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[Display omitted] • Eggshell waste was utilized to reduce environmental pollution. • Different valorization pathways were studied to use it in diverse applications. • Structural aspects of eggshell can be help to understand the different applications. • Eggshells can be used for removal of heavy metals. • Calcined Eggshells are efficient sorbent material for flue gases. The large-scale production of chicken eggs results in a substantial amount of eggshell (ES) residue, often considered as waste. These discarded shells naturally decompose in soil approximately within a year. Eggshells (ES), comparatively contribute lesser towards environmental pollution, contain a remarkable amount of calcium, which can be converted into various valuable products that finds applications in industries, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. Among the diverse applications of ES, most effective and promising applications are removal of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu) ∼93–99 % metal adsorption capacity and capturing of flue gases (CO 2 and SO 2) from the environment. With ES having a maximum CO 2 sorption capacity of 92 % as compared to other sources, and SO 2 adsorption capacity of Calcined ES∼11.68 mg/g. The abundance, low cost and easy availability of CaO from ES makes them sustainable and eco-friendly. Additionally, its versatility extends beyond environmental prospects, as it is widely used in various industries as a catalyst, sorbent, fertilizer, and calcium supplement in food for individuals, plants and animals, among other diverse fields of study. Owing to its versatile applications, current review focuses on structure, chemical composition, treatment methods, and valorization pathways for diverse applications, aiming to reduce the eggshells waste and mitigate environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was aimed at predicting a still (i.e., dead) vs. live embryo within a hatching goose egg by measuring the eggshell cooling rate. For this, we daily measured the temperature (T) values on the shell surface of goose eggs after they were removed from the incubator and during further natural cooling. T was recorded every 0.5 h for further 1.5 h of cooling. It was possible to recognize eggs with dead embryos using the combination of T , egg weight (W), and surface area (S). The resultant indicator (TS / W) was called specific temperature index (STI). The mathematical relationship using STI measurements between Days 8–13 facilitated 80 % correct identification of the eggs with dead embryos. Additionally, we derived mathematical dependencies for shell weight (W s) and thickness (t) by utilizing the values of W , egg volume (V), S , the average T of all measurements taken, as well as the drop in T during 1.5 h of natural cooling. The key advantage of these parameters was their measurement and/or calculation by applying non-destructive methods. The integrated application of these parameters resulted in achieving high calculation accuracy as judged by correlation coefficients of 0.908 for W s and 0.593 for t. These novel mathematical models have the potential to decrease hatching waste by predicting embryo viability. Our research will add to a toolkit for non-invasive egg assessment that is useful in the poultry industry, research on eggs, and engineering. [Display omitted] • We aimed at predicting still (dead) vs. live embryos in goose eggs by cooling rate. • We measured shell surface temperature (T) during natural cooling for 1.5 h. • Specific temperature index was derived to predict correct identification of eggs. • We propose this index to predict eggs with dead embryos and reduce hatching waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia decomposition is a key technology for its use as a hydrogen carrier and in the recovery of H 2 from waste streams containing ammonia. The coupling of the catalytic decomposition of ammonia with an H 2 permeoselective membrane improves the process by mitigating thermodynamic constraints and producing a flux of high-purity hydrogen, not requiring further separation/purification. In this study, we compare the behaviour of an eggshell catalyst 1.3 wt % Ru/Al 2 O 3 catalyst in a packed bed reactor (PBR) and a packed bed membrane reactor (PBMR) using an ultrathin Pd membrane (3.4 μm). Tests were made at 11 bar(a) with a weight hourly space velocity of NH 3 in the 0.560–1.68 Lꞏg−1ꞏh−1 range and temperatures of 350–400 °C, e.g. milder conditions than the conventional ammonia cracking catalysts. Under optimised conditions (0.56 Lꞏg−1ꞏh−1, 400 °C, sweep gas flow 0.55 L min−1), the PBMR shows excellent performance, achieving NH 3 conversion, H 2 productivity and recovery factor of 99%, 47 mmol H2 ·g Ru −1·min−1, and 94.9%, respectively. PBMR increases by ∼50% the conversion rate compared to PBR. Without a sweep gas, PBMR performances are lower, even still higher than in PBR. For the first time, superior or comparable performance was demonstrated compared to similar systems using pure ammonia in terms of conversion, hydrogen recovery, H 2 productivity, and Ru utilisation. These results can be further enhanced with vacuum systems to convert diluted ammonia streams into high-purity hydrogen for small-scale distributed systems and can be extended to other reactions. • An egg-shell Ru/Al 2 O 3 with an ultra-thin Pd membrane achieved 99% NH 3 conversion at 400 °C in PBMR, outperforming PBR. • Ultra-thin Pd membranes and sweep gas allow 94.88% H 2 recovery factor by decomposition of diluted ammonia. • Dilute NH 3 can improve safety and decrease noble metal usage, offering economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) holds key to the large-scale production of hydrogen via a water splitting process. In this work, a bio-waste of eggshell membranes (ESMs) is utilized as a feedstock to fabricate Ni x S y -loaded carbon composite, which is further employed as a platform for the assembly of NiFe layered double hydroxides (NiFe LDH) with the aid of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate via facile hydrothermal processes. The resulting nanoarchitectures consist of highly amorphous and intercalation-expanded NiFe LDH nanosheets attached to the carbon composite with strong interactions. The as-prepared samples are examined as electrocatalysts for the OER in alkaline electrolytes and the synergistic effects of the components are elucidated. The optimized sample exhibits a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 266 mV in 0.1 M KOH, which is superior to the most previously reported non-precious-metal based electrocatalysts and even to the commercial IrO 2. Such remarkable catalytic activity is attributed to the in-situ assembly of NiFe LDH with the carbon composite, leading to the strong coupling interaction of the components. The sample shows stable current during the long-term durability tests accompanying with a structural re-construction process. [Display omitted] • A biowaste of eggshell membranes was used as a facile platform to synthesize electrocatalysts. • The OER activity of the samples was optimized by Ni/Fe ratio, support loadings and SDS. • The optimized sample exhibited a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 266 mV in 0.1 M KOH. • The outstanding catalytic performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of carbon composite and NiFe LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, heterostructures of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and Nb 2 O 5 (NO) were obtained to study their photocatalytic activity under sunlight. The samples were synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, and the calcium precursor used to obtain HAp was obtained from an eggshell. The influence of adding NO at 10, 30 and 50% by mass on the heterostructures was evaluated. The XRD results and the functional groups present in the FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of the two phases in the heterostructures. UV–vis spectroscopy revealed that activation was promoted by sunlight, while PL and electrochemical analyses indicated minimized recombination of the electron/hole pairs of heterostructures due to improved charge transfer. The TEM micrographs indicated interfacial contact between the two materials. The photocatalytic efficiency of the materials was studied for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV) and tetracycline (TC) under sunlight irradiation. The heterostructure with 50% NO showed better efficiency than the other combinations and was also tested for degrading the mixture (MIX) of MB, CV and TC, for which the efficiencies were 100, 98.66 and 67.33%, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the photocalytic dosage, concentration and pH of the solution were investigated through the MIX degradation efficiency. It was possible to propose the mechanism for the photocatalytic activity of the HAp/NO heterostructure as a direct Z-schema. The reusability of the photocatalyst and the germination tests with treated water indicated that the HAp/NO heterostructure has potential application as an efficient and nontoxic alternative for the degradation of contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) is a popular clinical procedure for periodontal tissue regeneration. However, its key component, the barrier membrane, is largely collagen-based and is still quite expensive, posing a financial burden to the patients as well as healthcare systems and negatively impacting the patient's decision-making. Thus, our aim is to prepare a novel biomimetic GTR membrane utilizing a natural biomaterial, soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP), which is economical as it comes from an abundant industrial waste from food and poultry industries, unlike collagen. Additive polymer, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and a bioceramic, nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp), were added to improve its mechanical and biological properties. For this barrier membrane preparation, we initially screened the significant factors affecting its mechanical properties using Taguchi orthogonal array design and further optimized the significant factors using response surface methodology. Furthermore, this membrane was characterized using SEM, EDAX, and ATR-FTIR, and tested for proliferation activity of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs). Optimization using response surface methodology predicted that the maximal tensile strength of 3.1 MPa and modulus of 39.9 MPa could be obtained at membrane composition of 8.9 wt% PLGA, 7.2 wt% of SEP, and 2 wt% HAp. Optimized PLGA/SEP/HAp membrane specimens that were electrospun on a static collector showed higher proliferation activity of HPLFs compared to tissue culture polystyrene and a commercial collagen membrane. From the results observed, we can conclude that SEP-based nanofibrous GTR membrane could be a promising, environment-friendly, and cost-effective alternative for commercial collagen-based GTR membrane products. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guinea fowl eggshells have an unusual structural arrangement that is different from that of most birds, consisting of two distinct layers with different microstructures. This bilayered organization, and distinct microstructural characteristics, provides it with exceptional mechanical properties. The inner layer, constituting about one third of the eggshell thickness, contains columnar calcite crystal units arranged vertically as in most bird shells. However, the thicker outer layer has a more complex microstructural arrangement formed by a switch to smaller calcite domains with diffuse/interlocking boundaries, partly resembling the interfaces seen in mollusk shell nacre. The switching process that leads to this remarkable second-layer microstructure is unknown. Our results indicate that the microstructural switching is triggered by changes in the inter- and intracrystalline organic matrix. During production of the outer microcrystalline layer in the later stages of eggshell formation, the interactions of organic matter with mineral induce an accumulation of defects that increase crystal mosaicity, instill anisotropic lattice distortions in the calcite structure, interrupt epitaxial growth, reduce crystallite size, and induce nucleation events which increase crystal misorientation. These structural changes, together with the transition between the layers and each layer having different microstructures, enhance the overall mechanical strength of the Guinea fowl eggshell. Additionally, our findings provide new insights into how biogenic calcite growth may be regulated to impart unique functional properties. Avian eggshells are mineralized to protect the embryo and to provide calcium for embryonic chick skeletal development. Their thickness, structure and mechanical properties have evolved to resist external forces throughout brooding, yet ultimately allow them to crack open during chick hatching. One particular eggshell, that of the Guinea fowl, has structural features very different from other galliform birds – it is bilayered, with an inner columnar mineral structure (like in most birds), but it also has an outer layer with a complex microstructure which contributes to its superior mechanical properties. This work provides novel and new fundamental information about the processes and mechanisms that control and change crystal growth during the switch to microcrystalline domains when the second outer layer forms. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological materials exhibit complex structure-property relationships which are designed by nature's evolution over millions of years. Unlocking the fundamental physical principles behind these relationships is crucial for creating bioinspired materials and structures with advanced functionalities. The eggshell is a remarkable example with a well-designed structure to balance the trade-off as it provides mechanical protection while still being easy for hatching. In this study, we investigate the underlying mechanical design principles of chicken eggshells under various loading conditions through a combination of experiments and simulations. The unique geometry and structure of the eggshell play a critical role in achieving an excellent balance between mechanical toughness and ease of hatching. The effects of eggshell membranes are elucidated to tune the mechanical properties of the eggshell to further enhance this balance. Moreover, a mechanics-based three-index model is proposed based on these design principles, suggesting the optimal eggshell thickness design to improve survivability across a broad range of avian species with varying egg sizes. The survivability-design relationships hold great potential for the development of improved structural materials for applications in sports safety equipment and the packaging industry. The fundamental physical principles underlying the complex structure-property relationships in biological materials are uncovered in this study, with a particular focus on chicken eggshells as a prime example. Through the investigation of their mechanical design, we reveal the critical role of eggshell geometry and structure in achieving a balance between toughness and ease of hatching. Specifically, the crack resting effect is observed, making the eggshell easier to break from the inside than from the outside. Additionally, we explore the influence of eggshell membranes on this balance, contributing to the enhancement of the eggshell's mechanical properties. For the first time, we propose a three-index model that uncovers the underlying principles governing the evolution of eggshell thickness. This model suggests optimal thickness designs for diverse avian species, with the goal of enhancing egg survivability. These findings can guide the development of improved structural materials with advanced functionalities, enabling greater safety and efficiency in a wide range of applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HR were high in energy, proteins, and lipids but low in carbohydrates. • Ash content varied widely and mainly related by eggshell content. • HR composition favors BSF bioconversion for nutrient valorization. • Fermentation treatment should be applied upstream to control microbiological risks. • On-farm recovery depends on local regulations and economic feasibility. The conventional management of hatchery residues is associated with greenhouse gas and unpleasant odor emissions, the presence of pathogens and high disposal costs for producers. To address these issues, on-farm alternatives like composting, fermentation, and insect valorization are promising approaches. This study aims to characterize hatchery residues and define critical quality thresholds to identify effective processes for their management. Hatchery residue samples were collected bi-monthly over a year (N = 24) and were analyzed for proximate composition (dry matter, ash, energy, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, carbohydrates), pH, color (L*a*b*, Chroma) and microbiological loads (total aerobic mesophilic counts, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria). Volatile fatty acid composition was also measured (N = 8). Significant correlation coefficients were found between TAM and LAB loads and residue characterization (pH, chroma, crude fibers, carbohydrates, and temperature). On a dry matter basis, residues were high in energy (2498 to 5911 cal/g), proteins (21.3 to 49.4 %) and lipids (14.6 to 29.1 %), but low in carbohydrates (0 to 15.3 %) despite temporal fluctuations. Ash content varied widely (8.6 to 49.1 %, dry matter) and is influenced by eggshell content. Microbiological loads were high for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (6.5 to 9.1 log cfu/g), coliforms (5.4 to 8.5 log cfu/g) and lactic acid bacteria (6.7 to 9.0 log cfu/g). Valorization of hatchery residues on the farm will depends on the optimization of effective upstream stabilization processes. The critical points are discussed according to the valorization potentials that could be implemented on the farm from composting to upcycling by insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing new pathways to transform biological wastes into value-added products is inevitable in order to mitigate environmental pollution and providing sustainability. Utilisation of eggshell as a substrate, a naturally abandoned organic-inorganic waste, was explored in this study. Herein, Au/Co/Zn/eggshell nanocomposites were synthesised by utilizing waste eggshell as substrate. At the experimental stage, different metal combinations namely unary, binary and ternary combination of Co, Zn and Au and different ratios ranges from %10 to %50 were tested. The catalytic activity of the synthesised materials were investigated in terms of hydrogen production from NaBH 4 methanolysis. The catalyst fabricated with the addition of %40 Co + %40 Zn + 3 ppm Au showed the best catalytic activity and the reaction completion time was as low as 2.4 min. The results revealed that the fabricated catalyst showed a superior catalytic activity with the maximum hydrogen production rate of 4394.6 mL/min/gcat. The obtained maximum hydrogen production rate is highly compatible with the existing literature. Different NaBH 4 concentrations and catalyst concentrations were also tested to investigate the fabricated catalyst behaviour. The fabricated catalyst was also experimented in different temperatures range from 30 °C to 60 °C to determine the Arrhenius kinetics and subsequently activation energy. The activation energy was calculated to be 13.25 kJ/mol. SEM-EDX, BET, XRD and FT-IR analysis were finally performed to determine morphological and structural characterization of the superior catalyst. [Display omitted] • A novel Au/Co/Zn/eggshell catalyst was synthesised for H 2 generation from NaBH 4. • The maximum HPR of the synthesised catalyst was found to be 4394.6 mL/min/gcat. • The activation energy was calculated to be 13.25 kJ/mol. • Unary, binary and ternary combination of Co, Zn and Au were studied thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins are the most stable of the macromolecules that carry genetic information over long periods of time. Closed systems are more likely to retain endogenous proteins or their degradation products. Amino acid racemisation data in experimental and subfossil material suggests that mollusc shell and avian eggshell calcite crystals can demonstrate closed system behaviour, retaining endogenous amino acids. Here, Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) Argentine titanosaurian sauropod eggshells show dark, organic stains under light microscopy/photography and fluorescence imaging. Raman spectroscopy can yield bands consistent with various organic molecules, possibly including N-bearing molecules or geopolymers. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry reveals pyrolysates consistent with amino acids as well as aliphatic hydrocarbon homologues that are not present in modern eggshell, consistent with kerogen formation deriving from eggshell lipids. High-performance liquid chromatography reveals that their intra-crystalline fraction can be enriched in some of the most stable amino acids (Glx, Gly, Ala, and possibly Val) and are fully racemic (despite being some of the slowest racemising amino acids), indicating ancient origin. This preservation varies across localities, but similar ancient amino acid profiles were also observed in Late Cretaceous Spanish titanosaurians from several localities and Chinese putative hadrosaurid eggshell. These amino acid results are consistent with previous studies on degradation trends deduced from modern, thermally matured, sub-fossil, and ∼3.8–6.5 Ma avian eggshell, as well as ∼30 Ma calcitic mollusc opercula. Selective preservation of certain fully racemic amino acids, which do not racemise in-chain, and the concentration of free amino acids suggests likely complete hydrolysis of original peptides. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry supports this hypothesis by failing to detect any non-contamination peptide sequences from the Mesozoic eggshell. These closed-system amino acids are possibly the most thoroughly supported non-avian dinosaur endogenous protein-derived constituents, at least those that have not undergone oxidative condensation with other classes of biomolecules. Biocrystal matrices can help preserve mobile organic molecules by trapping them (perhaps with the assistance of resistant organic polymers), but trapped organics are nevertheless prone to diagenetic degradation, even if such reactions might be slowed in exceptional circumstances. Future work should survey fossil biocalcite to determine variability in amino acid preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ample amount of biowaste is getting produced on earth and creating an unhygienic situation due to bacterial and other microbial activities. Proteins diet sourced from different animals, particularly chicken and eggs are being consumed by human beings all around the world on a daily basis producing a huge amount of chicken bone and eggshell residues as biowaste. These biowastes, having similarities with human bone composition, can be utilized to develop orthopedic appliances. The chicken bone extract alone does not have enough mechanical properties and hence needs to be blended with some other calcium-rich ingredients to enhance its properties. The eggshell (round-shaped) biowaste mostly composed of calcium carbonate can be used as a reinforcement in the chicken bone extract(rod-shaped) matrix. The green strength of the chicken bone extract is tuned by mixing it with different weight percentages of eggshell powder. Different intricate structures were printed with these ink mixtures using an extrusion-based 3D printer. Mechanical and biocompatibility (invitro) tests are conducted to study, investigate and understand the effect of eggshell powder on the mechanical and biological properties of the printed structures. The C 50 E 50 with equal weight concentration samples show the optimum results in fracture strain (∼62%), toughness (∼0.52 MJ/m3), and resilience (∼0.01789 MJ/m3). However, C 0 E 100 has the lowest swelling ratio (∼13.5%), C 70 E 30 has the lowest weight loss (∼8.1%) and the cell viability of C 0 E 100 is almost 100%. Hence, a wide range of properties (mechanical and biological) can be obtained by varying and controlling the chicken bone extract and eggshell weight proportions and can be utilized as per the need. This study not only opens up a new direction in utilizing and reducing biowaste but also helps humankind in dealing with public health, particularly in orthopedic and dental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste from low-density polyethylene products after lifespan accounts for 70% of solid waste in most dumpsites, contributing to environmental impacts. Eggshell foul smells are a threat to human and animal health. Before this study, there was no research documentation on transforming both wastes into green composites for engineering applications. This work developed composites using recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE) and eggshell Nanoparticles. They were evaluated structurally and mechanically. Straining, which affirms an improvement in the load-bearing capacity of the RLDPE due to the incorporation of eggshell Nanoparticles, was established by the composite XRD peak broadness. Structural integrities of the composites were confirmed with SEM. Maximum tensile strength was noted at 10% eggshell Nanoparticle additions to the RLDPE, equal to a 68% increase. About 52 and 19% enhancements in respective flexural strength and hardness value with a 0.85% reduction in impact energy were noted at 12% eggshell Nanoparticle additions. The probability value, 0.0481 <0.05 established the significance of the mono-variate regression model to estimate the tensile strength of RLDPE/eggshell Nanoparticle composites, and the model has 92.7% confidence. A bumper fascia prototype was fabricated from RLDPE/10% eggshell Nanoparticle composite possessing 10.64 Nmm−2 tensile strength, 21.964 Nmm−2 flexural strength, 21.69 J impact energy, and 59 VHN hardness value using sheet forming technique. Therefore, future usage of the developed RLDPE/10% eggshell Nanoparticle composite is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a cobalt-doped catalyst was prepared from chicken eggshell powder (CEP) biowaste to be used in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH 4). In the presence of the prepared catalyst (CEP cat), possible effects of the parameters of NaOH concentration (%), catalyst amount (g), NaBH 4 concentration (%), process temperature (oC) and reusability affecting the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride were examined. The CEP cat obtained was characterized with FT-IR, TGA, XRD, SEM and EDX analyses. The hydrogen generation rate (HGR) was determined as 432 mL g Co −1 min−1 in the presence of 1 g CEP cat , a CoO/CaO ratio of 10/90 and 1% NaBH 4 concentration. The activation energy of the NaBH 4 hydrolysis reaction was calculated as 16.78 kJ mol−1. After 16 reuses of the CEP cat there was no significant decrease in the hydrogen volume. Compared to the first use while there was an increase in the HGR. These results showed that the CEP cat prepared has a significant advantage over other catalysts for use in NaBH 4 hydrolysis. [Display omitted] • A cobalt doped catalyst was prepared from chicken eggshell powder for NaBH 4 hydrolysis. • Even with the 16th reuse, the hydrogen generation rate and hydrogen volume do not decrease. • Low activation energy (16.78 kJ mol−1) was achieved. • The hydrogen generation rate was calculated as 432 mL g Co −1 min−1 at 30 °C. • The biowaste was converted into a product used in eco-friendly hydrogen energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to prolong the productive life of laying hens without compromising their welfare. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify the cause for inferior quality egg production of aged hens by investigating the aging-associated molecular changes related to eggshell formation in the isthmic and uterine mucosae and determining whether nitric oxide plays a role in decreasing the quality of eggs produced by aged hens. Young (35 weeks old) and aged (130 weeks old) White Leghorn laying hens were used in this study to determine the effects of age on the expression of proteins related to eggshell membranes formation in the isthmus and eggshell biomineralization and nitric oxide production in the uterus. Nitric oxide synthesis during the ovulatory cycle was examined in twenty-five laying hens (46–52 weeks old) euthanized at 0, 4, 7, 16, and 24 h after oviposition. S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (a nitric oxide donor) was added to the cultured isthmic and uterine mucosal cells to examine the effects of nitric oxide on the expression of genes related to eggshell membranes formation and eggshell biomineralization, respectively. The results showed that the protein abundance of collagen I and V in the isthmic mucosa and collagen V in the eggshell membranes were lower in aged hens than in young hens. The mRNA expression levels of calbindin, osteopontin, and ovocalyxin-36 and the protein abundance of calbindin and carbonic anhydrase-2 were lower in the uterine mucosa of aged hens than in that of young hens. Nitric oxide synthesis was higher in the uterine mucosa of aged hens than in that of young hens. Nitric oxide downregulated the mRNA expression levels of osteopontin and ovocalyxin-36 in cultured uterine mucosal cells. Our results indicated that the eggshell quality decreases with aging due to molecular changes in the uterine mucosa affecting the eggshell membrane formation and eggshell biomineralization. Moreover, nitric oxide overproduction may play a role in this dysfunction. • The content of collagen-V in the isthmus and in the eggshell membranes was lower in aged hens than in young hens. • Aging was associated with a lower uterine expression of biomineralization related proteins than in young hens. • NO downregulated the expression of osteopontin and ovocalyxin-36 in cultured uterine mucosal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need and significance for quality bone graft substitute increases due to the worldwide increment in the health problems such as osteoporosis, accidental loss and teeth decay etc. Nowadays, nanohydroxyapatite and its polymeric composites are effectively used as bone grafts and dentin. In this work, nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and surface-modified nanohydroxyapatite were synthesized through the precipitation method using bio-wastes (eggshells) as a Calcium precursor. The polymers Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl acrylate (PVA) were used as surface modifiers to control the particle size. The prepared samples were analyzed through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray Photoelectronic Spectroscopy (XPS). Also, the samples were subjected to simulated body fluid analysis, antimicrobial and hemolytic assay to analyze the apatite forming ability and hemolytic nature. The XRD, SEM and HR-TEM results show the crystallite and particle sizes are about 41 nm, 57 nm and 66.6 nm (rod-shaped) respectively. While the EDAX spectra show the presence of Calcium, Phosphate, Oxygen and Sodium in the prepared sample. However, the FT-IR spectra confirm the presence of OH, PO 4 3−, and CO 3 2− functional groups in the sample. The thermogram depicts the stability of nHAp/PVA composite is better than nHAp without polymer. This study reports that reprocessing of eggshells to nHAp and its composites paves the way to recover the ecosphere and the obtained value-added product, which may use in making a promising material for bone implants, dental fillers and coatings at low cost. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of Pure and Polymer assisted Nanohydroxyapatite from waste E ggshells. • The first study to report, polymer assisted Nanohydroxyapatite (with PEG and PVA polymers) using Eggshells as a precursor. • This method is free from risky chemicals and noxious by-products. • It is possible to get Hydroxyapatite nanocomposites at a lower cost with high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshell concrete is an innovative green material that helps to recycle eggshell waste while reducing the environmental harm caused by excessive cement production. However, recent studies on eggshell concrete are limited, and the outcomes may vary due to the variation of mix design. The design of the experiment is used to simplify and optimize the study of sustainable concrete, yet analysis involving eggshell concrete is still scarce. This paper aimed to develop mathematical models for the prediction of eggshell concrete compressive strength using mixed regression (MR) and response surface methodology (RSM). Overall, 43 datasets were collected from available studies in the literature on eggshell powder as partial cement replacement. The input variables used were the percentage of eggshell, percentage of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS), cement content, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and Conplast SP-430 superplasticizer. The analysis of the contour plot concluded that eggshell powder increased the concrete compressive strength at an optimal replacement percentage between 5% and 10%. However, the partial cement replacement with eggshell powder is more optimal for mix design with higher water content. The statistical results of the model, such as R2, adjusted R2, and root-mean-square error (RMSE), indicated that both MR and RSM models are powerful tools to formulate and predict the eggshell concrete compressive strength. However, RSM models showed better accuracy and lower deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, research on the development of hydroxyapatite (HA) using calcium from natural resources such as limestone, mammalian bones, marine shells and avian eggshells have been extensively studied. However, many studies focused on the properties of prestine HA without incorporation of dopants for strengthening effect. In this work, HA bioceramic was prepared using waste chicken eggshells calcium with addition of various concentrations of zinc dopant (1, 3 and 5 mol% Zn). In this work, the zinc-doped HA (ZnHA) was synthesized using a wet-chemical precipitation technique followed by oven drying and unixial pressing to formed green compacts. Pressureless sintering was carried out at 1200, 1250 and 1300 °C. The results showed that 5 mol% ZnHA (5ZnHA) exhibited the overall best properties after sintering at 1250 °C. The improvement in the fracture toughness was attributed to the formation of β-TCP phase when zinc ion was incorporated into HA, combined with enhanced densification. It was observed that the HA grains were coarser and more densely when sintered at 1250 °C, indicating that there was strong interaction between pores and grain boundaries. However, fracture toughness slightly declined after sintering at 1300 °C due to rapid and abnormal HA grain growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of this work is changing inert sand into a reactive material by adding new binding sites (layered double hydroxide nanoparticles) to its surfaces. The main ingredients used to create these nanoparticles are surfactant, chicken eggshells (solid waste), and alum (cheap material). The efficacy of modified sand, also known as "sand coated with (Ca/Al-CTAB)-LDH," was examined by removing amoxicillin from an aqueous solution. Two surfactants (CTAB and DK1) were investigated and measurements proved that the sorbent with CTAB has high ability to remove the adopted antibiotic with efficiency > 80 % at best synthesis conditions of pH 12, CTAB dosage 0.05 g, Ca/Al ratio 2 and sand dosage 1 g/50 mL. According to isotherm models, the sorption curve for amoxicillin onto modified sand is "favorable" with a maximum sorption capacity of 43.642 mg/g. The pseudo first-order model was more efficient in the fitting of kinetic results. Characterization analyses showed that the structure of coated sand has significantly changed due to the formation of a plate-like layer made up of loosely aggregated micrometric plates caused by (Ca + Al + CTAB) LDH nanoparticles. This can result in a significant increase in the removal of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastewater of cadmium ions in the environment needs to be solved urgently. Nanohydroxyapatite and low-cost rice husk-egg shells biochar were successfully hybridized to form nano-hydroxyapatite/biochar hybrid materials (HBC) for the adsorption of Cd2+ in aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy, BET, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize HBC. The results showed that compared with the biochar (BC), the adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity of HBC were greatly improved. Specifically, the adsorption efficiency was increased by 50%, and the saturated adsorption capacity was increased from 23.835 to 35.2875 mg/g, which was increased by 48%. The adsorption mechanism of HBC on Cd2+ is complex. Chemical adsorption and multilayer adsorption provide the most important contribution, and various adsorption methods such as surface complexation, ion exchange, dissolution and precipitation also affect the adsorption of Cd2+. In general, HBC is an efficient and environmentally friendly adsorbent, which can be used for the removal of Cd2+ from aqueous solution and has high adsorption capacity and cost effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshells are rich in Ca2+ and organic compounds, which can be taken as coupling agents for sustained-release materials. Essential oils are widely applied due to their excellent volatility, but poor sustained-release stability has limited their development. The study aimed to develop a novel eggshell powder (EP) sustained-release microcapsule, providing a new approach to protect the active ingredients of Lavender essential oil (LEO), and investigated the reasons for EP to regulate protein-polysaccharide microcapsule structure. Experimental results showed when the addition ratio of EP and Whey protein (WPI) was 1: 3, the dosage of LEO was 25%, the microcapsule displayed smooth and porous spherical structure. XRD and FT-IR indicated that a dense and orderly network structure was formed via the cross-linking reaction between eggshell powder and wall materials, which induced protein and polysaccharide to form special spherical hollow sustained-release shell structure through the calcium bridge (-COO-Ca-COO-), then achieved the sustained-release effect on LEO. [Display omitted] • EP-WPI microcapsules with smooth and porous surface were prepared by spray drying. • EP significantly enhanced the sustained-release properties of microcapsules on LEO. • Microcapsules with EP improved the antioxidant capacity of LEO. • The potential application value of EP microcapsules in industry filed was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury and its compounds do not have beneficial biological roles in living organisms. In contrast, selenium, within permissible limits, is an essential micronutrient and antioxidant. There is an antagonistic relationship between mercury and selenium. Therefore, the molar ratio of selenium to mercury is used as an appropriate index. Measuring the mercury in the environment without considering the protective effects of selenium does not accurately reflect the risks posed by mercury. This study aimed to measure the mercury, selenium, and the molar ratio Se:Hg in the shell and content of the eggs of the Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybridus) in northern Iran. After the onset of egg laying, one egg was collected from each nest (38 eggs in total). The results showed that the concentration of mercury in the eggshell was higher, while the concentration of selenium and the molar ratio Se:Hg were higher in the egg content. A molar ratio Se:Hg in both the eggshell and the egg content indicates a positive effect of selenium in reducing the risks associated with mercury toxicity. The parameters of egg shape index, egg weight, and clutch size did not have a significant effect on the concentrations of mercury, selenium, and the molar ratio Se:Hg in the eggshell and egg content. There was a significant negative correlation between the concentration of mercury in the eggshell and the molar ratio Se:Hg in both the eggshell and egg content. The lack of a positive correlation between the concentrations of mercury or selenium in the eggshell and egg content suggests that the transferability of heavy metals from the egg to the embryo in the egg content cannot be confirmed. [Display omitted] • The mercury in the eggshell, and selenium in the egg content were higher. • The ability of selenium to reduce the risk of mercury toxicity was observed. • No effect of egg traits was observed on the mercury and selenium concentration. • The mercury and selenium in the eggs were below the harmful thresholds. • The transferability of heavy metals from the egg to the embryo was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of oxygen carriers with specific properties is one of the main bottlenecks for applicability of chemical looping processes. Considering this, the article presents an investigation of the physicochemical, structural, morphological and reactive properties of four oxygen carriers based on Fe and/or Ni supported on calcium aluminate. Three different calcium aluminates were prepared: one by the conventional Pechini method, the following two using eggshell residue as calcium source, one with the shell in natura and last calcined at 500 °C. The support obtained from the eggshell in natura presented greater surface area and pore volume, being selected for continuity of the research. The active phase was added by the method of incipient wetness impregnation. XRD, TPR results showed that iron interacted with the support forming calcium ferrite, while nickel showed inert to the support. The reactivity by thermogravimetry showed that the OC Ni/CA presented practically 100 % reactivity in the cycles of reduction with methane and oxidation with air, and its structural and morphological properties remained unchanged after its regeneration. [Display omitted] • Interaction of Fe and Ni with support forms Ca ferrites in oxygen carriers, impacting oxygen transfer capacity. • Eggshell proves cost-effective and eco-friendly as a calcium source for oxygen carrier materials. • Ni/CA oxygen carrier with NiO phase achieves ∼100% conversion in methane reduction and air oxidation cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fracture behavior of rocks and bird eggshell under bending was studied. • Cracks in these materials look like crack in the neck of aluminum. • Additional stress accommodation channel is active in these covalent materials. • This effect is on the microscopic scale only. Fracture of rocks and biominerals on the microscopic scale under bending was examined. Eggs of some birds were used in the study because an eggshell is biomineral consisted of 90% of calcium carbonate of the biological genesis. Cracking in the model materials was studied in optical microscopes including in situ bending of eggshell samples. It was shown that despite brittle deformation behavior on the macroscopic scale and brittle transgranular fracture as fracture mode, the morphology of cracking of model materials looks like cracks in the neck of aluminum under tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshell translucency is the common problem on eggshell that become more severe with age. They are important because it influence consumer preferences and the economic value of eggs. The reason for the eggshell translucency is currently believed to be the eggshell membrane (ESM). In this study, we screened translucency eggs and normal eggs and used metabolomics to study liver metabolism in different eggshell translucency and discuss important liver lipids and phosphatidyl metabolites. Liver samples were taken for Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) during the formation of eggshell membranes in hens, that is, when eggs form eggshell membranes in the oviduct isthmus. The results showed that we identified two essential metabolic pathways through differential metabolite pathway analysis, which were glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism related to amino acids metabolism and the PPAR metabolic pathway related to lipid metabolism. Furthermore, this study helps us understand the process of translucency egg production in poultry. This laid the foundation for in-depth research on eggshell translucency. These results may and provide support for future breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live insect larvae were recently proposed for use in laying hens in intensive chicken farming as an innovative form of environmental enrichment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of laying hen age and feeding with live Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) on egg quality attributes, i.e., chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) profile, and metabolic profile using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. To this aim, 108 Lohman Brown hens were housed in 27 cages (9 replicates per treatment, 4 birds per pen) and monitored between 16 and 34 weeks of age. The hens were split into three experimental groups: a control group fed a commercial diet, and two experimental groups fed the same commercial diet plus 15% or 30% of live BSFL, as fed basis on the expected daily feed intake (DFI). The experimental treatments did not affect the egg and eggshell quality attributes. The supplementation with live BSFL did not influence the chemical composition in terms of macronutrients or the main NMR profiles of egg yolk and albumen. The FA profile of the egg yolk significantly changed as the eggs from hens fed BSFL presented higher rates of SFA and PUFA (P <0.05), lower rate of MUFA (P <0.001), and higher rates of C18:2n 6 (P <0.05) and C18:3 n3 compared to the control eggs (P <0.001). There were no significant differences in the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFA. The age of the hens strongly affected egg quality traits (P <0.001), mainly the egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, eggshell-breaking strength, and eggshell redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), besides the metabolic profile of both egg yolk and albumen. Considering the interaction diet * age of hens, only a few significant effects occurred on egg quality attributes and FA profile. In conclusion, a supplementation with live BSFL up to 30% of DFI may be safely used in laying hen feeding without impairing egg quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral-based pecking stones (PS) are edible enrichments for poultry that comprise a high proportion of calcium. We aimed to determine whether laying hens prefer a Soft (easier to ingest) versus a Hard mineral-based PS with the same calcium content, if pecking at PS follows a diurnal pattern similar to calcium appetite, and whether the PS affects eggshell quality. Shaver White laying hens housed in groups of 3 in furnished cages (N = 38) were given either a Hard or Soft PS for 15 days, followed by a 6-day washout period of no PS, and then the opposite PS type for an additional 15 days (Phase 1). After a second 6-day washout period, all cages received both Hard and Soft simultaneously for a 14-day preference test (Phase 2). PS disappearance was quantified by weighing. PS pecking and feeding behaviors were quantified from video recordings of 20 cages scanned at 15 min intervals for 2 days in each treatment period. Egg weights, shell breaking strength and thickness were determined 4 times in Phase 1. In Phase 1, disappearance increased from the first to second period (P = 0.001) and was even greater when the hens had been given Hard then Soft, compared to the opposite sequence (P = 0.0229). PS-pecking was also greater in the second treatment period compared to the first (P = 0.0027). In Phase 2, Soft disappearance was greater than Hard (P < 0.0001), but PS-pecking at the Soft was only greater than that of the Hard when the hens had received the Hard-Soft sequence in Phase 1 (P = 0.0061). The hens showed more PS-pecking behavior towards the end of the light period (∼15:00-18:00) (P < 0.0001). Both eggshell breaking strength (P < 0.0001) and thickness (P = 0.0001) were affected by treatment period suggesting improvement in eggshell quality as ingestion of PS increased. This study shows that hens' previous experience with PS influenced their use. It provides some evidence that hens' use of PS is related to their diurnal calcium appetite and affects eggshell quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is believed that some wavelengths of light penetrate through eggshell and are perceived by avian embryo, and may consequently affect rhythm establishment and development. This research aimed to explore the influence of prenatal light exposure on the morphological alterations of retinal tissue, the expression of visual developmental signaling systems (TGF-β/Smad pathway), the expression of clock related genes (cClock, cBmal1, cBmal2, cAanat), and melatonin concentration in the chicken embryonic retina. Layer eggs (Jingfen No.6) were subjected to white light (5000K, WL) and green light (520 nm/515-525 nm, GL) with a 12L:12D photoperiod throughout the entire incubation period, in contrast to no light incubation (NL). The results showed that the thickness of retina and each retinal lamina of chicken embryo in WL at E20 was much thicker than that of chicken embryo in GL (P < 0.05). In contrary, the expression level of TGF-β1 mRNA and Smad2/3 protein in retina was dramatically downregulated in WL when compared to that in NL and GL (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the incubation light simultaneously significantly affected the diurnal rhythms of the chicken embryonic retina. The expression of three clock genes (cBmal1/2, cClock) and cAanat exhibited significant diurnal rhythms in GL (P < 0.05). Additionally, green light stimulation significantly enhanced melatonin secretion but did not show diurnal rhythm. However, cBmal1, cAanat , and melatonin expression exhibited diurnal rhythms (P < 0.01), while the others did not in WL. In NL, only cBmal1 exhibited diurnal rhythmicity (P < 0.01). In conclusion, providing light of different wavelengths during the incubation process of poultry can have varying effects on embryonic visual development and the establishment of diurnal rhythms. WL had an advantage to GL and NL on retina development and diurnal rhythm through significantly influencing the expression of genes related to visual developmental signaling pathways and clock genes. A well-developed retina in WL exposure chicken embryo may be beneficial for establishing a melatonin rhythm. Conversely, the established circadian rhythm could improve embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding patterns and dietary available phosphorus levels on laying performance, eggshell quality, calcium, and phosphorus metabolism in aged laying hens. The experiment followed a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of three feeding patterns (feeding twice a day, 1/2 daily feeding at 8:00, and 1/2 daily feeding at 14:00; disequilibrium feeding twice a day, 1/3 daily feeding at 8:00, and 2/3 daily feeding at 14:00; feeding thrice a day, 1/3 daily feeding at 8:00, 1/3 daily feeding at 14:00, and 1/3 daily feeding at 18:00) and two available phosphorus levels (0.32 %, 0.27 %) was carried out with a total of 528 Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 62–74 weeks. Each group had 8 replicates of 11 hens. The results revealed that feeding patterns and phosphorus levels significantly interacted with egg production ratios, soft shell and broken egg ratios in weeks 9–12 (P < 0.05). Feeding thrice a day and disequilibrium feeding twice a day significantly improved the equatorial and average eggshell thickness (P < 0.05), and had a trend of increasing eggshell strength at week 12 (P = 0.068). They also significantly increased the effective layer thickness and the calcified layer thickness of the eggshell (P < 0.05). Additionally, feeding thrice a day significantly increased serum calcium content compared with feeding twice a day (P < 0.05), and feeding thrice a day significantly increased the calcium content of the eggshell, mRNA expression level of CaBP-D28k in the uterine compared with the other two feeding patterns (P < 0.05). While disequilibrium feeding twice a day resulted in higher phosphorus content in the excreta compared with the other two feeding patterns (P < 0.05). These results indicated that feeding hens thrice a day with 0.27 % dietary available phosphorus level might improve in laying performance and eggshell quality of aged laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broiler breeder industry is facing a problem with fertility, hatchability, and the number of broiler breeder eggs produced per hen. The supplementation of trace minerals such as zinc, manganese, and copper in broiler breeder diets has been previously linked to an increase in eggshell quality, which may lead to increased fertility, hatchability, and chick quality. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of amino-acid complexed mineral supplementation on eggshell quality, fertility, hatchability, chick quality, and shell translucency. Translucency score was tested to determine if it would impact other eggshell quality parameters. To evaluate this, zinc, manganese, and copper were added into the water of commercial broiler breeder houses at the levels of 40, 40, and 7 ppm, respectively, for 10 wk. This was conducted on 4 farms with one house receiving mineral supplementation (T) and another house on the same farm receiving no supplementation (C). A total of 5,120 eggs were collected after 10 wk and analyzed for translucency score (TS1-3; low-high), eggshell lightness (L* score), thickness, and breaking strength. Up to 60 infertile eggs per farm underwent microbial analysis to determine bacteria and E. coli prevalence on d 18 of incubation. All data was analyzed using PROC-GLM or chi-square with P ≤ 0.05; means were separated by Tukey's when appropriate. The results showed that mineral supplementation increased the L* score from 74.9 (C) to 75.1 (T) (P = 0.0245), shell thickness from 0.451 mm to 0.455 mm (P = 0.0402), TS1 eggs by 1.05%, TS2 eggs by 5.86%, and decreased TS3 eggs by 6.91% (P < 0.0001). Shell thickness differed (P < 0.0001) between all levels of translucency. Significance was also found for L* score (P < 0.0001) between TS3 eggs (74.2) when compared to TS1 (74.8) and TS2 (75.2) eggs. Improvements in fertility (83.0% C vs. 86.1% T) and hatchability (74.3% C vs. 76.8% T) were not statistically significant. It can be concluded that amino-acid complexed mineral supplementation improves eggshell quality, particularly shell translucency score, leading to potential improvements in commercial breeder operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of industrialization, the excessive emission of S2− have become increasingly serious, leading to a surge in the content of S2− in nature. Rapid and accurate detection of S2− contamination in natural adaptogens is crucial for food safety. Annually, discarded eggshell waste, rich in organic and inorganic materials, poses environmental risks if landfilled. Utilizing waste eggshell membrane biomass for S2− detection is cost-effective, yet designing biochar materials for sensors requires balancing catalytic enhancement and anti-interference capabilities. Improving the catalytic performance of biochar for colorimetric S2− detection without metal ion interference presents a challenging issue. We first modified biochar (EBc) derived from waste eggshell membranes using a combination of thiourea and ZnS nanoparticles, fabricating ZnS-decorated, S–N co-doped biochar (ZnS-SN-EBc) nanozymes, which were applied for the colorimetric assay detection of S2− contamination. The addition of thiourea significantly increases the proportion of pyridinic-N in biochar, enhancing the peroxidase-like activity of the nanozyme. The growth of ZnS nanoparticles on the biochar not only enhances the catalytic performance by increasing the S content but also reduces the content of oxidized S, thereby improving resistance to interference. The detection range for S2− was expanded from 0.1 to 45 μM for EBc to 0.05–225 μM for ZnS-SN-EBc, and the limit of detection improved to 0.0397 μM. Additionally, ZnS-SN-EBc significantly enhanced metal ion interference resistance. S2− detection in five types of adaptogenic herbs verified the accuracy and practicality of the colorimetric assay, with recovery rates comparable to national standards. We innovatively repurposed waste eggshell membranes to develop a selective and catalytic peroxidase-like nanozyme, ZnS-decorated S–N co-doped biochar (ZnS-SN-EBc). The developed colorimetric assay utilizing ZnS-SN-EBc demonstrates significant potential for the detection of sulfur ions in adaptogenic herbs, thus contributing to both waste resource utilization and the advancement of food safety detection technologies. [Display omitted] • In-situ ZnS growth and S, N co-doping on eggshell membrane biochar (ZnS-SN-EBc). • ZnS-SN-EBc exhibits highly efficient POD-like catalytic performance. • The ZnS-SN-EBc exhibits anti-metal ion interference ability. • The colorimetric assay established can detect S2− levels in adaptogenic herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium-based alloys are relatively new materials for orthopedic implants. One common component that makes magnesium-based alloys biocompatible and chemically stable is the addition of minor compositions of rare earth metals like yttrium to anchor other chemically active components. From an orthopedic perspective, two goals are of primary concern. One is sufficient mechanical support to stabilize the fracture and reduce inflammation. Another is assistance for the transition of osteogenesis and intramembranous ossification for bone production and remodeling. To attain both goals and further improve the current magnesium-yttrium alloys, adding extra ingredients to improve osseointegration is a common and effective approach. By the nature of bone chemistry, calcium is the top choice as calcium is the key element in maintaining bone integrity and biochemical metabolism. In this study, the mechanical behaviors of a calcium-added magnesium-based alloy (Mg-Y 3.5 wt%) are investigated by experiments. This inventive idea for the natural source of calcium is obtained from chicken eggs due to their (1) cost-effective and abundant availability, and (2) naturally synthesized calcium carbonate along with a minor content of organic materials. The fabrication processes involved are the ball-milling of eggshells as an additive at 1, 3, and 5 wt%. into magnesium-yttrium alloys and resistance casting to form composites. Material characterization includes microstructural analysis by X-ray diffraction, morphological/elemental analysis via optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopes, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, mechanical properties by uniaxial compression and Vickers microhardness tests. Experimental results supplemented by statistical and finite element analysis indicate that the new composite exhibits enhanced ductility; and the 3 wt% eggshell-added alloys show better reinforcement of mechanical properties among all samples with an ultimate compression strength of 161.19 MPa, maximum elongation of 17.53 %, and hardness of 457.48 (N/mm2). Note that the comparable mechanical strength of the composite to that of human bones could reduce the stress shielding on bones and further help the process of bone remodeling. [Display omitted] • Successful fabrication of Mg-Y with eggshell powders until 5 wt%. • Eggshell powders as additives enhance the ductility of Mg-Y alloys. • The core-shell structure of (Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3)-CaCO 3 reinforces Mg matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaCO 3 with prominent photochemical inertness is a typical photochemical insulator, which is considered unpromising due to their wide band gap and is excluded from the photocatalytic applications. In this study, the eggshell derived CaCO 3 was compounded with BiOCl to prepare the BiOCl@CaCO 3 photocatalysts by a solvothermal method. The energy level difference between the CB of BiOCl and the valence band (VB) of CaCO 3 was only 1.06 eV, the electrons on BiOCl would be recombined with the holes on CaCO 3 VB, the photogenerated h+ and ∙OH were located on the BiOCl VB with the strongest oxidation potential, and a kind of innovative type heterojunction was constructed between BiOCl and CaCO 3. The BiOCl@CaCO 3 showed excellent performance for the photodegradation of RhB, and the degradation kinetic rate of RhB was 18.4 and 345 times of BiOCl and CaCO 3. This work lays a solid foundation for the application of photochemical insulators in photocatalysis and also provides a new idea for the transformation of natural waste into treasure. [Display omitted] • The eggshell derived photochemical insulator CaCO3 is compounded with BiOCl to prepare the BiOCl@CaCO3 photocatalysts. • A kind of innovative type heterojunction is constructed between BiOCl and CaCO3 which has never been reported. • This work lays a solid foundation for the application of photochemical insulators in photocatalysis. • It provides a new idea for the transformation of natural waste into treasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized using environmentally friendly method by utilizing eggshell waste. • TiO 2 NPs were tested for forensic efficacy by visualizing level I-III features of latent fingerprints. • The YOLOx8v deep learning model demonstrated high precision and recall rates in detecting fingerprint features. • The fabricated PVA@TiO 2 films effectively blocked 95% of UV-A, 97% of UV-B, and 99% of UV-C radiation. • TiO 2 nanoparticles were evaluated as a nano-priming agent for enhancing seed germination in horse gram seeds. This study demonstrates an eco-friendly method for synthesizing TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing an aqueous extract derived from egg shell (ES) waste. This study examines the use of TiO 2 NPs for detecting Level I-III fingerprint (FP) features via the powder dusting method. The NPs enhance the visualization of ridge patterns, minutiae points, and pore structures in latent prints. Results show improved clarity, making this method promising for high-resolution forensic FP analysis. This paper explores the use of YOLOv8x , a cutting-edge object detection model, for FP analysis. YOLOv8x advanced architecture allows for rapid and accurate identification of minutiae points, ridge patterns, and other essential FP features. Its high precision and real-time detection enhance the efficiency of FP recognition, making it applicable to forensic investigations and biometric authentication. Experimental results show that YOLOv8x outperforms traditional methods in both accuracy and processing speed, highlighting its superiority in FP analysis tasks. The PVA@TiO 2 films are engineered to offer excellent transparency, exceptional flexibility, and efficient UV radiation blocking properties, which have been rigorously evaluated across the UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C spectra. Blocking experiments revealed that the PVA@TiO 2 (16 wt%) film effectively blocked 90.11 % of UV-A radiation, 92.82 % of UV-B radiation and 92.72 % of UV-C radiation. A solution of TiO 2 NPs at environmentally relevant concentrations (20–160 mg/mL) is utilized as a nano-priming agent to improve the germination and early seedling growth of horse gram seeds. Notably, root length increased by 61 %, while shoot length grew by 58 %. The vigor index, an essential indicator of seedling health and strength, is significantly greater in the treated seeds, achieving a value of 2460, compared to 945 in the control group. This study presents a multifunctional material designed for its efficacy in FP detection, UV blocking capabilities, and beneficial effects on seed germination, providing a wide range of potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the failure behavior of ceramic egg-shaped shells under external pressure. Four ceramic egg-shaped shells with two thicknesses were manufactured and then subjected to geometric measurements, hydrostatic pressure tests, analytical validations, and numerical simulations. The experimental results were compared with the simulation results to validate the feasibility of the numerical modeling. Furthermore, the effects of thickness and shape on ceramic egg-shaped shells were explored. The research findings indicate that ceramic egg-shaped shells have excellent compressive properties. The performance ratio of these ceramic egg-shaped shells is approximately 10 and 5 times higher than those of resin and steel egg-shaped shells, respectively. This finding highlights the crucial role that affordable ceramic materials can play in facilitating the widespread use of submersibles in deep waters. • Egg-shaped configuration is applied to ceramic pressure shell. • Ceramic eggshell is tested under external hydraulic pressure. • Performance ratio of ceramic eggshells is approximately 10 and 5 times higher than that of resin and steel eggshells, respectively. • Analytical, experimental, and numerical results exhibit a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue-green eggs exhibit unique shell color; however, compared to commercial layers, blue-green eggshell chickens have lower egg production and lack uniform shell colors. Aiming to confirm the molecular mechanisms that affect shell color and egg production, this study collected the uteruses of 12 blue-green eggshell chickens (BG group) and six Hy-Line layers (Brown group), which had significantly different shell color indexes (SCI) and egg numbers at 300 days of age (EN300). Transcriptome sequencing and comparative analyses were subsequently performed. BG hens were divided into two groups for comparative analysis (BGblue vs. BGgreen and BGlow vs. BGhigh, respectively), based on the differences in SCI and EN300, respectively. The result of weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) analysis showed that the sequenced and mapped 16,785 genes were clustered into 18 modules, among which six modules with a total of 4270 genes were highly correlated with SCI and EN300 traits. Five hundred and eleven differentially expressed genes (DEGs) belonged to the six key modules. Through KEGG mapping, GO enrichment, and Cytoscape network analysis, nine Hub genes were tightly associated with SCI and EN300. The up-regulated genes were CCR2, CCR8, CD40LG, IL 18RAP, INHBA , and P2RY13 , while the down-regulated genes were ABCA13, ADCY2 , and GRM1. Co-analyses with the results of comparisons between the BG subgroups revealed that the expression of solute carrier (SLC) proteins and ABC transporters were highly related to eggshell color, while cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions were key pathways affecting egg production. The expression of extracellular cytokines and membrane receptors were significantly up-regulated in low-yield chickens. The candidate DEGs and pathways found in the study will assist in clarifying the molecular mechanisms affecting shell color and egg production, and improve the breeding of blue-green eggshell chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg quality traits are economically important in the poultry industry. To explore the genetic architecture and identify potential candidate genes, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for 13 egg quality traits using data from whole-genome sequencing of 299 Longyan Shan-ma female ducks, including 12 quantitative traits and one qualitative trait, eggshell color (ESC; white, light green, green). From estimation of pedigree genetic parameters, heritability (h2) ranged from 0.022 to 0.996 for the 12 quantitative traits, with the highest h2 (0.996) for eggshell color a* value (ESCA) and the lowest h2 (0.022) for egg yolk percentage relative to EW. A total of 8,874 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based significant associations (1.0 × 10−6) and 247 insertion-deletion (indel)-based significant associations (1.00 × 10−5) were identified, including 5,980 SNPs and 159 indel markers. From 5,924 SNPs and 143 indels associated with ESC traits, 181 potential candidate genes were identified, and most significant SNPs and indels (P < 1.0 × 10−20) were located at 1.86 Mb (44.29−46.15 Mb) on chromosome 4. The top SNP (chr4:45325309:C>A; P = 7.97 × 10−43) and the top indel (chr4:45299595:delTTCCACTCCAC; P = 4.20 × 10−36) for the ESC a* value were within two known ESC candidate genes; ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and protein kinase cGMP-dependent 2 (PRKG2). Of 56 SNPs and 16 indels associated with other egg quality traits, 46 potential candidate genes were identified including synapse differentiation-inducing 1-like (SYNDIG1L) for EW, and core histone macro-H2A.1 (LOC101795967) and neurogenin 1 (NEUROG1) for egg shape index; and four genes including collagen type VI alpha 3 chain (COL6A3), lysine demethylase 7A (KDM7A), LOC101802169 , and sperm-associated antigen 16 (SPAG16) for egg yolk weight and the percentage of yolk to total egg weight. Of the 46 genes, the molecular functions of 22 are related to protein binding, indicating important roles in the formation of egg quality traits. Our findings provide new insight into the genetic basis of egg quality traits in ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, interest in non-traditionally colored eggs has increased. For breeders, this market interest means breeding lines of laying hens that lay eggs of varied colors, such as the blue-green eggshells (Dominant Greenshell) in this study. This study presents the results of genotyping the polymorphism of the O locus responsible for shell coloration and photometric measurement of eggshell color based on the CIELAb system, which was carried out on the unique Czech breeding population Dominant Greenshell. The aim was to use a combination of phenotyping using the CIELab System method and genotyping of the O locus using the end-point PCR approach with the main focus on the accuracy of distinguishing shell color genotypes, streamlining the selection of dominant homozygotes in the O locus, optimizing this technology for the most efficient and cost-effective selection procedure in practical hen breeding. The optometric method was able to reliably distinguish only dominant and recessive phenotypes and eliminate from the population only undesirable recessive homozygotes with a white colored shell. The parameter a* (redness/greenness) from the CIELab color space turned out to be absolutely key for distinguishing dominant and recessive phenotypes. Using the CART methodology, a classification tree built on discriminating optometric characteristics a-blunt was obtained, however, for the group of desirable O/O homozygotes, the selection approach would result in incorrect genotyping of 31% of individuals. Therefore, a combined approach based on rapid and simple elimination of recessive homozygotes using phenotyping (CIELab photometric measurement) and molecular identification of the EAV-HP insertion in the SLCO1B3 gene in dominant phenotypes, regardless of color intensity affected by laying time/order, and allowing reliable elimination, has proven to be the most effective method to distinguish heterozygotes from the breeding population. The combination of optometric and molecular selection methods then leads to more efficient selection, reduction of overall selection costs. This process led to the stabilization of the breeding population within one generation and the achievement of a pure homozygous line with regard to eggshell color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on the performance, gut health, and microbiota of laying hens. A total of 192 thirty-wk-old Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. The CON group received a basal diet, while the low (MCE250), medium (MCE350), and high (MCE450) dose groups were supplemented with 250, 350, and 450 mg/kg MCE, respectively. The egg weight and Haugh unit demonstrated a linear and quadratic increase with the MCE dose during the initial 4-wk period of the experiment (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of MCE led to a significant enhancement in eggshell thickness and Haugh unit at wk 8 and the data showed a statistically significant linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.05). Serum cytokine assay showed that dietary supplementation of MCE led to linear and quadratic increases in IL-4 and IL-10 level (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 350 and 450 mg/kg MCE was observed to result in linear and quadratic increase in serum lysozyme levels (P < 0.05). The addition of MCE to the diet resulted in a linear and quadratic increase in the levels of sIgA in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). In terms of gene expression, the addition of MCE to the diet resulted in linear and quadratic increases in the expression of IL-10, IgA, Serpinb14, Serpinb14B, and OIH (P < 0.05). The expression of jejunal genes pIgR and IL-4 was observed to increase in a linear and quadratic manner, respectively, following the dietary addition of 350 mg/kg MCE and IL-1β decreased in a linear manner (P < 0.05). Moreover, these favorable effects were maximized at medium dosage (350 mg/kg) of MCE addition, and intestinal microbial composition in the control and MCE350 groups was assessed. 350 mg/kg MCE increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Parasutterella and decreased the relative abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium in the cecum (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Bryobacter, Parasutterella, Skermanella , and Erysipelatoclostridium were associated with nonspecific immune functions (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 350 mg/kg MCE supplementation elevated the immune response, and upregulated the expression of genes related to protein production in eggs, thereby improving egg quality. These effects may be associated with changes in the microbiota, specifically Bryobacter, Parasutterella , and Erysipelatoclostridium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to analyze the effect of selection for divergent traits in the domestic chicken on embryonic skeletal development, which could affect postnatal bird welfare. Development was compared between the Ross 308 broiler line (fast growth and muscle mass accrual) and Novoponte layers (high laying rate and egg quality). In Study 1 (Initial Conditions), we characterized egg composition prior to incubation and identified the onset of embryonic skeletal mineralization in the 2 strains. In Study 2 (Developmental Dynamics), we used 3D X-ray tomographic imaging (µCT) on incubation days ED11, ED13, ED15 and ED17 to track skeletal maturation trajectories as a pseudo-time series. Results showed that Ross 308 embryos, which are heavier than Novoponte embryos, possess higher levels of yolk nutrients including phosphorus and calcium, but lower eggshell mineral content, than Novoponte embryos. Skeletal mineralization started synchronously in both strains, on ED11. The higher mineral ion content in the larger yolk of Ross 308 eggs compared to Novoponte eggs may partly explain why skeletal mineralization in Ross 308 embryos advances faster: using µCT, we show that the mandible and tibiotarsi in Ross 308 embryos are larger at ED11 and ED13 compared with Novoponte embryos. However, Novoponte embryos catch up from this initial lag in mineralization by ED15. The timing of the Novoponte acceleration coincides with the functional activation of the chorioallantoic membrane in releasing calcium from the inner eggshell. This correlates with a decrease in eggshell thickness from ED11 to ED17 in Novoponte eggs, which was not observed during Ross 308 incubation. To conclude, while some temporal discrepancies exist in early skeletal development between the embryos of Ross 308 and Novoponte strains, overall prenatal skeletal maturation seems to be robustly regulated. Despite selection for antagonist production traits, layer and broiler prehatch skeletal morphology ultimately synchronizes. Practically, since the extent of skeletal maturity equalizes between strains towards the end of incubation, refinements of farming practices, postnatal environment, and diet should be considered for improving domestic fowl welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fermented blueberry pomace (FBP) supplementation on production performance, egg quality and nutritional value, plasma biochemical parameters, follicle number, reproductive hormones, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of laying hens during the late laying period. A total of 320 (345-d-old) Yukou Jingfen No. 8 laying hens were randomly divided into 4 groups, with eight replicates per group and 10 hens per replicate. The birds were fed a basal diet (control group) and a basal diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% FBP. The trial lasted 56 d. The results showed that FBP (0.25−1.0%) supplementation increased the egg albumen height and Haugh unit compared with the control group on d 14, while 0.5 to 1.0% FBP increased the eggshell thickness compared with the 0.25% FBP group on d 28 of the trial (P < 0.05). The methionine content in egg white was higher (P < 0.05) in the 1.0% FBP group compared with the 0.25% FBP group. The CAT activity in the ovary was increased (P < 0.05) in the FBP groups compared with the control group, while plasma GSH-PX activity was higher (P < 0.05) in the 1.0% FBP group compared with the 0.25% FBP and 0.5% FBP groups. Dietary FBP supplementation up-regulated (P < 0.05) gene expressions related to lipid metabolism in the liver (ACC, FAS, SCD1 , and SREBP1) and yolk precursor synthesis (ESR2 and VTG II). Moreover, CYP11A1 expression in the ovary was up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the FBP groups compared with the control group, as well as in the 0.25% FBP group compared with the 1.0% FBP group. In summary, dietary FBP supplementation improved egg quality and nutritional value, ovarian antioxidant capacity, and yolk precursor synthesis, while 1.0% FBP had better effects than 0.25 and 0.5% doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of calcium oxide (CaO) derived from calcined eggshells is considered a primary source of materials for semiconductor incorporation, which is a facile and environmentally friendly method. This work introduces a novel composite, namely calcium oxide-titanium dioxide@graphene oxide (CaO-TiO 2 @GO) with photodegradation efficiency of various organic pollutants such as crystal violet (CV), malachite green (MG), rhodamine B (RhB), and methyl orange (MO). The results showed that the synergistic efficiency of the combination of GO and CaO-TiO 2 increased the adsorption-photodegradation efficiency with the removal of CV, MG, RhB, and MO of 99.72, 99.41, 97.21, and 80.09 %, respectively. The kinetics of dye photodegradation follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics model, the reusability toward CV removal reaches over 85 % after 5 cycles, and the free radical scavenging experiment identifies that the •O 2 − plays a major role in the photodegradation mechanism. In addition, the fundamental antibacterial performance toward strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis was reported with antibacterial inhibition diameters of 12.1 and 11.2 mm, respectively. [Display omitted] • Eggshells as a simple and eco-friendly source for the CaO supply. • The effect of calcination temperature on characterization of the CaO-TiO 2 @GO. • High photodegradation toward various dyes of CV, MG, and RhB. • Antibacterial performance toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lower Member of the Ituzaingó Formation (LMIF), fluvial in origin and assigned to the Upper Miocene, contains a conglomerate level known as "Mesopotamiense" or "Conglomerado osífero" that has yielded a rich fauna of vertebrates. The aim of this contribution is to describe a titanosaurian dinosaur eggshell fragment recovered from the LMIF at the locality of Toma Vieja (western Entre Ríos Province), discussing its paleogeographic history and implications. Fragments of eggshells referred to Titanosauria are frequent from litostratigraphic units of the Upper Cretaceous of western Uruguay (e.g., Guichón, Mercedes, and Queguay Formations). Besides, a fragment of eggshell recovered from the Puerto Yeruá Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at eastern Entre Ríos Province was described. Geophysical data from the Entre Ríos Province allow to propose the presence of a Lower Cretaceous field of extensional tectonic stresses that generated structural lineaments with a E-W and ENE-WSW trend. This ancient penetrative Cretaceous tectonic framework would have exerted control on the shape of the basin and sediment flow patterns and subsequent sedimentation, by promoting the generation of accommodation space over the late Paleogene and the Neogene. The phenomenon would have conditioned the deposition of the Fray Bentos Formation, the subsequent marine Paraná Formation, and the sedimentation of the LMIF, with source materials coming from the east. Thus, it is hypothesized that the fragment of eggshell of Titanosauria would come from the eastern area of the basin (western Uruguay) as a consequence of the existence of a paleohydric system with predominantly E-W and ENE-WSW directions. This late Neogene system would have been controlled by inherited Cretaceous structural lineaments with orientations similar to those that also govern the current fluvial systems of western Uruguay, developed on the Mesozoic substrate. [Display omitted] • A titanosaur eggshell from the Neogene of the Entre Ríos Province is described. • Titanosauria eggshells are frequent in units of the Upper Cretaceous of western Uruguay. • The eggshell herein described would come from the eastern area of the basin (western Uruguay). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate peel is a byproduct of the pomegranate juice industry, rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and nutritional parameters of eggs from laying hens fed a diet supplemented with a pomegranate peel byproduct (PPB). A total of 48 Isa Brown laying hens were allotted to four groups (12 replicates per group) and offered the following diets for 8 weeks: Control (0% PPB); PPB1 (1% PPB); PPB2.5 (2.5% PPB); PPB5 (5% PPB). Eggs were collected and analyzed for egg quality parameters, yolk Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, fatty acid profile, total phenol content, α-tocopherol, cholesterol and lipidomic profile. Sampling was performed weekly, whereas a complete egg quality analysis was performed every two weeks. The results showed that eggshell weight was greater in PPB5 group compared to Control and PPB1 (P =0.008). Eggshell thickness was greater in PPB5 compared to PPB1 (P =0.016). Egg shape index was increased in PPB2.5 treatment (P =0.006). The higher PPB inclusion levels (2.5% and 5%) increased yolk coloration (P =0.014) and reduced yolk MDA content (P <0.001) compared to Control. However, cholesterol content was higher in PPB1 compared to Control (P =0.028). Regarding lipidomic analysis, differentiations in yolk lipid profile were found in PPB2.5 and PPB5 yolks compared to Control (P = 0.022 and P = 0.034 in ESI- and ESI+, respectively). Mainly ceramides were upregulated. Overall, PPB supplementation up to 5% in laying hens can improve several egg quality characteristics and reduce yolk lipid peroxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CoFe@Eggshell composites were fabricated to degrade the norfloxacin (NOR) with the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Various characterization methods were used to analyze the property of the composite, which showed that the material has excellent stability and practical applications. The results indicated that the CoFe@Eggshell/PMS system achieved a removal efficiency of 93.9 % for NOR under optimal conditions. After five regeneration cycles, the degradation efficiency for NOR reached over 91.9 %, demonstrating the excellent stability of the catalyst. The combination of Co, Fe and eggshell enhanced the electron transfer ability and promoted the redox cycles of Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+. The porous structure of eggshells provided abundant active sites on the catalyst surface that facilitated the effective degradation of NOR. The research provides a research direction for the application of eggshell waste in the field of advanced oxidation. • CoFe@Eggshell composites were fabricated by simple one-step pyrolysis method. • The removal of norfloxacin by the composites was up to 93.9 %. • The surface area and pore volume of the composites provided abundant active sites. • The composites had high stability and regenerative capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshells, by-products of egg processing, were ball-milled and homogenized into particles (eggshell particles, ESPs) and then were used as the stabilizer with a two-step oil addition method to produce Pickering emulsions. Meanwhile, sodium alginate (SA) was used to modify the emulsifying ability of ESPs. The results indicated that SA addition helped to improve the dispersion performance and increase the negative charge of ESPs. Pickering emulsions stabilized by ESPs/SA showed much smaller particle size than those stabilized by ESPs. The maximum oil fraction in the ESPs/SA-stabilized emulsions reached up to 0.8, while that was only 0.75 in ESPs-stabilized emulsions. The presence of SA significantly enhanced the freeze-thaw, thermal, dilution, and centrifuge stability of ESPs-stabilized Pickering emulsions. The findings demonstrate the potential of eggshell particles as a kind of natural Pickering stabilizer, which will increase the high value-added utilization of poultry egg industry by-products. • Eggshell–based bioparticles as Pickering stabilizer was developed. • HIPEs were stabilized by Eggshell particles and alginate. • Pickering emulsions showed good stability against several processing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]