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Photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have widely been explored but fine-tuning and engineering multiphase photocatalyst components are still challenging. Among catalysts, ZnIn 2 S 4 has shown promise but maximizing the use of ZnIn 2 S 4 -photogenerated carriers and enhancing quantum yield still require further investigation. One way to achieve this is by enhancing the photon utilization and reducing the recombination of shallow carriers in ZnIn 2 S 4. Accordingly, novel ZnIn 2 S 4 /g-C 3 N 4 /MoS 2 type-II heterojunction composites with 2D/2D/2D structures (abbreviated ZIS/CN/MS) were synthesized in the present work by simple thermal condensation-solvothermal method. The optimized ZIS/CN/MS exhibited a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 13.6 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm) irradiation, a value much higher than those of pure-phases ZIS and CN, as well as the binary composite of ZIS/CN. The apparent quantum efficiency of the optimized ZIS/CN/MS at a wavelength of 420 nm reached 27.0 % coupled with excellent cycling stability. The significantly improved photocatalytic performance and the excellent stability can mainly be attributed to the unique 2D/2D/2D arrangement of the ternary components of ZIS, CN, and MS in ZIS/CN/MS photocatalyst, providing a large number of close interfacial contacts between the components for shortened migration distance of photogenerated charges and more pathways for electron separation and transport in type-II heterostructures. Overall, the proposed methodology and ZIS/CN/MS composites with type-II heterojunction and 2D/2D/2D structures have great potential for use in solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion and can be extended to the preparation of other photocatalysts. [Display omitted] • 2D/2D/2D ZnIn 2 S 4 /g-C 3 N 4 /MoS 2 hybrid junction enhances dielectric properties. • New structure provides close interfacial contact and pathway for electron separation. • Unique 2D/2D/2D arrangement improves photocatalytic performance and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene glycol (EG) is a widely used material, but its vapor is harmful to human health already in low concentrations. Thus, highly sensitive EG gas sensors are urgently needed. Herein, a series samples of ZnO and carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized at different ratios through a simple mechanical grinding method. The senor made using ZnO/CDs2 exhibits an ultra-high response (Ra/Rg) to 100 ppm EG up to 2798, 1378 and 467, and extremely low detection limit as low as 21 ppb, 13 ppb and 2 ppb, under UV light, visible light, and infrared light, respectively, as well as excellent repeatability and long-term stability. Especially, under UV light irradiation, the response of ZnO/CDs2 to 100 ppm EG is 24 times that of pure ZnO (Ra/Rg = 114.7), and more than 71 times that of 9 other gases. The outstanding gas sensing performance of ZnO/CDs2 can be attributed to the excellent light response ability of CDs at first, which greatly enriches the electron concentration in ZnO/CDs under light irradiation. Furthermore, the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) property of CDs and the p-n heterojunction formed at the interface between ZnO and CDs play a key role in rapid electron transport and transfer, avoiding a large number of electron hole recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement in the capacitance of a supercapacitor has been successfully achieved by synthesizing Bi 2 WO 6 (BW), TiS 2 (T), and Bi 2 WO 6 /TiS 2 (BW/T) composites utilizing the hydrothermal process. The possible growth mechanism has also been presented. The morphological and structural characteristics of the cultivated samples were observed using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, and UV–vis spectroscopy techniques. TiS 2 nano platelets uniformly dispersed across the hierarchically opened surface of Bi 2 WO 6 in the synthesized hierarchical composite. This leads to an increase in surface porosity and surface area, which in turn enhances the transport of electrons and ions on the composite BW/T surface. The optimal electrode BW/T@40 % composite electrode shown a substantial enhancement in particular capacitance (1153.3 F/g) compared to the separate BW (523.7 F/g) and T (453.3 F/g) electrodes due to its rapid ion transfer, many active sites on its large surface area, and strong synergistic impact. Furthermore, the BW/T@40 % combination demonstrated exceptional stability, with over 92 % of its capacitance maintained after 4500th cycles and b value (0.71) proved the supercapacitor behavior. Therefore, BW/T@40 % binary metal oxide and sulfide composites exhibit improved specific capacitance and greatly prolonged life-cycle, confirming its potential use in high-performance energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing highly efficient catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for advancing renewable hydrogen energy technologies. Heterophase nanomaterials have shown great promise in catalysis, owing to the synergistic effect among various phases and the abundance of active sites located at the phase boundaries or interfaces. However, achieving precise control over these phase structures during synthesis remains a significant challenge. In this work, we explored a one-pot synthesis method for amorphous/crystalline heterophase Rh nanoparticles, with crystallinity tunable by adjusting the quantity of urea and reaction duration. Due to the increased electrochemical active sites, enhanced electron transport, the resulting amorphous/crystalline heterophase Rh exhibits superior HER activities in both acidic (with an overpotential of 27 mV) and alkaline media (with an overpotential of 21 mV), surpassing that of commercial Pt/C and crystalline Rh. Theoretical calculations indicate that the amorphous/crystalline structure reduces the kinetic barrier for water splitting and optimizes adsorption free energy of hydrogen (ΔG H∗), thereby enabling the catalyst to exhibit significantly enhanced HER performance. This exploration offers a valuable reference for designing amorphous/crystalline heterophase structures and demonstrates the great potential of phase engineering strategy in the development of electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • Amorphous/crystalline heterophase Rh can be prepared with urea in a simple method. • The crystallinity can be tuned by modifying the amount of urea and reaction time. • Amorphous/crystalline Rh exhibited a higher HER performance than crystalline Rh. • Amorphous/crystalline structure optimizes adsorption energy of reactant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of high-temperature thermoelectric material CaMnO 3 is primarily limited by its high electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity. In this study, we synergistically optimized its electrical and thermal transport properties by employing a combination of doping and compositing strategies. The results suggest that Yb doping promotes the transfer of electrons to the Mn d orbital and facilitates the double exchange interactions between neighbor Mn3+ and Mn4+, leading to decreased electrical resistivity and a transition of electron transport mechanism from semiconductor to metal. The further addition of CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles improves the Seebeck coefficient by reducing carrier concentration and increasing electron scattering, ultimately enhancing the power factor. Meanwhile, the fluctuations in atomic mass and increased interface density strengthen the interface phonon scattering, which results in a significant reduction in lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, the Ca 0.95 Yb 0.05 MnO 3 with 2 wt % CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles exhibits a maximum ZT value of 0.12 at 850 K, representing a 180 % improvement compared to the pristine material. This study highlights the effectiveness of the combined doping and compositing strategy in enhancing the thermoelectric performance of CaMnO 3 materials and offers a promising approach for optimizing other oxide thermoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite challenges still remain, simultaneous regulation of light absorption, carrier separation and efficient exposed active sites of carbon nitride for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen (H 2) are essential to help alleviate the energy crisis and achieve carbon neutrality. Using in-plane phenyl groups doping and interlayer sulfate groups modification, we demonstrated an eco-friendly and facile method for excogitating porous tubular graphitic carbon nitride (PhSO-TCN2.5). The PhSO-TCN2.5 has hollow tubular morphology with ultrathin pore walls, which offers more exposed active sites, shortened charge diffusion path and readily available diffusion channels. More importantly, the in-plane phenyl groups doping and interlayer sulfate groups modification enabled significant intense the visible light absorption, accelerated carrier transfer due to the electron transport channel between the interlayers. Meanwhile, PhSO-TCN2.5 possesses exceptionally adjusted band gap structure and more negative conduction band potential. Accordingly, the above synergistic effects contribute to the efficient photocatalytic efficiency in H 2 evolution to 8709.29 μmol g−1 h−1. In addition to the apparent quantum yield of 12.0% at 420 nm, that far exceeds the reported tubular and functional group-modified carbon nitride photocatalysts. This document offers guidance on designing and producing photocatalysts with high efficiency. [Display omitted] • g-C 3 N 4 with phenyl groups doping and sulfate groups modification is fabricated. • Intercalated sulfate groups facilitate the transfer and separation of charge carriers. • The tubular structure and phenyl groups contribute to improve the light absorption. • The photocatalytic H 2 evolution of PhSO-TCN2.5 is 8709.29 μmol h−1 g−1 and AQY is 12 %. • A possible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) can be used as an alternative to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for hydrogen production by electrolysis of water, and as an anode reaction for direct urea fuel cells (DUFC). However, the slow kinetics of UOR restricts its wide application. Therefore, it is of great significance to design and prepare cheap and high-performance non-noble metal based UOR catalysts. In this work, Ni/NiO–NiWO 4 -2 sample prepared by solvent evaporation method has a mesoporous feature verified by the structural characterization, which is conducive to electrolyte diffusion and electron transport. Electrochemical tests show that the Ni/NiO–NiWO 4 -2 sample has good UOR catalytic activity, namely, the potential required by UOR is 1.669 V (vs RHE) at the current density of 270.44 mA cm−2. The excellent performance of Ni/NiO–NiWO 4 -2 is ascribed to that its mesoporous structure facilitates the diffusion of the electrolyte and exposes more active areas, the existence of metal W weakens the poisoning of Ni3+ active components and reduces the energy barrier of UOR confirmed by density functional theory, thus enhancing the performance of UOR. Ni and W oxides were constructed by solvent evaporation method. In alkaline medium, the current density reached 270.44 mA cm−2@ 1.669V, which is due to W doping regulates electron distribution and reduces energy barrier of UOR confirmed by DFT. [Display omitted] • The UOR catalyst with high activity and stability was constructed by a simple method. • The required voltage of the Ni/NiO–NiWO 4 -2 for UOR is 1.3749 V@10 mA cm−2 in alkaline medium. • W doping effectively weakens the poisoning of Ni3+ active components by intermediates. • W doping effectively reduces the energy barrier of UOR verified by DFT calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascorbic acid (AsA), a water-soluble antioxidant, act as cofactor for enzymes that regulate photosynthesis, hormonal and antioxidant biosynthesis that enables the plants to alleviate the harmful effects of salinity stress. The study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative role of foliar application of 200 ppm ascorbic acid (AsA) in improving growth by changing antioxidant response, photosynthetic capacity and mineral nutrient status of two canola varieties (Dunkled and Cyclone) under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl). Salt stress reduced plant biomass, photosynthetic activity, and accumulation of macro and micronutrients such as K+, Ca2+and Zn2+ in both canola varieties, on the other hand accumulation of Na+ and Cl−was increased. The salinity-induced oxidative stress (H 2 O 2 and MDA) caused photoinhibition of PSII at the donor and acceptor ends. The salinity-induced reduction in efficiency of electron donation to PSII (Fv/Fo) and electron transport through PSII (Fm/Fo), especially in Cyclone, significantly reduced ETRII thus enhancing CEF around PSI and NPQ in both canola varieties that has been considered as photo-protective mechanism of plants. In addition, salt stress enhanced CEF around PSI. However, application of AsA improved the structural stability of PSII, linear electron transport and reduced donor end limitation of PSI activity by improving electron transfer from PSII to PSI. The application of AsA improved the stomatal conductance, inter-cellular CO 2 concentration and net CO 2 assimilation rate thereby resulting in improved consumption of extra-electrons in CO 2 fixation generated by photosynthetic electron transport. Exogenous AsA application reduced the oxidative stress and improved the antioxidant potential by managing extra-electrons produced in CO 2 fixation. All these physiological and biochemical changes due to AsA application helped the canola plants to improve growth and yield under salinity. Thus, the application of ascorbic acid has the potential to ameliorate the detrimental effects of NaCl stress on canola plants. [Display omitted] • Canola (Brassica napus L.) growth and yield is greatly reduced by salinity stress. • Photosynthetic efficiency was hampered by salinity-induced oxidative stress. • Foliar spray of ascorbic acid mitigated the toxic effects of salinity stress. • Antioxidant defense system was boosted after application of ascorbic acid. • Cyclic electron flow and non-photochemical quenching was enhanced as ascorbic acid was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic acid (HA), a common natural organic matter, could affect conventional anoxic denitrification. Aim of this study was to investigate effect of HA on the process of aerobic denitrification in Achromobacter sp. GAD-3, an aerobic denitrifying strain. The findings demonstrated that an increase in HA concentrations (≥5 mg L−1) promoted the aerobic denitrification process (excluding N 2 O reduction), manifesting as higher rates of nitrate removal (6.67–11.1 mg L−1 h−1) and lower levels of nitrite accumulation (30.2–20.7 mg L−1). This was attributed to the increased electron transfer activities and denitrifying reductase activities (including NAR, NIR and NOR) facilitated by HA. Accordingly, the expression of denitrification genes such as napA , cnorB , and nirS was enhanced by HA. Nonetheless, the nosZ gene and N 2 OR activity underwent suppression by HA, which was accountable for N 2 O emission. It is crucial to understand the HA mechanism towards aerobic denitrifiers for wastewater treatment plants to enhance nitrogen removal. [Display omitted] • Humic acid (HA, ≥5 mg L−1) promoted aerobic denitrification partial process of strain GAD-3. • Facilitation of HA on electron transport system activity was observed. • Denitrifying reductase activities (including NAR, NIR, and NOR) were enhanced by HA. • The expressions of denitrifying genes (napA , nirS , and cnorB) were motivated by HA. • HA suppressed the expression of nosZ gene resulting in N 2 O emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we employ a catalytic system derived from a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), comprising carbon nanotube-wrapped CoFe 2 O 4 with a modified 3D cross morphology. The seamless transition between ionic valence states in CoFe 2 O 4 contributes to enhanced material conductivity, illustrating a significant synergistic coupling effect. The 3D matrix has the capacity to generate a greater number of active sites and exhibit a high surface area. The generation of nanotubes provides additional channels for electron transport, thereby improving the charge transfer efficiency and enhancing the electrochemical sensing capability of the system. The synthesized material demonstrates outstanding electrochemical sensing capabilities for nitrobenzene, exhibiting impressive sensitivity with a remarkably low limit of detection at 0.013 μM and a broad linear response range (0.06–414.9 μM), heightened sensitivity, excellent repeatability, and superior selectivity. Furthermore, the quantification of trace nitrobenzene in water samples demonstrates a recovery rate within the range of 96.0 %–102.8 %. Consequently, this material presents itself as a promising catalyst for electrochemical analysis and introduces a novel approach for detecting low concentrations of nitrobenzene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface modification of SnO 2 electron transporting layer (ETL) is investigated for the performance and stability improvement of perovskite solar cells by adding citric acid (SnO 2 -citric) and graphene quantum dots (SnO 2 -GQDs) in SnO 2 ETL precursors for carboxyl group and GQDs, respectively. As a result, the hydrophobic surface of SnO 2 -GQDs is obtained by adding GQDs to the SnO 2 precursor, forming SnO 2 -GQDs ETL. In addition, the hydrophobic surface of SnO 2 ETL is significant in increasing grain size crystallinity of perovskite obtained by this modification process. Also, the charge trap density and recombination carriers between ETL and perovskite interface were advanced. Thus, the surface modification of SnO 2 -GQDs ETL can enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs at the highest value of 17.81% from 15.52% with a decrease of the hysteresis effect. The enhancement is due to the combining effect of carboxyl groups and GQDs interface engineering between ETL and perovskites layers. Also, the stability of perovskite solar cells without encapsulation for 28 days is achieved. These suggest that the combining effect can be used in surface modification and for efficiency enhancement of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphdiyne (GDY) as an emerging carbon allotrope with abundant acetylenic linkages, has been proven to be an excellent substrate and electron transport material for improving the photocatalytic activity. In this work, an S-scheme GDY/NiS/ZnCdS (GDY/NiS/ZCS) heterojunction with GDY as an electron bridge was synthesized using a simple mixing method. GDY nanosheets serve as an effective electron bridge to accelerate electron transfer between NiS and ZnCdS. ZnCdS and NiS form an S-Scheme heterojunction due to the alignment of their conduction bands. Benefitted from the difference in Fermi levels between the NiS and ZnCdS induces band bending, thereby creating an internal electric field on the interface of NiS/ZnCdS S-Scheme heterojunction. The S-Scheme charge transfer mechanism of GDY/NiS/ZCS heterojunction was strongly confirmed by in situ irradiated XPS. Photogenerated charge carriers can be carried along a more advantageous S-Scheme pathway with the help of the synergistic impact of internal electric field and GDY electron bridge, hence greatly increasing the photocatalytic activity. A maximum hydrogen evolution rate of 32.1 mmol g−1 h−1 was attained over 1.5 wt %GDY/NiS/ZCS with exceptional stability, which is 2.84 times greater than NiS/ZCS and 5.26 times higher than pure ZnCdS. This work provides a new perspective on employing GDY as an electron bridge for constructing S-Scheme heterojunction with internal electric fields to improve photocatalytic performance. • An S-scheme GDY/NiS/ZnCdS heterojunction with GDY as an electron bridge was synthesized. • Gradhdiyne as an electronic bridge to facilitate elentron transfer. • Graphdiyne can absorb a wider spectral range and enhance the light absorption ability. • The introduction of built-in electric fields helps to accelerate the transfer rate. • 1.5 wt %GDY/NiS/ZCS has the maximum H 2 evolution rate and exceptional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that replacing non-noble metals with noble metals in photocatalytic water splitting is pivotal for increased and sustained hydrogen production. However, the challenge persists in designing and developing a cost-effective, highly active catalyst with effective carrier separation and providing sufficient H+ reduction sites to enhance photocatalytic H 2 evolution efficiency. Herein, a series of S-scheme Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 /g-C 3 N 4 (CZTS/CN) heterojunction composites were prepared via the hydrothermal method, followed by comprehensive characterizations for in-depth investigation. The TEM image exhibits a clear interface, showing the heterojunction formation between CZTS and CN nanosheets. The results show that incorporating CZTS cocatalyst significantly improves CN photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and its performance is notably influenced by CZTS to CN mass ratio. Among CZTS/CN heterojunction composites, the 5% CZTS/CN heterojunction composite exhibited a significantly improved HER of 243.64 μmol g−1h−1, which is 29.4 and 7.08 folds superior as compared to CN (8.29 μmol g−1h−1) and CZTS (34.42 μmol g−1h−1), respectively. The mechanism study revealed that the excellent superior H 2 evolution performance resulted from the established internal electric field (IEF) in p-n heterojunction, which expedites the efficient separation and migration of photoinduced carriers coupled with the distinctive flower-like configuration of CZTS offering a substantial surface area and enough active reduction sites for photocatalysis process. This work presents a rational design and an inexpensive and efficient heterojunction photocatalysis system suitable for diverse applications. • Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 /g-C 3 N 4 heterojunction composite was synthesized via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. • S-scheme heterojunction composite shows excellent photocatalytic H 2 evolution rate (HER). • A built-in electric field to improves the separation of photoinduced carriers. • The construction of heterojunction improves the electron transport characteristics. • A suitable mechanism was proposed for improved photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo fiber has attracted attention due to its high strength and flexibility, but it shows poor electron mobility and functionalities. In this research, phosphorus-doped flexible electrodes were constructed using bamboo fiber as the substrate, which was pretreated using sodium borohydride, followed by chemical nickel plating, and then used for urea electrocatalytic oxidation. The results showed that the bamboo fiber film provided a flexible support for nickel metal loading and a uniform and dense metal coating. Along with phosphorus self-doping, this conferred significant electrocatalytic activity to the nickel-phosphorus/bamboo fiber film (Ni–P/BFF). Notably, the electrode demonstrated an initial oxidation potential of 436.4 mV during urea oxidation. Phosphorus doping induced charge density redistribution and changed the electronic states during chemical plating, making the area around nickel atoms effective electron-trapping centers. This lowered the free energy of OH− adsorption on the surface of the conductive network in the electrolyte, which in turn lowered the onset potential and Tafel slope. These findings present a novel perspective for using biomass materials to create flexible electrodes. [Display omitted] • Eco-friendly, high-performance and low-cost flexible electrode material based on natural bamboo fiber was created. • The conductive network on bamboo fibers constitutes electron transport channels and provide electrocatalytic active sites. • Self-doping with phosphorus significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic activity, particularly for urea oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has traditionally been considered an environmental toxin for animal lineages; yet, it plays a signaling role in various processes at low concentrations. Mechanisms controlling H2S in animals, especially in sulfide-rich environments, are not fully understood. The main detoxification pathway involves the conversion of H2S into less harmful forms, through a mitochondrial oxidation pathway. The first step of this pathway oxidizes sulfide and reduces ubiquinone (UQ) through sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (SQRD/SQOR). Because H2S inhibits cytochrome oxidase and hence UQ regeneration, this pathway becomes compromised at high H2S concentrations. The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans feeds on bacteria and can face high sulfide concentrations in its natural environment. This organism has an alternative ETC that uses rhodoquinone (RQ) as the lipidic electron transporter and fumarate as the final electron acceptor. In this study, we demonstrate that RQ is essential for survival in sulfide. RQ-less animals (kynu-1 and coq-2e KO) cannot survive high H2S concentrations, while UQ-less animals (clk-1 and coq-2a KO) exhibit recovery, even when provided with a UQ-deficient diet. Our findings highlight that sqrd-1 uses both benzoquinones and that RQ-dependent ETC confers a key advantage (RQ regeneration) over UQ in sulfide-rich conditions. C. elegans also faces cyanide, another cytochrome oxidase inhibitor, whose detoxification leads to H2S production, via cysl-2. Our study reveals that RQ delays killing by the HCN-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. These results underscore the fundamental role that RQ-dependent ETC serves as a biochemical adaptation to H2S environments, and to pathogenic bacteria producing cyanide and H2S toxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroplast ATP synthase (CFoCF1) synthesizes ATP by using a proton electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane, termed ΔμH+, as an energy source. This gradient is necessary not only for ATP synthesis but also for reductive activation of CFoCF1 by thioredoxin, using reducing equivalents produced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain. ΔμH+ comprises two thermodynamic components: pH differences across the membrane (ΔpH) and the transmembrane electrical potential (ΔΨ). In chloroplasts, the ratio of these two components in ΔμH+ is crucial for efficient solar energy utilization. However, the specific contribution of each component to the reductive activation of CFoCF1 remains unclear. In this study, an in vitro assay system for evaluating thioredoxin-mediated CFoCF1 reduction is established, allowing manipulation of ΔμH+ components in isolated thylakoid membranes using specific chemicals. Our biochemical analyses revealed that ΔpH formation is essential for thioredoxin-mediated CFoCF1 reduction on the thylakoid membrane, whereas ΔΨ formation is nonessential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for cost–effective materials for thick film resistors has driven the exploration of alternative functional materials to replace the traditionally used ruthenium oxides. This study investigates the synthesis and properties of copper–substituted La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3 (La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 1-x Cu x O 3 , LSCCu, x = 0.02–0.10) ceramics as a potential economical substitute. The crystal structure, electrical performance, and sintering behavior of LSCCu with varying Cu2+ contents were characterized through solid–state reactions and first–principles simulations. The results indicate that the perovskite structure is maintained with increasing Cu2+, while the densification temperature, crystallinity, and conductivity decrease. Moreover, Cu2+ substitution reduced the DOS across the Fermi level and weakened the electron transport in LSCCu. The sample with x = 0.06 exhibited a promising conductivity of 2609 S/cm after sintering at 1150 °C, comparable to commercial thick film resistor materials. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of LSCCu showed a metallic behavior with a low value of 1148 ppm/°C for the x = 0.06 sample. Additionally, the LSCCu ceramics possess good long–term stability and frequency stability of resistance. These findings suggest that LSCCu ceramics are a promising economical material for thick film resistor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triethylamine (TEA) is a mephitic volatile organic compound, which has huge damage to human body. Therefore, the development of gas sensitive materials for the effective detection of TEA has important application value. In this paper, In 2 O 3 , ErVO 4 and In 2 O 3 /ErVO 4 composite samples were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The In 2 O 3 /ErVO 4 composite of In 2 O 3 and ErVO 4 has a spherical structure with a rough surface, and forms a variety of porous structures, which effectively increases the specific surface area of the composite (58.9551m2/g), thereby improving the gas sensitivity to TEA. In 2 O 3 /ErVO 4 composites can achieve a higher response to 100 ppm TEA (S = 54.73), have a lower optimal operating temperature (250 °C) compared with In 2 O 3 pure samples, and have a faster recovery time (52 s) compared with ErVO 4 pure samples. In addition, In 2 O 3 /ErVO 4 sensors also achieve good selectivity, excellent moisture resistance, long-term stability. The microstructure of the sample was significantly changed by ErVO 4 recombination. These alterations include an increase in specific surface area, a decrease in particle size, an increase in the utilization of the sensitive body, an increase in the proportion of vacancy oxygen, a decrease in the optical band gap, and an increase in electron transport efficiency. These results show that the combination of ErVO 4 and In 2 O 3 to construct heterojunction can achieve excellent sensor for TEA gas detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sb(III) oxidation was mediated by AQDS and phenolic. • · OH, O 2 −• and SQ−• were found as dominant free radicals intermediates. • Oxidation was accelerated by free radical catalysis and electron transfer. • H 2 O 2 was dominant oxidant for Sb(III) oxidation in metabolites. • The secondary mineral mopungite formation sequesters part of Sb(V). Microbial oxidation and the mechanism of Sb(III) are key governing elements in biogeochemical cycling. A novel Sb oxidizing bacterium, Klebsiella aerogenes HC10, was attracted early and revealed that extracellular metabolites were the main fractions driving Sb oxidation. However, linkages between the extracellular metabolite driven Sb oxidation process and mechanism remain elusive. Here, model phenolic and quinone compounds, i.e., anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and hydroquinone (HYD), representing extracellular oxidants secreted by K. aerogenes HC10, were chosen to further study the Sb(III) oxidation mechanism. N 2 purging and free radical quenching showed that oxygen-induced oxidation accounted for 36.78% of Sb(III) in the metabolite reaction system, while hydroxyl free radicals (· OH) accounted for 15.52%. · OH and H 2 O 2 are the main driving factors for Sb oxidation. Radical quenching, methanol purification and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed that · OH, superoxide radical (O 2 •−) and semiquinone (SQ−•) were reactive intermediates of the phenolic induced oxidation process. Phenolic-induced ROS are one of the main oxidants in metabolites. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that electron transfer of quinone also mediated Sb(III) oxidation. Part of Sb(V) was scavenged by the formation of the secondary Sb(V)-bearing mineral mopungite [NaSb(OH) 6 ] in the incubation system. Our study demonstrates the microbial role of oxidation detoxification and mineralization of Sb and provides scientific references for the biochemical remediation of Sb-contaminated soil. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin dioxide (SnO 2) is widely utilized for the cost-effective electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the surface defect states present in SnO 2 ETL prepared by conventional solution methods seriously hinder the further improvement of device photovoltaic performance. It is urgently essential to develop a facile strategy to effectively minimize the adverse effects of SnO 2 ETL on PSCs. Herein, a phosphorus hetero-phenanthrene flame retardant, DOPO, is introduced as a multifunctional surface modifier to improve the interfacial properties between SnO 2 ETL and perovskite. Through systematic characterization analysis, the P O group in DOPO not only passivates the defective states on the surface of SnO 2 ETL, but also provides chemical chelation sites for the uncoordinated Pb2+ ions in the upper perovskite structure to improve the film crystalline quality. Eventually, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the optimized device is improved from an initial 19.74 %–22.57 %, along with significantly improved device stability. This work provides an important reference for the development of new multifunctional interface modification materials required for SnO 2 -based planar PSCs with excellent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesizing high performance and affordable nickel-based electrocatalysts has been one of the research hotspots in the field of clean energy conversion. Herein, facile electroless plating accompanied with mild impregnation method is explored to synthesize petal-like Ni(OH) 2 flakes on carbon cloth (CC) for electrocatalytic alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Notably, the optimal Ni(OH) 2 /CC electrode has outstanding HER activity requiring only 24.6 mV vs. RHE of overpotential to reach 25 mA cm−2 of current density, and only 101.5 mV vs. RHE of overpotential to reach 100 mA cm−2. Meanwhile, the 25-h stability test results performed well. This is primarily due to its plentiful interfacial contact, favorable surface morphology of ultrathin and dense nanosheets array, and rapid electron transport. Overall, this study provides a viable approach for the development of efficient, low-cost, hydrophilic nickel-based catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting applications. [Display omitted] • Ni(OH) 2 /CC electrode is prepared by electroless plating coupled with impregnation. • Hydrophilic dense nanosheets array of Ni(OH) 2 is obtained under mild conditions. • Ni(OH) 2 /CC requires only 24.6 mV vs. RHE overpotential to reach 25 mA cm−2. • Ni(OH) 2 /CC requires only 101.5 mV vs. RHE overpotential to reach 100 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a high-efficiency reduced graphene oxide and Cu 2 S composite counter electrode for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells is investigated via various hydrothermal times (12, 24, and 36 h). Besides, for comparison, Cu 2 S CE was fabricated by hydrothermal and chemical bath deposition methods. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It confirms the formation of nanoflower-like Cu 2 S intermixed with rGO sheets. The presence of Cu 2 S and rGO in rGO/Cu 2 S composites was identified by X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectra. The chemical composition and purity of rGO/Cu 2 S were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical property of the as-fabricated counter electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry analysis using the sulfide/polysulfide-based electrolyte. The optimum hydrothermal time was 24 h. The power conversion efficiency of 5.187 % for rGO/Cu 2 S 24-h counter electrode is higher than that of reduced graphene oxide (4.013 %), synthesized chemical bath deposition (3.466 %), and hydrothermal Cu 2 S (3.112 %) counter electrodes, respectively. The main reason is the Cu 2 S nanoflower morphology and the conductive reduced graphene oxide network, which provide more catalytically active sites and a rapid electron transport pathway. Overall, the ease of synthesis, low cost, time efficiency, and excellent electrocatalytic characteristics of the rGO/Cu 2 S composites demonstrated a promising counter electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electrocatalytic applications, catalyst interface crucially influences electrochemical activity and selectivity, balancing adsorption, desorption, and transport of intermediates and electrons. Capitalizing on this fact, this study unveils a novel approach to enhance CoO x surfaces, a promising electrocatalyst for water oxidation, through organic shell functionalization via electrodeposition. Utilizing a dinuclear cobalt complex 1 , resembling CoO x 's structure, we crafted a modified film exhibiting remarkable stability. This film consistently delivered a current density of 2.0 mA/cm2 for oxygen evolution at 1.5 V vs. NHE, sustaining over 25 h under neutral conditions with only a minimal 5% activity reduction. Conversely, the standard CoPi catalyst underwent rapid deterioration, losing about 40% of its initial catalytic current in just 14 h. Further investigations revealed that the organic shell effectively reduces catalyst dissolution, in contrast to the severe dissolution of CoPi, directly impacting its catalytic activity. This approach offers a straightforward means to functionalize various nanostructured materials, potentially enhancing their electrochemical activities and stabilities. [Display omitted] • Interface engineering of electrocatalysts with an organic ligand shell. • Mod-CoPi was electrodeposited from a dinuclear cobalt complex with a polyhydroxy ligand. • The mod-CoPi shows remarkable stability, maintaining over 90% activity for 50 h. • The unmodified CoPi degrades, losing 40% catalytic current in 14 h. • Analyses reveal CoPi dissolution key factor to its activity degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite SrVO 3 stands out as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its inherent redox activity, excellent electrical conductivity, and structural adaptability. Despite these advantages, challenges persist, such as in achieving high tap density and volumetric specific capacity. In this study, we overcome these challenges by finely regulating particle size and constructing a tailored surface structure for SrVO 3. The implementation of ball milling during the synthesis process proves to be a simple yet highly efficient method for simultaneously tailoring particle size and in-situ creating an amorphous layer on SrVO 3 particles. The reduction in particle size not only facilitates enhanced electron and ion transport but also significantly improves the tap density of SrVO 3 , increasing it from 2.61 to 3.15 g cm−3. The in-situ construction of an amorphous layer introduces a multitude of defects and high valence V5+. These defects serve as active sites for lithium ions, while the V5+ species contribute to increased electron transfer, collectively resulting in a high gravimetric specific capacity. The engineered SrVO 3 anode delivers an impressive volumetric capacity of 1134 mAh cm−3 at 0.1 A g−1, surpassing both pristine SrVO 3 (733 mAh cm−3) and commercial graphite anode (∼460 mAh cm−3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nanobubble water was first used to improve the CE efficiency of cow manure AD. • NBW enhanced the electron transfer efficiency of the cow manure AD system. • NBW enhanced cow manure degradation. • NBW enhanced carbohydrate metabolism and ABC transporters for MCCAs synthesis. • NBW enhanced fatty acid recycling pathway of chain elongation. Nanobubble water promotes the degradation of difficult-to-degrade organic matter, improves the activity of electron transfer systems during anaerobic digestion, and optimizes the composition of anaerobic microbial communities. Therefore, this study proposes the use of nanobubble water to improve the yield of medium chain carboxylic acids produced from cow manure by chain elongation. The experiment was divided into two stages: the first stage involved the acidification of cow manure to produce volatile acidic fatty acids as electron acceptors, and the second phase involved the addition of lactic acid as an electron donor for the chain elongation. Three experimental groups were established, and air, H 2 , and N 2 nanobubble water were added in the second stage. Equal amounts of deionized water were added in the control group. The results showed that nanobubble water supplemented with air significantly increased the caproic acid concentration to 15.10 g/L, which was 55.03 % greater than that of the control group. The relative abundances of Bacillus and Caproiciproducens , which are involved in chain elongation, and Syntrophomonas , which is involved in electron transfer, increased. The unique ability of air nanobubble water supplemented to break down the cellulose matrix resulted in further decomposition of the recalcitrant material in cow manure. This effect subsequently increased the number of microorganisms associated with lignocellulose degradation, increasing carbohydrate metabolism and ATP-binding cassette transporter protein activity and enhancing fatty acid cycling pathways during chain elongation. Ultimately, this approach enabled the efficient production of medium chain carboxylic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low degradation rate for a long degradation time and poor cycle stability caused by rapid recombination of generated electron-hole pairs are tough challenges for photo-Fenton degradation The unique microstructure catalyst can provide enough catalytic surface to prevent the recombination of electron-hole pairs and facilitate the barrier-free transport of active species. In addition, the special hollow microsphere structure can effectively accelerate the Rhodamine B (RhB) penetration and the photo-Fenton process. Introducing SrWO 4 can increase oxygen vacancies and optimize the electronic structure of ZnFe 2 O 4 , thus enhancing electron transport and RhB degradation in the photo-Fenton process. This kind of catalytic material ZnFe 2 O 4 /SrWO 4 (ZFO/SW) in the photo-Fenton process can effectively degrade the 99.18 % RhB dye only within 20 min with remarkable cycling stability. This work demonstrates the high efficiency of ZFO/SW as a photocatalyst and confirms the contribution of the current design concept to the development of photo-Fenton degradation materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel preparation method (alkyne-based anionic method), had been used to prepare graphdiyne (GDY) with lamellar structure. Nanorods CoMoO 4 and nanosphere red phosphorus (P) was in situ loaded on the graphdiyne sheets using a morphology-modified method. Double S-type heterojunction of GDY/CoMoO 4 –P was built to improve the photocatalytic activity and stability. The hydrogen production of GDY/CoMoO 4 –P reached 14155.8 μmol g−1 h−1. The result of DFT theoretical calculation, ultraviolet and in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization showed the construction of double S-type heterojunction accelerates the separation of photogenerated electrons/holes pairs and the transport of photogenerated electrons, enhance the absorption and utilization of light source. Through morphology control and heterojunction construction, the photocatalytic activity and stability was largely improved. This fully validates the feasibility that organic frameworks-GDY can be artificially constructed for photocatalytic hydrogen production. [Display omitted] • GDY/CoMoO 4 –P was successfully prepared by in situ deposition. • Design a ternary composite catalyst from the two aspects of morphology and band structure. • The addition of the GDY improves the redox ability of the entire system. • The recombination of photo-generated carriers was effectively suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the synthesis and energy applications of the novel hetero-system based on (cerium/praseodymium/neodymium)-oxides doped titanium dioxide (Ce/Pr/Nd)3+-doped TiO 2). With the narrow band gap energy spanning over the range of 3.62–3.89 eV, this semiconductor acquired anatase phase and average crystallite size of 77.41 nm. Rare earths triply doped TiO 2 exhibited bi-functionality towards production of O 2 an H 2 via oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. Lowest overpotential (OER: 140 mV and HER: 135 mV) and Tafel slopes (OER: 69.1 mV dec−1 and HER: 57.2 mV dec−1) reflected the efficiency of this material for energy generation. Furthermore, Ce/Pr/Nd)3+-doped TiO 2 is an excellent electrode material exhibiting electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) with specific capacity of 749 F g−1 and a lower equivalent series resistance (Rs) of 0.12 Ω. In terms of photovoltaic applications, 16.71% efficient perovskite solar cell device containing Ce/Pr/Nd)3+-doped TiO 2 as an electron transport layer was fabricated that was fully functional at the ambient conditions. The developed material possessed commendable band gap alignment with the perovskite material resulting in higher efficiency. Lanthanide doped TiO 2 is an efficient, easy to prepare, sustainable, and cost effective option having potential to substitute costly energy materials. [Display omitted] • Semiconductor (Ce/Pr/Nd)3+-doped TiO 2 hetero-system synthesis. • Energy generative bifunctional catalyst for OER/HER. • Electrical double layer capacitance with excellent storage potential. • Electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells. • Highly durable and electrochemically stable material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production from solar energy conversion method is an attractive strategy to alleviate the energy crisis. The use of non-noble metal cocatalysts instead of noble metal monomers to improve the performance of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions has been pursued by researchers. In this work, we develop a single-photon excited electron transport pathway system for photocatalytic hydrogen production performance studies by coupling 0D MoS x nanodots and 3D Zn 2 In 2 S 5 nanoflowers. Experimental results combined with DFT calculations show that MoS x not only imparts photothermal properties to the composite material, but also acts as a conduit for electron transport, which can accelerate the rapid separation and transfer of photocatalytic charges. Among them, 3-MoS x /Zn 2 In 2 S 5 selectively promoted photocatalyzed conversion of benzyl alcohol (BA, 100% conversion) into benzaldehyde (BAD, 96.82% selectivity) by simultaneous co-production of hydrogen (8.74 mmol•g−1•h−1) within 1 h, which is about 7.80 and 2.69 times higher than pure Zn 2 In 2 S 5 , respectively. Further, 3-MoS x /Zn 2 In 2 S 5 can realize the hydrogen production reaction with glycerol as the substrate with a remarkable effect (up to 5.47 mmol•g−1•h−1). Additionally, 3-MoS x /Zn 2 In 2 S 5 also showed some hydrogen production performance when other biomasses (glucose, xylose, and cellulose) were used as substrates. This work provides a feasible strategy for the design of photothermal photocatalysts for synergistic hydrogen production from biomass. Photothermal MoS x /Zn 2 In 2 S 5 heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using biomass as substrate. [Display omitted] • MoS x enhances the photothermal properties of 3D MoS x /Zn 2 In 2 S 5 nanoflower. • MoS x acts as an electron transport bridge to promote the H 2 production. • 3D MoS x /Zn 2 In 2 S 5 nanoflower has efficient benzyl alcohol conversion cooperative H 2 production. • DFT combined with ESR results prove the single electron transmission channel mechanism of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have shown great promise for use in photovoltaic devices, due to their ability to offer advantages such as tunability of visible light and efficient light emission. This study demonstrates the successful utilization of a triazine-based PO-T2T (2,4,6-Tris[3(diphenylphosphenyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine; PO-T2T) as the electron transport layer (ETL) through an all-solution process. To improve the structural and optical characterization of CsPbBr 3 and CsPbI 3 QDs, three organic solvents, namely chlorobenzene, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate, were selected to find an effective orthogonal solvent for PO-T2T. The all-solution processed devices incorporating PO-T2T and Methyl acetate (MeOAc) demonstrated impressive external quantum efficiencies of 5.57% for CsPbBr 3 and 1.60% for CsPbI 3 QDs. Notably, these devices also achieved the highest maximum luminance among all-solution processed PQDs-LEDs, with values of 33334 cd m–2 for CsPbBr 3 and 224 cd m–2 for CsPbI 3 QDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NS-CQDs were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using high-sulfur lignite as the carbon source. Modification of Ni-MOF and Co/Zr-MOF using NS-CQDs to explore the performance of composite photocatalysts for hydrogen production. It was found that NS-CQDs significantly enhanced the hydrogen precipitation performance of the composite photocatalysts compared with the MOFs catalysts alone, and the highest hydrogen precipitation rate of the novel composite photocatalyst 5%NS-CQDs/NCZ2 reached 3662.68 μmol g−1 h−1. It can be inferred from the conduction band and valence band positions of Ni-MOF, Co/Zr-MOF and NS-CQDs that a double S-type heterojunction is formed. The presence of thiophene and pyrrole nitrogen in NS-CQDs can promote electron transport, reduce the rate of electron-hole pair complexation, and improve the hydrogen evolution activity of the 5%NS-CQDs/NCZ2. • Conversion of high sulfur lignite into NS-CQDs using a hydrothermal method. • The hydrogen evolution rate of 5%NS-CQDs/NCZ2 reached 3662.68 μmol g−1 h−1 at pH = 9. • Thiophene and pyrrole nitrogen in NS-CQDs promote electron transport and reduce the rate of electron-hole pair complexation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclinic Nb 2 O 5 (H–Nb 2 O 5) as an prospect anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 250 mAh g-1 and a safe working voltage in the range of 1–3 V, but the inherent low electron conductance greatly limits its high-rate performance. In this paper, we synthesized F-doped Nb 2 O 5 with S/F co-doped carbon composites (F–Nb 2 O 5 @SFC) by simple high-temperature annealing method, XPS and EPR analysis results show that the composites has abundant of oxygen vacancies. Under the dual effects of F− doping and oxygen vacancy, the free electron concentration of Nb 2 O 5 structure is greatly increased, and the conductive network provided by SFC accelerates the electron transport process, thus, the obtained F–Nb 2 O 5 @SFC material achieves excellent conductivity. In addition, the charge density difference results indicate that the unbalanced charge distribution around oxygen vacancies provides additional Li+ active sites, and the constructed electric field accelerates the transmission of Li+. The fast Li+/electron transfer kinetics of the F–Nb 2 O 5 @SFC electrode has achieved excellent storage performance, with a reversible specific capacity of 165 mAh g-1 at 1A g-1 after 600 cycles and a high-rate capacity of 130 mAh g-1 at 10A g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal electron transport capacity of the semiconductor directly affects whether there is a sufficient number of photogenerated electrons involved in the catalytic reaction process, thus determining the photocatalytic efficiency. Indium tin oxide (ITO), as an excellent conductive material, has convenient internal electron transport and can be used as a good photocatalyst directly. In this paper, ITO films on three different conductive substrates were prepared by DC sputtering method, and the crystallization and appearance of each sample were compared. Different substrates affect the energy band position of catalyst. The performance of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction was tested. We found that ITO films grown on carbon cloth (CC) substrate have good photocatalytic properties. The atmosphere ratio in the preparation process also has a certain influence on the performance of the sample. Compared with ITO conductive glass widely used in the market, our improved ITO film has better photocatalytic properties and practicability. This work provides a certain reference for the application of ITO in the field of photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphdiyne (GDY) is flourishing in the field of photocatalysis due to its high conductivity and enhancement of electron transfer. Electron transport can be expedited when GDY is used as a catalytic support. Herein, a GDY/NiCo 2 O 4 composite photocatalyst was constructed in situ using organic compounds and bimetallic oxides. Furthermore, Cu 2 O was introduced into the GDY/NiCo 2 O 4 interface through interfacial engineering, which effectively enhanced the activity of the catalyst. Electrochemistry and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that the load of Cu 2 O can reduce the electron transfer resistance and decrease the photogenerated carrier recombination carrier rate. The formation of S-scheme heterojunction formed by Cu 2 O, GDY and NiCo 2 O 4 can accelerate the electron transfer through band bending and internal electric field and improve the reducing activity of the catalyst. The outcomes of this work demonstrate the potential applications of Cu 2 O and GDY in photocatalysis and provide insights into the construction of high-performance photocatalysts. Benefiting from the double S-scheme heterojunction formed by Cu 2 O, GDY, and NiCo 2 O 4 and the excellent electrical conductivity of graphdiyne, the synthesized composite photocatalysts effectively inhibit the photogenerated charge recombination and enhance the hydrogen production performance. [Display omitted] • Preparation of graphdiyne by the mechanic ball milling. • Excellent electrical conductivity of graphdiyne facilitates the charge transfer. • The double S-scheme can effectively inhibit photogenerated carrier recombination. • The addition of Cu 2 O greatly improves the charge transfer capability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The secondary metabolite Monacolin K (MK), derived from Monascus , exhibits potential lipid-lowering and anti-tumor effects. In this study, a mutant strain M. purpureus M400–6 was generated through X-ray treatment, resulting in an average MK production of 181.97 mg/L (a 54.20% increase compared to the parent strain M. purpureus M1) over five successive generations. Furthermore, optimization of medium compositions using response surface methodology led to a further enhancement in MK production by the mutant strain to 266.63 mg/L. Moreover, based on the outcomes of single-factor experiments, the addition of L-citrulline demonstrated a significantly higher level of enhancement in MK production. Therefore, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted to unveil the impact of L-citrulline on MK biosynthesis in M. purpureus. The data revealed a significant upregulation of glycolysis pathways, while oxidative phosphorylation including the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain, exhibited significant downregulation. Furthermore, the metabolisms of serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate were found to be significantly disturbed. Additionally, the expressions of MPs and MK biosynthetic gene cluster showed a significant downregulation and upregulation respectively. Overall, these findings provide insights into enhancing MK production in submerged fermentation and elucidate the impact of L-citrulline on secondary metabolism. [Display omitted] • M. purpureus M400–6 with high MK production was generated through X-ray treatment. • L-citrulline can significantly enhance the MK production. • Response surface methodology was performed to further increase the MK production. • Transcriptome analysis reveals the impact of L-citrulline on MK biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of natural clay minerals for synthesizing nano-sized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) supported materials offers great advantages for rational design of innovative catalysts, which promotes the low-cost and large-scale environmental remediation applications. This work reported a facile and scalable encapsulation-pyrolysis strategy to prepare novel Au-HNTs@Co-NC core-shell catalyst for catalytic reduction of nitroaromatic pollutants. The HNTs were modified with aminosilane on the external surface for effectively anchoring well-dispersed and ultrasmall Au NPs. Uniform nano-sized ZIF-67 crystals controllably embraced the Au-HNTs via in-situ growth induced by electrostatic adsorption. The N 2 atmosphere pyrolysis at 550 °C resulted in Co NPs embedded into N-doped carbon substrates, and transformed ZIF-67 crystals into Co-NC layers for preferable encapsulation and stabilization of Au NPs. The as-prepared Au-HNTs@Co-NC-550 catalyst manifested splendid catalytic performance for p-nitrophenol reduction, and achieved the reaction rate constant and TOF value estimated as 2.025 min−1 and 49.25 min−1, which significantly exceeded the behaviors of as-prepared control materials. Moreover, the catalyst also displayed excellent catalytic capability toward the reduction of nitroanilines and homologues and isomers of p-nitrophenol, indicative of its decent general applicability. After 8 cycles of reactions, the catalyst still retained brilliant reusability and structural stability with good magnetic property for expedient separation. The advantageous hollow core-shell structure combining HNTs and ZIF-67 derivatives enhanced the reactant diffusion and transfer. The N doping and electronegativity difference between Co and Au aroused higher electron uptake and facilitated electron transport during the reduction process. Meanwhile, the Co–H and Au–H bonds formed the strong synergistic effect for superior cooperative catalytic performance of the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have received widespread attention owing to their tunable properties and vast composition spaces. However, the universal synthesis of HEOs with high purity still faces challenge. In this work, a one-step molten salt method is reported for the synthesis of phase-pure rock salt-type (Mg 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2)O. When used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, (Mg 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2)O exhibits high specific capacity and cycling stability, maintaining a capacity retention of 94% after 220 cycles (0.2 A g−1). The superior performance can be attributed to accelerated electron and ion transport as well as enhanced Li adsorption/coupling induced by internal defects. To further demonstrate the wide applicability of the molten salt method, single-phase spinel and pyrochlore HEOs are also successfully synthesized. The presented molten salt method, with its ease of operation, homogeneous reaction environment and low synthesis temperatures, makes it an ideal synthesis technique for the development of novel HEO powders, especially for electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring high-efficient and economical electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for the electrocatalytic water splitting technology to hydrogen production. Herein, we report a hierarchical nanoporous FeCoZn alloys with different Fe/Co atomic ratios in-situ constructed on bimodal porous NiZn intermetallic and Ni heterojunction over nickel foam (FeCoZn/NF) through a scalable electroplating-annealing-etching strategy. The synergistic effect between multi-elements, multiple interface coupling, and self-supporting seamless porous architecture is beneficial for enhancing the number of active sites but also promoting efficient mass transport and electron transfer. FeCoZn/NF exhibits the superior electrocatalytic activity toward OER with a low overpotential of 440 mV at 1004 mA cm−2 and small Tafel slope of 84.8 mV dec−1. The as-made sample also shows exceptional long-term catalytic stability in alkaline media with 1.0 M KOH of remained under the overpotential of 350 mV for 100 h. Besides, the combined FeCoZn/NF and Pt/C/NF for overall water splitting needs the cell potential of 1.481 V at 10 mA cm−2, along with long-term stability. This work provides implications for the design and preparation of highly active non-noble metal-based multiple alloy electrocatalysts. • Multi-scale porous self-supporting FeCoZn alloy was easily made by dealloying. • In-situ building of FeCoZn alloy on NF greatly reduced the overpotential for OER. • FeCoZn/NF shows the high catalytic stability toward OER in basic medium for 100 h. • The synergy and interface effects facilitate superior OER activity for FeCoZn/NF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark fermentation is a promising technology for biohydrogen (bioH 2) production. Augmenting the dark fermentation process with conductive materials has drawn significant research interests improving the bioH 2 yield. This study evaluated the feasibility of using carbon fiber brush (CB) as an additive to increase the efficiency of mesophilic dark fermentation using glucose as substrate and heat-shock pretreated anaerobic sludge as inoculum. Effect of electrode packing density on bioH 2 yield, soluble metabolite product formation, and substrate degradation was investigated. Maximal bioH 2 yield of 334.6 mL/g-glucose was obtained using medium-sized CB with 72.5% higher than the control (194 mL/g-glucose) and butyrate-type fermentation was the dominant metabolic pathway. Further, enhanced concentrations of proteins and polysaccharides on CB biofilm suggested the critical role of extracellular polymeric substances in microbial electron transfer. This was supported via electron transport activity in CB biofilm. Finally, microbial community analysis revealed a selective enrichment of the potentially electroactive Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 on the CB (56.6%) compared to 40.9% abundance in control. Insights gained from this study demonstrated that CB aided dark fermentation can be an economical and environmentally benign strategy for improving bioH 2 yield. [Display omitted] • Carbon brush (CB) feasibility in dark fermentation was investigated. • Electrode packing density influenced bioH 2 yield and soluble metabolite products. • Highest bioH 2 yield of 334.6 mL/g-glucose was obtained with CB-medium. • CB enhanced extracellular polymeric secretion and electron transport activity. • Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was enriched on the CB surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the combination of octahedral Zn 2 SnO 4 with the carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is pioneered for the efficient detection of triethylamine. CQDs-modified Zn 2 SnO 4 materials were synthesized to perform rapid detection of trace triethylamine present in air. In the gas test, the optimal composite's response value to triethylamine is 600% higher than the value of the original Zn 2 SnO 4 to triethylamine, and the tendency of selective to triethylamine is more than ten times than other kinds of gases and possesses a short response/recovery times of 18 s/29 s. The exceptional properties of the composite are attributed to the superb electron transport capacity brought by the modification of 5 nm carbon quantum dots. The novel material will solve the issues of slow reaction time and low response of previous materials in detecting triethylamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germanium-based nanomaterials have gained prominence as potential enhancers of energy harvesting efficiency and storage capacity, attributed to their superior electrical conductivity, mobility, and lithium-ion storage aptitude. However, their practical application is often hindered by chemical and physical instabilities. In this study, we introduce a facile synthesis method for boron-carbon-nitride (BCN) shell-coated germanium nanowires (Ge@BCN NWs), designed to shield the Ge core from environmental factors while augmenting its electrical conductivity. Through microscopic and spectroscopic analyses, we confirmed the Ge core is completely encapsulated by a highly crystalline BCN shell. Electron transport measurements on the Ge@BCN NWs field-effect transistor (FET) revealed minimal hysteresis alongside heightened electrical conductivity, suggesting that the BCN shell acts as an efficacious protective barrier, curtailing the degradation of Ge NWs. Our approach presents a reliable method for bolstering the stability of nanomaterials and achieving functional 2D coated NWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of photo-Fenton performance in BiOBr via a synergistic approach of efficient adsorption and reduced recombination of photogenerated carriers is an innovative strategy. This research employs an in-situ precipitation process to incorporate modified TiO₂ onto the surface of BiOBr, while integrating polyethylene glycol to create an S-type heterojunction material (FT-OVs/PEG-BiOBr). The incorporation of hydroxyl groups by PEG facilitates π-π conjugation and hydrogen bonding, thereby enhancing the adsorption capacity of FT-OVs/PEG-BiOBr. The presence of oxygen vacancies extends the absorption spectrum into the infrared region, and the electron trap mechanism substantially decreases the recombination of photogenerated carriers. The developed S-type heterojunction structure efficiently directs electron transport along a specific pathway. Photoluminescence (PL) studies reveal a further reduction in the recombination of photogenerated carriers. Remarkably, there is a significant synergistic effect between adsorption and low recombination of photogenerated carriers. A profound photo-Fenton synergistic effect is observed at pH 3, leading to degradation rates of RhB and TCH of approximately 98% and 85%, respectively, within 10 min. The degradation pathway of RhB has been investigated using LC-MS analysis, and 1O₂ has been identified as the primary active species through ESR testing. This study presents a novel structural approach to significantly enhance the efficiency of catalysts in Fenton systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Two new compounds BT-PDI and BT2-PDI2 were synthesized by the Sonogashira reaction between 4,7-diethynyl-2,1,3- benzothiadiazole and bromoperylene diimide derivatives. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels estimated by UV-VIS spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were –5.66/–3.75 and –5.33/–3.41 eV for the BT-PDI and BT2-PDI2, respectively; both compounds form high-quality and smooth coatings on the perovskite surface with the root mean square roughness values 5.95 and 7.80 nm for the BT-PDI and BT2-PDI2 films, respectively; the electron mobilities in the solid films estimated by photo-CELIV method are equal to 5.0 × 10–5 and 3.0 × 10–5 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively. Both compounds being tested as electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells showed efficiency values of 14.44 and 13.01% for BT-PDI and BT2-PDI2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ubiquinol or coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a lipid-soluble electron carrier in the respiratory chain and an electron acceptor for various enzymes in metabolic pathways that intersect at this cofactor hub in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The reduced form of CoQ is an antioxidant, which protects against lipid peroxidation. In this study, we have optimized a UV-detected HPLC method for CoQ analysis from biological materials, which involves a rapid single-step extraction into n-propanol followed by direct sample injection onto a column. Using this method, we have measured the oxidized, reduced, and total CoQ pools and monitored shifts in the CoQ redox status in response to cell culture conditions and bioenergetic perturbations. We find that hypoxia or sulfide exposure induces a reductive shift in the intracellular CoQ pool. The effect of hypoxia is, however, rapidly reversed by exposure to ambient air. Interventions at different loci in the electron transport chain can induce sizeable redox shifts in the oxidative or reductive direction, depending on whether they are up- or downstream of complex III. We have also used this method to confirm that CoQ levels are higher and more reduced in murine heart versus brain. In summary, the availability of a convenient HPLC-based method described herein will facilitate studies on CoQ redox dynamics in response to environmental, nutritional, and endogenous alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and rapid detection of hydrogen during transport can effectively prevent gas leaks and explosions. Inspired by the successful synthesis of biphenylene network (BPN) monolayer, the electronic structure and sensing characteristics of nanodevices with metal Sc-decorated BPN monolayer for different concentrations of H 2 are investigated by using density-functional theory in combination with the nonequilibrium Green's function approach theoretically and systematically. Calculated electron localization functions, charge transfers, energy band structures, projected densities of states, charge difference densities and adsorption energies revealed that the adsorption of H 2 by metal Sc-modified BPN monolayer are all chemisorbed. Furthermore, compared to the original BPN transport device, the modification of Sc metal enhances electronic transport while preserving the anisotropy of the electron transport along the zigzag and armchair directions. The metallicity gradually enhanced with increasing concentration of Sc adsorbed by BPN. Interestingly, the BPN-Sc system exhibits a pronounced negative differential resistance (NDR) effect along the armchair direction, and it achieves switching ratios of 3.65 × 105 and 1.98 × 105 for its D-5H 2 and D-1H 2 devices. In addition, the maximum rectification ratio of the D-1H 2 device in the armchair direction reaches ∼107 at low hydrogen concentration. Critically, the short recovery time (0.1 μs) demonstrates that the device can be reused when adsorbing individual H 2. These results indicate the potential use of BPN with adsorbed Sc in the domain of gas sensitivity, especially for applications in detecting low concentration H 2 leakage sensors, providing a theoretical basis. [Display omitted] • The BPN-Sc system exhibits a pronounced negative differential resistance (NDR) effect along the armchair direction. • The maximum rectification ratio of the D-1H2 device in the armchair direction reaches ∼107 at low hydrogen concentration. • The short recovery time (0.1 μs) demonstrates that the device can be reused when adsorbing individual H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing a long-lasting, highly effective, non-noble metal-free electrocatalyst for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a strenuous task for water electrolysis. Here, in our study, an ordered NiFe-layer double hydroxide (LDH)/MoSe 2 as p-n junction material was designed using facile two-step hydrothermal process for the overall water splitting reaction. Additionally, synthesized NiFe-LDH/MoSe 2 , electrode exhibits long-term durability in both acidic and alkaline medium for HER and OER, respectively. Mott-Schottky experiments provides the insights of interfacial electron transfer, where the electron is transported from n-type NiFe-LDH to p-type MoSe 2 , resulting in the generation of the p-n junction in MoSe 2 /NiFe-LDH. As the formation LDH and transition dichalcogenides p-n junction leads to activation of the catalysts towards the OH− adsorption that may enable the water electrolysis with a low overpotential. The XPS analysis supports the electron transfer from Fe to Mo resulting in the formation synergistic back bonding between the p-n heterojunction. This strategy opens up an alternative path to a highly effective, relatively low-price catalyst for the global production of renewable energy fuels. • A highly ordered NiFe-layer double hydroxide (LDH)/MoSe 2 as p-n junction catalyst for overall water splitting reaction. • Interfacial electron transfer, through the generation of the p-n junction in NiFe-LDH/MoSe 2. • Electronic coupling through O 2 bridging (П orbitals) confirmed from XPS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliance on the electron transport chain (ETC) in mammalian innate immunity is demonstrated by its role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Recent studies challenge the conventional link between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NLRP3, emphasizing that forward electron transfer and mitochondria-generated ATP are required for NLRP3 activation via the phosphocreatine shuttle. Activity of the ETC can modulate the phenotype of mouse T and B cell populations, sustaining their proliferation and effector functions. This might be exploited to promote immune tolerance and inhibit autoimmunity. Immune cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment undergo metabolic rewiring depending on the nutrients they require. This metabolic switch may allow tumor-driven immune evasion, potentially dampening novel candidate therapies targeting mitochondria. Anticancer strategies might involve respiration inhibitors to target both immune and cancer cells. Recent findings show that remodeling of the mitochondrial ETC can regulate several mammalian immune processes. The ETC can support NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. It can also promote effector and regulatory functions in T and B lymphocytes. This is relevant, highlighting the potential role of future therapies targeting the ETC to boost immune-mediated defenses against infection and cancer. However, since the ETC supports oxidative phosphorylation, its targeting might be deleterious, meriting attention. The electron transport chain (ETC) couples electron transfer with proton pumping to generate ATP and it also regulates particular innate and adaptive immune cell function. While NLRP3 inflammasome activation was initially linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from Complexes I and III, recent research suggests that an intact ETC fueling ATP is needed. Complex II may be responsible for Th1 cell proliferation and in some cases, effector cytokine production. Complex III is required for regulatory T (Treg) cell function, while oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and Complexes I, IV, and V sustain proliferation and antibody production in B lymphocytes, with OXPHOS also being required for B regulatory (Breg) cell function. Despite challenges, the ETC shows therapeutic targeting potential for immune-related diseases and in immuno-oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]