing higher amounts of adjuvant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower oil (SFO) and Flaxseed oil (FSO) were microencapsulated using simple and complex coacervation techniques with Opuntia (Cactaceae) mucilage (Mu) and with a combination of Mu with chitosan (Chit). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SFO and FSO in emulsions using Mu/Chit shells was 96.7% and 97.4%, respectively. Morphological studies indicated successful entrapment of oils in core shells with particle sizes ranging from 1396 ± 42.4 to 399.8 ± 42.3 nm. The thermogravimetric analyses demonstrated enhanced core protection with thermal stability noted for microcapsules regardless of encapsulation method. The stability of the microcapsules, during in vitro digestion was studied. The obtained results revealed that the microcapsules are intact in oral conditions and have a slow release of oil over stomach digestion and rapid release in the small intestine. The results showed that Mu and Mu/Chit coacervates can be used as effective carrier systems to encapsulate sensitive ingredients and functional oils. [Display omitted] • Simple and complex microencapsulations are used to encapsulate oils. • Coacervates are produced from Opuntia (Cactaceae) mucilage and chitosan. • Mucilage-based microcapsules are thermally stable. • Produced microcapsules can deliver the oils to the intestinal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A universal, green, and rapid lignin-based emulsive liquid-liquid microextraction (ELLME) method was established to detect nine triazole fungicides in water, juice, vinegar, and alcoholic beverages via UHPLC-MS/MS. By employing an environmentally friendly emulsifier (lignin), the proposed ELLME was compatible with more extractants, and not restricted to fatty acids. Due to the high amphiphilic properties and three-dimensional structure of lignin, the emulsion was quickly formed through several aspirate-dispense cycles of the green extractant (guaiacol) and lignin solution. And a micropipette was used for rapid microextraction. The limit of detection was 0.0002–0.0057 μg L−1. The extraction recoveries and relative standard deviation were 81.7%–102.0% and 0.9%–7.1%, respectively. Finally, three green metric tools were used to verify the greenness of the whole procedure. The proposed lignin-based ELLME successfully emulsified green solvents, indicating that emerging solvents may be excellent alternatives as extractants in ELLME for pesticide residue analysis in food samples. [Display omitted] • The emulsive liquid-liquid microextraction (ELLME) method was enhanced by lignin. • The method expanded the selection of extractants and the application of ELLME. • Different extractants were better emulsified by lignin solution than pure water. • Just a few renewable solvents (guaiacol) and materials (lignin) were used. • A generic, green, and rapid method was applied to detect triazole fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an electrochemically induced process in which radicals generated at the electrode surface undergo exergonic electron transfer reaction to form excited states and luminesce. ECL, with high sensitivity and superior spatiotemporal control, has been widely applied in bioanalysis and light-emitting devices. The ECL signal of rubrene (Rub) was observed in Rub/TPrA oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, which was inconsistent with the theory of ion-transfer coupled electron-transfer in Rub emulsion droplets, and the conventional ECL mechanism in Rub/TPrA system couldn't explain this phenomenon. Choosing the toluene oil-in-water emulsion droplets as reactors, we put forward and verified a new ECL mechanism of Rub in aqueous solution on the basis of cyclic voltammograms, single-entity electrochemistry, ECL detection techniques and COMSOL finite element simulation. The new mechanism involved that Rub was reduced to Rub•- by the highly reducing species TPrA•, Rub•- was then oxidized to the excited state Rub∗ by the stable intermediate TPrA•+, and finally Rub∗ was inactivated by emitting photons. In simulation, the standard oxidation rate constant of TPrA in the emulsion droplets was deduced as 1.5 × 10−4 cm/s, and the deprotonation rate of TPrA•+ was about 200 s−1. Besides, emulsion droplets colliding on Au ultramicroelectrode (UME) were found to be able to amplify ECL signals. The newly proposed ECL mechanism of Rub/TPrA emulsion reactors broke the solubility problem of Rub in an aqueous, promoting the research and application of the organic luminophore Rub in bioanalysis. With the ECL signals amplification capability, the o/w emulsion reactors are promising to future design of ECL biosensors with higher sensitivity. [Display omitted] • A new ECL mechanism of Rub/TPrA emulsion in an aqueous was raised and verified. • Emulsion droplets colliding on the Au UME could amplify ECL signals. • Emulsion droplets as reactors solved the solubility issue of rubrene in an aqueous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic pigments are a commonly used colorant with various applications and promising prospects. However, the implement of organic pigments is hindered by poor dispersion stability in coatings due to non-uniform morphology and size. Herein, encapsulated pigments of Cobalt Chrome Green CoCr 2 O 4 (PG 26), Cobalt Blue CoAl 2 O 4 (PB 28), Titanium Chrome Yellow TiCrSbO 6 (PB 24) in epoxy microspheres are obtained via an oil-in-water emulsion polymerization. The morphology, particle size, thermal properties, glass transition temperature (T g) and color performance of the composite microspheres were characterized by different analytical techniques. The average particle size varied with pigments types and loadings. When the content of CoCr 2 O 4 and CoAl 2 O 4 is in the range of 15 wt%-30 wt%, and TiCrSbO 6 content is between 15 wt%-25 wt%, the composite microspheres exhibit a narrow particle size distribution, regular morphology, and smooth surface. The size followed the rule of CoAl 2 O 4 /epoxy (20–26 μm) > CoCr 2 O 4 /epoxy (1 4 -16μm) > TiCrSbO 6 /epoxy (6–9 μm). Besides, according to the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) principle, the relationship between fluorescence intensity and reaction time was investigated, thus deducing the curing process of the epoxy groups with m-xylenol dimethylamine (MXDA). The kinds of three inorganic fillers exhibit varying effects on the diffusion process of MXDA. TiCrSbO 6 promotes the progress of the epoxy-amine curing reaction. Notably, CoCr 2 O 4 microspheres exhibited stable green value (a*) and color saturation (C*), TiCrSbO 6 microspheres showed increased yellow value (b*) and saturation (C*), and CoAl 2 O 4 microspheres enhanced blue value (b*) with minimal change in lightness (L*). Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the properties of inorganic pigment/epoxy composite microspheres and highlights their potential for improved dispersion stability in coating applications. [Display omitted] • Three kinds of inorganic pigments/epoxy composite microspheres were successfully prepared by O/W emulsion polymerization. • The particle sizes of the microspheres are varied with pigment types and loading contents. • The curing process of the composite microspheres was investigated using the AIE principle. • The inorganic pigment/epoxy composite microspheres demonstrate excellent coloration and saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsion fortified with β-carotene was added to corn fiber gum (CFG)/soy protein isolate (SPI) double network gel matrix to obtain emulsion-filled gels (EFG) via dual induction of laccase and glucono-δ-lactone. Protein digestion was accompanied by the release of β-carotene from gel matrix during in vitro digestion. The surfactant types and corn fiber gum/soy protein isolate ratio affected the β-carotene bioaccessibility via changing oil-water interfacial composition and emulsion particle size during in vitro digestion. As compared with Tween-20 EFGs, emulsion droplets released from SPI EFGs was more susceptible to flocculation, followed with coalescence due to proteolysis of interfacial SPI during gastric digestion. The resulting oil droplets with large particle size exhibited lower lipase adsorption, thus reducing the free fatty acid content and β-carotene bioaccessibility. The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) observation confirmed that protein hydrolysate from gel matrix were adsorbed onto the oil-water interface competing with Tween-20 during intestinal digestion. For EFGs with higher CFG content, steric hindrance of CFG molecules and less emulsion release could inhibit droplet flocculation, thus enhancing β-carotene bioaccessibility. • Emulsion-filled gels (EFG) embedded with β-carotene were developed successfully. • Soy protein emulsion was active filler while Tween-20 emulsion was inactive filler. • Soy protein EFG exhibited the lower β-carotene bioaccessibility than Tween-20 EFG. • Increasing corn fiber gum content could improve the β-carotene bioaccessibility. • Protein hydrolysate/peptide could adsorb at oil-water interface during digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of emulsion stability is important for several industrial applications including foods, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, personal care products, and in our case mineral processing. Xanthate functional surfactants may be useful to improve mineral recovery through froth flotation by delivering oil to valuable mineral surfaces as they may be used to stabilize kerosene-in-water emulsions. The eco-friendly nature of naturally derived reagents such as vitamin E-based xanthates would be beneficial to the mineral processing industry. In this study, conventional (potassium amyl xanthate (PAX)) and novel xanthate functional surfactants such as α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 400 succinate (TPGS) xanthates which we synthesized from Vitamin E were investigated as emulsifiers. The creaming and oil phase separation of the kerosene-in-water emulsions produced with the xanthate surfactants were studied. The influence of hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (HLBs) and molecular weights (MWs) of the water-soluble xanthates and other commercial surfactants including polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters (Tweens), sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans), and polyoxyethylene fatty ethers (Brijs) on the characteristics of the kerosene-in-water emulsions was examined. The experimental results showed that the TPGS xanthate formed the most stable emulsion among the xanthate surfactants considered. The results indicated that HLB is not the only factor influencing the emulsifying properties of surfactants. The chemical structure, particularly the molecular weight of the surfactant has a significant impact on its emulsifying properties. Thus, an emulsion stability chart incorporating the HLB and molecular weight of surfactants is proposed. This stability chart can be used for a better classification of the emulsifying properties of commercially available surfactants and novel reagents. [Display omitted] • Xanthate functional surfactants can stabilize kerosene-in-water emulsions for 100 h. • D-α-tocopherol PEG succinate xanthate is better than potassium amyl xanthate. • Higher molecular weight surfactants result in improved emulsion stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to comprehensively comprehend the distinctions in solution properties, emulsification characteristics, and oil displacement efficiency between polymeric surfactant(DG-1) and traditional polymers or surfactants, a comparative analysis was initially conducted on the microstructure, main functional group types, and macroscopic properties. Subsequently, core displacement experiments were employed to elucidate the emulsification capability, emulsion stability, and oil displacement properties of polymeric surfactants. The microscopic displacement experiment was ultimately conducted to investigate the residual oil displacement process in the core following polymer displacement by DG-1, thereby elucidating the underlying mechanisms of microscopic oil displacement by DG-1. The results indicate DG-1 has a molecular structure with a regional network aggregation state as a whole, and a multi-layer aggregation and overlapping structure in space. DG-1exhibits higher viscosity and lower interfacial tension due to the larger molecular coil dimension compared to the equivalent concentration of polymers. The emulsification ability of DG-1 is robust, with emulsion stability positively correlated to oil-polymer ratio and concentration while negatively correlated to migration distance. Core displacement experiments results indicate the polymer-surfactant system (SP) and DG-1 exhibited comparable oil displacement effects, with oil recovery of 54.5 % and 52.4 %, respectively, both surpassing the recovery achieved by the polymer alone (46.9 %). In heterogeneous reservoirs, SP acts as the dominant displacer in regions with moderate and high permeability, whereas DG-1 assumes dominance in regions with moderate and low permeability. The microscopic displacement experiments revealed that DG-1 activated the clustered residual oil as the predominant type of residual oil in porous media, followed by columnar and block residual oil, with film residual oil exhibiting the least activation. Primary mechanisms for oil displacement include extended sweeping volume, shear and carrying effects on the residual oil, and eddy displacement of the residual oil by the emulsion. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litsea cubeba (Lour) Persoon (LC) is one of the important plants for spice and oil resources plants with high commercial value. In recent years, consumers' desire to reduce the use of synthetic preservatives and antibiotics in poultry diet based on safety principles has stimulated research on the bioactivity and application of "clean-label" LCEO. However, the safety limits, solubility, photothermal stability and adverse effects on sensory evaluation of LCEO have limited its expanded applications. Encapsulation has been used to address such quality deficiencies. This paper reviews the recent research progress of LCEO in the food industry. We summarize the active ingredients, encapsulation techniques and bioactivities of LC. We also provide an overview of the direct and indirect use of LCEO in the food industry, with a strong emphasis on advances in essential oil encapsulation strategies and delivery systems for food preservation. Finally, the temporal limitations of the applications and future research trends of LC are discussed. Insights are provided for advancing the development of food packaging for LC. LCEO has the potential to be used as food additives, food packaging additives and fumigation repellents in food preservation and agricultural storage. The monoterpenes and sesquiterpene-rich composition of LCEO varies depending on genetics, growth environment and extraction method, resulting in varying degrees of broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anthelmintic activity. Encapsulation strategies (emulsions, inclusion complexation, liposomes) and delivery systems (coatings, films) are expected to protect LCEO and allow for a sustained release, promoting food storage and freshness. [Display omitted] • Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) is rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. • LCEO has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, antioxidant and insect repellent abilities. • The problem of volatility and sensory evaluation of essential oils is solved by encapsulation. • LCEO is used as an antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant in the field of food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of naturally degradable food–grade emulsifiers for nutrient delivery and food quality improvement has gained considerable interest among researchers. As a typical natural food–grade particle emulsifier, egg yolk (EY) and its components have demonstrated excellent performance in the fabrication of various emulsions. The development of egg yolk–derived emulsions (EYEs) helps improve the effectiveness and safety of nutrient delivery systems as well as the quality of relevant food products. This study categorizes different types of EYEs, elucidates the mechanisms of EY and its components for stabilizing emulsions, and enumerates a series of improvement methods for EYEs, including enzyme hydrolysis, chemical modification, Lactobacillus fermentation, and mechanical treatment. It also summarizes the applications of EYEs in fat replacement as well as nutrient and probiotic delivery. This study describes the mechanisms by which EY and its components stabilize emulsions. As natural emulsifiers, EY, and its components have exhibited promising functional properties in the stabilization of emulsions with the mechanisms of adsorption at the oil–water interface, and acting as Pickering particles. The main strategies for improving the properties of EYEs include enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical modification, Lactobacillus fermentation, and mechanical treatments. Notably, EYEs are widely applied in nutrient/probiotic delivery and fat replacement, which hold great promise in improving people's dietary nutrition. Besides, future explorations of EYEs should focus on the preparation of clean, green, safe, and effective emulsions, enhancing the environmental stability and precisely targeted release of EYEs in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as meeting the diverse demands in the food and healthcare industry. • The lipoprotein–induced formation mechanisms of egg yolk–derived emulsions (EYEs) were specifically elucidated. • Egg yolk granules emerge as the promising source for fabricating Pickering particle–stabilized emulsion. • EYEs exhibit great potential as fat replacers and nutrient delivery systems. • Technological innovations and in–depth explorations for stable and effective EYEs are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinomyces viscous (A. viscous) is well documented as a major cariogenic bacterium in the oral cavity and needs to be inhibited and removed timely. Essential oils (EOs) are recognized as secure antibacterial agents for treating oral diseases, but their volatility and insolubility limit their application. In this study, cinnamaldehyde was screened as the optimum EO for inhibiting the A. viscous growth by a micro-agar dilution method and microencapsulated by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase)-catalyzed products. The antibacterial effects against A. viscous were investigated and compared with the free cinnamaldehyde. Antibacterial diameter, antibacterial efficiency and stability, and time-kill curve results revealed that the cinnamaldehyde emulsion had better antibacterial properties. 1 MIC of the cinnamaldehyde emulsion had an inhibitory zone of 9.92 nm, a 100 % inhibition rate when acting for 2 min or 5 min, and still maintained the same inhibitory effect for 2 years. The extracellular environment showed more pH decrease, conductivity increase, and protein leakage, suggesting damage to the cell membrane. Microstructure and flow cytometric analysis further revealed that the CGTase-catalyzed products induced more changes in the A. viscous membrane integrity. Based on the results, CGTase-catalyzed products can be used as a potential substance for encapsulating EOs for treating oral bacteria. • Cinnamaldehyde was microencapsulated as an emulsion by CGTase-catalyzed products. • The cinnamaldehyde emulsion had better antibacterial activity against A. viscous. • The emulsion caused more pH decrease, conductivity increase, and protein leakage. • The CGTase-catalyzed products induced more changes in the A. viscous membrane integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past years, plant-based surfactants such as plant proteins, hydrocolloids, and extracts have intrigued scientific studies of food formulations for usage in emulsion, nanoemulsion as well as microemulsion systems, mainly due to their functional benefits and low toxicity levels. In this work, a hemp seed oil-containing (HSO) emulsion system was stabilized using soap nuts (SN), also known as Sapindus mukorossi. In order to determine the formulation requirements and the optimal emulsion composition including oil and surfactant content, a Box-Behnken experimental design was applied. The compositions were evaluated in terms of their particle size distribution, stability, visual quality, turbidity, and zeta potential. Moreover, to describe the physicochemical characteristics of the emulsions, rheological tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, and refractive index parameters were also studied. The average particle size of the emulsions (particle distribution by number) was recorded between 51 and 103 nm, and z-ave parameter reached values between 227 nm and 311 nm. The zeta potential increased when the proportion of HSO increased, and reached its highest value (−23.5 mV) when HSO was 5% v/v. Microscopic investigations confirmed the polydispersity of the prepared emulsions. Furthermore, due to further applications of the emulsions i.e. packing and delivery, wetting properties were evaluated. The wetting angle values reached maximum approx. 30° with an HSO content of 1%. However, the wetting angle values were lower with increasing HSO content. Presented results revealed that Sapindus mukorossi is indeed a good stabilizer for hemp seed oil and water emulsions. [Display omitted] • Oil in water hemp seed oil-based emulsions stabilized by soap nuts were prepared. • Particle size, microscopy, and centrifugation tests were used for stability evaluation. • The long-term stability of the emulsion was confirmed. • Wetting properties and viscosity test of the emulsion exhibit an oil content role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential applications of emulsion systems prepared from solid particles are limitless across various fields. The emulsion, also known as Pickering emulsion, is constrained by the properties of the particles. An emulsion system prepared directly from unmodified, hydrophilic, natural starch granules was reported in the study. While the microstructure of this emulsion resembled that of Pickering emulsions, its formation mechanism was entirely different. The formation of the emulsion was governed by depletion attraction between hydrophilic polymers (Carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) and amaranth starch granules. The microstructure and interfacial results revealed that the adsorption of starch granules at the oil-water interface was facilitated by depletion attraction induced by CMC, while their desorption was inhibited. Stability was maintained even at high oil volume fractions of up to 70%. The strength of depletion attraction in the emulsion could be controlled by varying the concentration of starch granules (3–7 w/v%), CMC (0.5–1.5 wt%), and the molecular weight of CMC, thus adjusting the microstructure and rheological properties of the emulsion. This technique could be widely applied to nature food particle, offering a new avenue for designing and manufacturing stable edible emulsion systems. [Display omitted] • Natural hydrophilic starch-based emulsion was successfully prepared through depletion attraction. • Untreated native starch granules were firstly used in the preparation of emulsions. • CMC as depletant enhanced the stability and rheological properties of emulsion. • The strength of depletion attraction was governed by the osmotic pressure induced by depletant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the potential of a novel sustainable ingredient composed of rapeseed oil, linseed meal and beta-glucan (PALM-ALT) to mimic palm shortening functionality in cake. The combined functional properties of linseed meal and beta-glucan led to stable semi-solid emulsion-gels (20–31 μm oil droplet size, 105–115 Pa.s viscosity and 60–65 Pa yield stress). PALM-ALT contained 25 and 88% less total and saturated fat than palm shortening, whilst PALM-ALT cakes contained 26 and 75% less total and saturated fat than the palm-based control. PALM-ALT cakes matched the flavour profile of the palm-based control, while rapeseed oil cakes tasted more sour and less sweet than the control (p < 0.05). PALM-ALT cakes proved less hard and more cohesive than the control (p < 0.05), with 100% of the consumer panel preferring PALM-ALT formulations. This study demonstrated the unique potential of PALM-ALT as healthier, sustainable and competitive alternative to palm shortening. [Display omitted] • A palm fat substitute was formulated using rapeseed oil, linseed meal and β-glucan. • The palm-free cakes contained 75% less saturated fat than the palm-based control. • 100% of the consumer panel preferred the palm-free cakes to the palm-based control. • Linseed proteins contributed to the formation of the emulsion and to cake aeration. • Linseed mucilage and β-glucan further stabilised the emulsion and cake structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curdlan, a natural polysaccharide, exhibits emulsion-stabilizing and viscosity-modifying properties. However, when employed solely in the aqueous phase, curdlan's adhesive nature impedes droplet dispersion, resulting in a gel-like structure with limited applicability. This investigation formulated a biphasic stabilized oil-in-water emulsion by supplementing the oil phase with beeswax and the aqueous phase with curdlan and soy protein isolate (SPI). The addition of SPI transformed the structural characteristics from a gel-like to a mayonnaise-like structure. Maximal electrostatic repulsion was observed at an internal phase volume fraction of 30%, effectively precluding droplet aggregation owing to the absolute zeta potentials surpassing 40 mV. The emulsions displayed shear-thinning rheological behavior, with a higher storage modulus than the loss modulus, indicative of favorable elastic properties. Molecular docking revealed the predominant role of polar amino acids in facilitating hydrogen bond formation. This study provides a template for developing emulsions with biphasic stability and desirable dispersibility. [Display omitted] • The predominant role of polar amino acids in facilitating hydrogen bond formation. • Curdlan-SPI interactions enhanced the stability and dispersibility of the emulsions. • SPI transformed the emulsion from a gel-like to a mayonnaise-like structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomelo essential oil has good antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to modify the active packaging loaded with essential oil through low-energy emulsification, in order to achieve both film-forming and emulsifying properties of tamarind gum, and to investigate the surface activity of melatonin in the emulsion. When α:β mixing ratio of 60:40, the resulting film solution exhibited favorable apparent viscosity and reduced emulsion flocculation and precipitation phenomena. Particle size distribution analysis and optical microscopy results demonstrated that the obtained emulsion was uniformly dispersed at an α:β mixing ratio of 60:40, with droplet diameters mainly concentrated within the range of 1–100 μm. After undergoing film-forming treatment, E-3-F (α:β mixing ratio of 60:40) exhibited a smoother and more compact microstructure, leading to significant improvements in mechanical properties and barrier performance. Laser confocal microscopy imaging revealed that the addition of melatonin further reduced interfacial tension between oil and water, while simultaneously weakening hydrophobic interaction forces among oil droplets, thereby effectively inhibiting droplet aggregation behavior. Moreover, incorporation of melatonin also enhanced material compactness and imparted excellent antioxidant effects to the packaging material. Consequently, this study ultimately unveils potential for low-energy emulsification combined with melatonin application in bio-based packaging field while providing novel insights into developing multifunctional bio-based packaging. [Display omitted] • Tamarind gum has the dual effect of film-forming and emulsifying. • Melatonin has hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups that stabilize the emulsion system. • Melatonin reduced free space and molecular discontinuity between emulsion components. • Low-energy emulsification has the potential to improve mechanical properties of film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressurization method shows promise for methane hydrate (MH) reservoir production, but the reformation of hydrates due to a lack of geothermal heat presents a significant challenge for commercial production. This study proposes a novel approach for MH gas recovery by injecting a CO 2 -in-water (C/W) emulsion into an MH reservoir aquifer. The exothermic nature of CO 2 hydrate formation and liquid CO 2 dissolution in water in this method provides heat to the MH layer, effectively preventing hydrate reformation. Subsequently, 1-D numerical models were developed and implemented using the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST). These models were rigorously validated against experimental data under homogeneous conditions and varying injection schemes. The investigation indicated that the average volume fraction of CO 2 hydrate within the hydrate particles was found to be 55% of the volume of liquid CO 2 droplets. The alternating C/W emulsion injection increased the driving force for CO 2 dissolution in water, thereby promoting subsequent hydrate particle decomposition and CO 2 hydrate dissolution in water, which effectively mitigated blockage within the porous medium. In conclusion, water alternating C/W emulsion injection, along with the continuous injection of a low volume fraction of liquid CO 2 within the C/W emulsion, exhibits promising potential for sustained injection and provides adequate heat to the MH layer, preventing hydrate reformation. Furthermore, the developed numerical model reasonably predicts the behavior of various injection schemes. This developed model can be used for devising long term sub-seabed carbon capture and storage development plan. • Accurate prediction of sudden pressure rise due to the blockage of pore throats by integrating the distinct contributions of pore throats and pore bodies into the permeability reduction model. • Comprehensive understanding of heat generation resulting from CO 2 dissolution and hydrate formation. • Identification of dynamic fluctuations in hydrate particle formation, underscoring the inherent complexity. • Assessment of water alternating CO 2 -in-water emulsion injection as a promising strategy for improving CO 2 dissolution rates and extending injectivity. • Recognition of the critical role of hydrate particle decomposition, driven by CO 2 solubility in the injected water, in extending injectivity during water alternating CO 2 -in-water emulsion injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Facile method was used to prepare multifunctional zwitterionic surfactants. • Surfactants were applied for demulsification of Arabian crude oil emulsions. • The effect of sulfone functionalization on the demulsification process was studied. • Multifunctional zwitterionic surfactants showed high and fast demulsification efficiency. We report an easy process to prepare new anionic and zwitterionic surfactants to break water in Arabian heavy crude oil emulsions (W/O) with different compositions (10/90, 30/70 and 50/50 vol%). Surfactants were prepared in only two stages using simple methodology. Diethylenetriamine was interacted with three moles of glycidyl 4-nonyl ether followed by the interaction with 3 and 8 mol of 1,3-propanesultone to yield TNDTS-3 and TNDTS-8 respectively. FTIR and NMR spectroscopies were carried out to substantiate the chemical structures of surfactants. Relative solubility number (RSN), surface activity and solubility properties were determined. Demulsification efficiencies and interfacial tension (IFT) of the prepared surfactants were investigated. Our findings demonstrated that increasing propyl sulfonate groups in the surfactant structure improved water solubility, IFT activity and demulsification efficiency. TNDTS-8 achieved 100 % demulsification activities in all W/O emulsions (10/90, 30/70 and 50/50 vol%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcrystalline cellulose was modified by TEMPO oxidation combined with ultrasound to prepare modified cellulose-based emulsion. The effect of different emulsion concentration on gel properties and protein conformation of surimi was investigated. The results showed the length and width of microcrystalline cellulose were reduced, and a large amount of -COOH was introduced into modified cellulose. Direct addition of flaxseed oil decreased the gel strength and WHC from 3640.49 g·mm and 76.94% to 2702.95 g·mm and 75.89%, respectively, while 5% modified cellulose-based emulsion could improve the gel properties of surimi. Surimi gel containing 5% emulsion had the highest hydrophobic interaction, disulfide bond and β-sheet content. Moreover, protein network structure was the densest in 5% emulsion group. Therefore, modified cellulose-based emulsion could be used to compensating for the negative impact of direct addition of flaxseed oil on surimi, which provided a new idea for the development of healthy and new emulsified surimi products [Display omitted] • Length and width of cellulose was reduced and -COOH was introduced after modifying. • Modified cellulose-based emulsion improved the gel properties of surimi. • Emulsion increased hydrophobic interaction and disulfide bond content of surimi. • Protein conformation was changed and denser gel network structure was formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emulsification potential of plant-based emulsifiers, that is, pea (PPI) and lentil (LPI) proteins (4%), corn arabinoxylans (CAX, 1%), and legume protein-arabinoxylan mixtures (4% proteins + 0.15 or 0.9% CAX), was evaluated by assessing: the surface tension and potential of emulsifiers, emulsifier antinutritional contents, emulsion droplet size, emulsion physical stability, and vitamin E bioaccessibility from 10% oil-in-water emulsions. Tween 80 (2%) was used as a control. All emulsions presented small droplet sizes, both fresh and upon storage, except 4% LPI + 0.9% CAX emulsion that exhibited bigger droplet sizes (d(4,3) of approximately 18.76 μm vs 0.59 μm for the control) because of droplet bridging. Vitamin E bioaccessibility from emulsions stabilized with the combination of 4% PPI and either 0.15% or 0.9% CAX (28 ± 4.48% and 28.42 ± 3.87%, respectively) was not significantly different from that of emulsions stabilized with Tween 80 (43.56 ± 3.71%), whereas vitamin E bioaccessibility from emulsions stabilized with individual emulsifiers was significantly lower. • Legume proteins and/or arabinoxylans present good emulsifying capacities. • All tested emulsions present a very good stability over time (21 days). • Pea protein and arabinoxylans as emulsifiers promote vitamin E bioaccessibility. • Legume proteins and arabinoxylans can be an alternative to Tween 80 as emulsifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsion-based carriers have been widely studied for the co-encapsulation of active ingredients with different partition coefficient (Log P). However, it is challenging to encapsulate active ingredients with low Log P values in emulsified oil droplets. In this study, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 160 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.38) and resveratrol (Res, 320 µg/g*emulsion, Log P 2.57), as models with low Log P, were co-encapsulated in emulsified oil droplets for the first time by peppermint essential oil (PEO) mediation. During storage process, EGCG and Res consistently remain co-located inside the emulsified oil droplets. However, both EGCG and Res migrated towards the inner layer of the interface of emulsified oil droplets along with PEO. Res exhibited better stability compared to EGCG, while the degradation of EGCG occurred within the emulsified oil droplets. Furthermore, when co-localized with Res, the degradation rate of EGCG slowed down. PEO did not degrade during storage, and over 98 % of PEO was encapsulated within the emulsified oil droplets. This is the crucial reason for maintaining the stability of SC-stabilized emulsion and achieving high encapsulation efficiency of active ingredients. This provides a green and simple strategy for co-encapsulation of active ingredients with Log P lower than 3.0 within emulsified oil droplets. [Display omitted] • Polyphenols with Log P＜3 were partitioned within emulsified oil droplets. • EGCG and Res were co-located in emulsified oil droplets for the first time. • PEO mediated the co-partition and stabilization of EGCG and Res. • EGCG and Res migrated towards the interfacial inner layer of emulsified oil droplets. • When co-localized with Res, the degradation rate of EGCG slowed down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A model for a three-phase separator is developed using population balance modeling. • The model considers the inlet and separation sections for steady and transient cases. • The model is tested against experimental data for a pipe separator. In this study, we have developed a mathematical model for a three-phase separator. The model consists of two sections: the inlet section and the separation section, separated by a perforated calming baffle. In the inlet section, two dispersion layers undergo droplet size evolution due to turbulent breakage and coalescence, described by a spatially homogeneous PBE. In the separation section, the two dispersion layers flow alongside each other and interact at an interface. The volumetric flow and velocity profiles are influenced by interfacial coalescence, with considerations for plug and laminar flow assumptions. The model incorporates droplet gravity-driven transport using the Kumar and Hartland model, binary and interfacial coalescence employing a film drainage model, and an effective diffusion term to account for the formation of the dense packed layer which ensures a physical volume fraction range of 0–1. Steady-state and transient numerical solvers are developed to solve the resulting advection–diffusion equations. Additionally, a series of experiments were conducted using a lab-scale multi-parallel pipes separator to investigate the impact of varying volume fractions and flow rates on the separation efficiency of the equipment. The model results are compared with the experimental data which shows relatively good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based food Pickering emulsions which are rich in nutrients have recently attracted wide attention due to their plant origin and new functionalities that can be introduced. However, the storage stability and shelf-life are significant concerns for plant-based food. In this study, we report enhanced stability of oat flour-based Pickering emulsions (PEs) through emulgel formation by thermal treatment with minimal processing. The PEs stabilised using oat particles with and without mild-chemical treatment were prepared and heated at varying temperatures (50, 65, 75, and 90 °C) and for different durations (0.5, 1, 5 and 15 min). Subsequently, they were characterised based on particle size and microstructural analysis. The PEs subjected to mild chemical treatment exhibited enhanced thermal stability compared to the control, showing smaller droplet sizes and no coalescence, even at high temperatures. The treatment at higher temperatures (75 °C and 90 °C) afforded the formation of emulsion gels or 'emulgels' as evidenced by the results on flow behaviour, dynamical rheology, and texture. The heat-treated PEs displayed a gel-like structure and desirable characteristics (viscoelastic behaviour, firm gel-like texture). In particular, the PEs based on mild-chemically treated oat particles exhibited exceptional properties upon heat treatment at 90 °C for 15 min, displaying a strong 3D gel-like network structure and high storage modulus value. • A facile approach for storage stability of plant-based emulsions is reported. • Stability of oat-based Pickering emulsions (PE) was achieved via emulgel formation. • Mild chemical treatment of oat reduced PE droplet size and improved stability. • Higher temperature treatment induced the formation of emulsion gel/'emulgel'. • Formation of strong gel-like networks was also confirmed by altered rheology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rinsing is a crucial step in surimi production as it effectively removes water-soluble proteins, pigments, odors, and lipids from fish, thereby significantly enhancing the quality and preservation of surimi gels. However, the loss of lipids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, can lead to a rough taste, diminished flavor, and reduced nutritional value of surimi gels. The direct addition of liquid oil to surimi has a negative impact on the cross-linking of myofibrillar protein during thermal denaturation, thereby decreasing the quality of surimi gel, including texture softening, decreased water holding capacity, and oil precipitation. Emulsions can effectively enhance the stability and dispersibility of liquid oil, which provides a promising approach for oil supplementation in surimi gels. This review proposes new insights into the heat-induced gelation mechanism of surimi, the relationship between liquid oil emulsification and surimi's gel-forming ability, as well as the types of emulsions added to surimi gels and their stabilizers. Furthermore, the effects of incorporating emulsion on the properties of surimi gels and the potential application of emulsion-filled surimi gels are discussed. The incorporation of emulsion into surimi gel can improve the deterioration in gel quality caused by directly adding liquid oil, facilitate the formation of a more homogeneous and compact gel network, enhance the gel properties of surimi gel, improve its flavor profile and water holding capacity, and retard lipid oxidation. This review will provide valuable theoretical insights to promote the development of nutritionally enhanced and health-oriented surimi products. [Display omitted] • The relationship between oil emulsification and the gel-forming ability of surimi is discussed. • Types of emulsion added to surimi gel and their corresponding stabilizers are summarized. • Effects of incorporating emulsion on the properties of surimi gel are reviewed. • Application of emulsion-filled surimi gels in the food industry is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TBPB and TOPB ILs as demulsifiers are used in breaking water in crude oil emulsions. • Four models for the prediction of demulsification efficiencies are created by RSM. • Temperature, pH, water content, concentration, and settling time are optimized. • TBPB and TOPB show acceptable results for light and medium oil emulsion separation. • Crude oil emulsions are completely broken by TOPB at the optimal conditions. In the present study, the performance of two ionic liquids namely Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (TBPB) and Tetraoctylphosphonium bromide (TOPB) as the demulsifying compounds are investigated in the demulsification operation of water in light and medium crude oil emulsions for the first time. The response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to evaluate the impact of temperature, pH, water content, demulsifier concentration, and settling time on the demulsification efficiencies of studied demulsifiers. In order to design the requisite experiments and optimize the effective factors on the water removal efficiency, the central composite design (CCD) is applied. To determine the optimal conditions of input parameters, four exact models are created by utilizing the responses of 184 experiments to predict the demulsification efficiencies of two demulsifiers for two types of crude oils based on statistical tests of different models using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). High R2 coefficient values imply that the developed models could reproduce the experimental results of the studied demulsifiers appropriately. At the optimal conditions, the water in light and medium crude oil emulsions are completely broken in the samples containing TOPB. Moreover, TBPB agent presents high and acceptable demulsification efficiencies for both types of crude oils at the optimal values of process parameters i.e. 98.078% and 96.025% for light and medium crude oil emulsions, respectively. The superior demulsification performance of TOPB with respect to TBPB can be ascribed to the longer alkyl chain length of TOPB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid phase change emulsions possess the combined properties of heat transfer fluids and phase change materials, making them suitable for applications in the energy industries. This study aims to develop aqueous phase change emulsions using stearic acid as the heat storage medium. Stable nanoemulsions with an average droplet size of 100 nm and various stearic acid weight fractions were successfully prepared. Melting enthalpy up to 42.06 kJ/kg was achieved. The nanoemulsions exhibited good stability under conditions of storage and 300 freezing/melting cycles. Furthermore, when a 6 wt% ratio of nanoparticles boron nitride (BN) was added to the emulsion containing 20 wt% dispersed phase, the thermal conductivity increased by 15.7 %, and the supercooling degree reduced by 57.1 % compared to the original emulsion, while the emulsion demonstrated good dispersion stability. • Nanoemulsions with stearic acid up to 21 wt% were prepared at optimized parameters. • Stable nanoemulsions with melting enthalpy of 42.06 kJ/kg was obtained. • 6 wt% BN enhanced thermal conductivity by 15.7 % and reduced supercooling by 57.1 %. • Thermal storage capacity raised by 74.6 % with enthalpy reduction less than 1.1 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, plant proteins are fractionated to ingredients with high purities, but an often ignored point is the impact of the extraction and fractionation process on protein functionality. To allow a fair and effective comparison, it is key to understand the changes in protein's aggregated state occurring in the extracted ingredients during processing. We review conventional and upcoming plant protein extraction and fractionation processes (on pulses and oilseeds) and focus on how the processing history influences the macroscopic functional properties of the proteins. To establish this link, we dive into seed morphology and give an overview of the plant seed composition. In addition, we explain the essence of each process step and how it impacts the protein's aggregated state. The latter is linked to the macroscopic functionality (foaming, emulsification, and gelation). We identified three major protein structure-changing steps in the conventional protein extraction process: defatting, alkaline extraction, and isoelectric point precipitation. These steps lead to large, insoluble aggregated structures, which strongly impacts the protein macroscopic functionality. Milder extraction methods reduce these alterations, but a potential consequence is the presence of non-proteinaceous components, which could give challenges in sensory and nutritional aspects and affect the techno-functional properties of the ingredient. The take-home-message is that we need to consider the process-induced change of the protein aggregated structures, which are likely to dominate the functionality over the protein's molecular parameters. [Display omitted] • Extensive protein extraction causes aggregation and reduced protein solubility. • Mild extraction preserves the native, non-aggregated proteins. • Native proteins may possess better functionality than extensively aggregated ones. • Role of impurities in functionality depends on the extraction process. • The extraction process can be used as a tool to steer protein functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids poses a serious health risk, necessitating the urgent development of healthier plant-based fat replacers. Despite the emulsifying properties of chitosan (CS), it remains a significant challenge to create CS emulsions with minimal CS content and superior rheological properties as fat replacers. In this study, a supramolecular interaction system was constructed with inner hydrophilicity and outer hydrophobicity, enabling tunable rheological properties. This system was utilized to assemble hydrophobically modified CS with sodium alginate through appropriate treatment. As the oil phase fraction in the emulsion of stabilized flaxseed oil in the supramolecular system increases, the viscosity, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″) of the emulsion also increase. The emulsion transitions to a semi-solid state when the oil phase fraction ≥60 wt%. The supramolecular system (1 mg/g) can stabilize flaxseed oil emulsion with 80 wt% oil phase fraction. There were no significant changes in the morphology and rheological properties of the emulsions following a 60-day storage period at room temperature. In addition, emulsions can be used in several scenarios as fat replacers in food processing due to their tunable rheological properties. [Display omitted] • An inner hydrophilic and outer hydrophobic supramolecular system was constructed. • The supramolecular system (1 mg/g) can stabilize emulsion with 80% oil fraction. • Hydrophobicity of chitosan and rheological properties of emulsions are tunable. • Emulsions can be used in several scenarios as fat replacers in food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between pea protein isolate (PPI, 1%) and soy lecithin (SL, 0.1%–2%) in bulk phase and the impacts on the emulsifying properties of PPI were investigated. Fluorescence spectra, molecular docking, and infrared spectroscopy verified that PPI and SL formed complexes in aqueous phase via hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions. CMC of SL was increased to 1% in presence of PPI (1%). Increased particle size, surface charge, and surface hydrophobicity of PPI-SL complexes with increasing SL concentrations were observed. Addition of SL transformed the composition of oil/water interface from pure PPI into a mixture of PPI and SL, which decreased the surface tension and resulted in smaller droplet size of emulsions. The inclusion of all PPI-SL complexes enhanced emulsion stability during storage. Incorporating SL below 1% also showed similar protective effects for curcumin against UV irradiation compared to pure PPI. The study may provide a theoretical basis for the rational non-covalent combination of pea protein and lecithin as complex emulsifiers. [Display omitted] • PPI primarily interacts with SL through hydrophobic interactions. • In the presence of 1% PPI, the CMC of SL was increased to 1%. • Incorporation of SL (0.1%–2%) improved the physical stability of PPI-based emulsions during storage. • Addition of SL reduced the partitioning of CUR in the oil phase. • Beyond the CMC, SL adversely affected the photostability of CUR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are promising natural resources for an array of essential nutrients and health-promoting compounds. The past decade has witnessed their increasing popularity as a value-added ingredient in the food industry. However, some of their intrinsic properties, especially their typical green color and off-flavor, may compromise consumer acceptability and remain a key challenge for food scientists. This study aimed to generate and characterize a chemically induced pigment-deficient mutant (C49) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. In contrast to the wild type (WT), C49 could not grow photoautotrophically or mixotrophically. However, when grown heterotrophically, it exhibited a growth curve similar to that of WT. Pigment analysis verified the presence of only trace amounts of chlorophylls (0.27 ± 0.02 mg/g) and carotenoids (0.036 ± 0.003 mg/g) in the C49 which were only ∼1.7% and ∼1% of those in the WT, respectively. C49 also had higher carbohydrate (62.75% ± 2.42%) and lower protein (26.54% ± 1.00%) content than the WT (37.41% ± 2.25% and 36.21% ± 1.97%, respectively). Genetic assays revealed inactivation of the phytoene desaturase gene as a key mechanism underlying the reduced xanthophyll-synthesizing capability of C49, thus causing its failure to accumulate chlorophyll and develop chloroplasts. Transcriptomic and RT-PCR analyses indicated that the high carbohydrate content was likely due to reduced starch degradation. Furthermore, C49 demonstrated an emulsifying capacity comparable to that of WT over a wide pH range (3–8) in oil-in-water emulsions consisting of 5% cell-disrupted homogenate in deionized water and rapeseed oil (1:1, v/v). The results of this study support that depigmented Chlorella pyrenoidosa possesses promising potential for application in the food industry. [Display omitted] • A depigmented C. pyrenoidosa mutant was generated by ethyl methane sulfonate induced mutagenesis. • Disruption of phytoene desaturase contributed to depigmentation of C. pyrenoidosa. • Reduced starch degradation led to higher carbohydrate content in the mutant. • Cell-disrupted homogenate of the mutant formed stable oil-in-water emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional strategies of chemical catalysis and biocatalysis for producing octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch can only randomly graft hydrophobic groups on the surface of starch, resulting in unsatisfactory emulsification performance. In this work, a lipase-inorganic hybrid catalytic system with multi-scale flower like structure is designed and applied to spatially selective catalytic preparation of ocenyl succinic anhydride modified starch. With the appropriate floral morphology and petal density, lipases distributed in the "flower center" can selectively catalyze the grafting of hydrophobic groups in a spatial manner, the hydrophobic groups are concentrated on one side of starch particles. The obtaining OSA starch exhibits excellent emulsifying property, and the pickering emulsion has good protective effect on the embedded curcumin. This work provides a direction for the development of high-performance starch-based emulsifiers for the food and pharmaceutical industries, which is of great significance for improving the preparation and emulsification theory research of modified starch. • A novel strategy for spatially selective catalysis to prepare OSA starch is reported. • The enzymatic activity is improved through supramolecular immobilization technology. • The OSA starch shows a high degree of substitution and unique emulsifying properties. • The emulsion exhibits excellent stability and embedding performance for curcumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ovalbumin-ferulic acid-κ-carrageenan served as efficient encapsulation vehicle. • Ovalbumin-ferulic acid-κ-carrageenan emulsion loaded-rutin exhibited colon targeting. • Rutin loaded in emulsion converted to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid during colonic fermentation. Rutin is a polyphenol with beneficial pharmacological properties. However, its bioavailability is often compromised due to low solubility and poor stability. Encapsulation technologies, such as emulsion systems, have been proven to be promising delivery vehicles for enhancing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Thus, this study was proposed and designed to investigate the colonic targeting and colonic fermentation characteristics of rutin-loaded ovalbumin-ferulic acid-polysaccharide (OVA-FA-PS) complex emulsions. The results indicate that OVA-FA-PS emulsion effectively inhibits the degradation of rutin active substances and facilitates its transport of rutin to the colon. The analysis revealed that the OVA-FA-κ-carrageenan emulsion loaded with rutin exhibited superior elasticity and colon targeting properties compared to the OVA-FA-hyaluronic acid or OVA-FA-sodium alginate emulsions loaded with rutin in the composite emulsion. Additionally, it was observed that the rutin loaded within the OVA-FA-κ-carrageenan emulsion underwent degradation and was converted to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid during colonic fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a complex component of crude oil, asphaltenes determine the stability of emulsion. However, the mechanism of asphaltenes stabilize emulsion is still insufficient recognition due to the complexity of the molecular structure of asphaltenes. In this paper, the experiments and dissipative particle dynamics simulations were used to study the interfacial properties of asphaltenes. The adsorption of asphaltenes at the oil–water interface was studied by interfacial tension (IFT) experiments. A realistic molecular structure of asphaltene was constructed on the results of the characterization of the asphaltenes. The effects of asphaltenes concentration, temperature, and shear on the formation and stability of emulsion based on this molecular structure were investigated by simulations. The results show that the IFT decreases as asphaltenes concentration increases, while the droplet size of the emulsion decreases and becomes more uniformly distributed. Increasing the temperature enhances the interfacial activity of the asphaltenes, but also promotes its dissolution in the oil phase, which has a negative effect on reducing the IFT value and the stability of the emulsion. As the shear rate increases, the configuration of the emulsion changes from droplets to ellipsoids and rods, and the structure of the interfacial film is disrupted. This work provides useful insights into the mechanisms of asphaltenes concentration, temperature, and shear on the stability of the emulsion. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel aqueous phase recyclable surfactant with multi-headgroups was synthesized. • Di-UAPAba not only has good emulsifying capacity but can also be reused and recycled from the aqueous phase. • CO 2 -switchable oil-in-dispersion emulsions with a reusable aqueous phase was achieved. Surfactants are widely utilized in various industries, but their amphiphilic nature poses an obstacle to the complete recycling of them from water or oil phases. It is a challenge to design a surfactant that has both good emulsification performance and aqueous-phase recyclable properties. In this paper, we report a novel aqueous-phase recyclable surfactant with multi-headgroups (C 3 H 7 -NH (C 10 COONa) 2 , di-UAPAba). Di-UAPAba can stabilize oil-in-water emulsions alone at pH ≥ 9 (≥0.3 mM), exhibiting excellent emulsification ability. After adding a trace amount of silica nanoparticles, CO 2 switchable oil-in-dispersion emulsions were formed by di-UAPAba at extremely low concentrations (0.01 mM). Reversible demulsification/emulsification was achieved upon CO 2 /N 2 trigger. Moreover, di-UAPAba can be converted into zwitterionic di-UAPAza by bubbling CO 2 , which entirely enters the aqueous phase with no surfactant residual in the oil phase. Consequently, the emulsions were reformed after di-UAPAba was completely recovered from the aqueous phase. The interfacial behavior of the surfactant and its aqueous recyclable mechanism was analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation. This study introduces a new type of aqueous-recyclable surfactants that can be beneficial in temporary emulsions for oil-soluble products where demulsification is necessary, such as in crude oil production, oil transportation, and multi-phase catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the potential of high-energy-density Paraffin-based four different phase change materials (PCMs) (Paraffin 56/58, n-Eicosane, n-Octadecane, and n-Heptadecane) emulsions as a promising heat transfer fluid for low and medium-temperature applications at different concentrations. The primary focus is on elevating efficiency and sustainability within this domain. The investigation revolves around formulation and characterizations of these PCM emulsions, meticulously assessing their thermal attributes and stability. The results showed that producing these PCM emulsions using a high-energy manufacturing method with surfactant achieved superior dispersion stability and uniform size distribution throughout PCM emulsions. Among the pristine PCMs, n-Eicosane exhibited the highest latent heat of 252.7 kJ/kg during the melting process. In comparison, other PCMs, Paraffin 56/58, n-Octadecane, and n-Heptadecane demonstrated latent heat fusions of 197.7, 244.3, and 221.3 kJ/kg, respectively. Moreover, the energy storage density of PCM emulsions increased with increasing PCM concentration in basefluid. The highest energy storage density was observed in the case of 70 wt% n-Eicosane PCM emulsion, which is 401.1 kJ/kg. By examining the effectiveness of Paraffin-based PCM emulsions, this research aims to contribute to advancing eco-conscious and effective thermal management systems across diverse applications. • Performance of paraffin-based four different PCM emulsions for thermal energy storage was investigated. • Melting and solidificaiton LH of paraffin-based four different PCM emulsions shifted with increasing PCM concentration. • n-Eicosane PCM emulsion exhibited highest LH energy and energy storage density. • Highest energy storage density of 401.1 kJ/kg was obtained at 70 wt% n-Eicosane PCM emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanofibrous membrane made of unmodified recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) was fabricated by electrospinning using plastic water bottle as raw materials. Using rPET polymer to fabricate membranes may help limit the discharge of plastic bottle waste into the environment and can treat oily wastewater simultaneously, especially emulsions. The variation in the concentration of rPET polymer and the properties of electrospun nanofibers, such as surface morphology and fiber diameter, had a significant impact on both the efficiency of oil droplet capturing and the surface wettability of the membrane. Water-in-oil emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions were separated using the nanofibrous membranes of different concentrations of rPET polymer, and the separation efficiencies at different concentrations of oil, and oil types were measured. The rPET nanofibrous membrane exhibited a water contact angle of 140.1° and was superoleophilic in air and underwater. The membranes exhibited excellent separation performances: >98% separation efficiency and a flux of more than 6500 L m-2 h-1 for water in hexadecane and octane emulsions; >95 % efficiency and a flux of 1509.70 L m-2 h-1 after three separation cycles of water-in-oil emulsions. For oil-in-water emulsions, the separation efficiencies were higher than 95 %, and flux was more than 3525.22 L m-2 h-1 for hexadecane octane and heptane in water emulsions, with an efficiency of >87.9 % and flux of 4186.20 L m-2 h-1 after three separation cycles. Moreover, the as-prepared membrane exhibited high performance of oil-water separation in harsh conditions, including strong acidic, strong basic, and strong salt solutions, with separation efficiencies of more than 98 % and flux of more than 12,700 L m-2 h-1. However, as water accumulated on the membrane surface, absorption and separation efficiency and flux were lowered significantly. This suggests the need to enhance the efficiency of the membrane and reduce the chance of water accumulation on the membrane surface. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]