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This study provides a comprehensive discussion to determine and investigate the level of knowledge, perception, self-assessment, and attitude of preservice teachers (PST) toward renewable energy (RE), in an emerging and developing country that is heavily reliant on oil and fossil fuels. The significance of the study lies in the need to better understand the role in informing future teachers and their individual perception on the current concept of RE, which is essential to mold individuals into responsible energy consumers. The investigation was administered on 155 respondents 104 (67.1%) of the participants were females, who are pursuing language major courses in education. The study employed a descriptive quantitative design, to quantify and measure a phenomenon or phenomena, such as the overall perception and attitude of PSTs toward renewable energy. To ensure accurate data collection, the study employed a research instrument adapted from [1] exhibiting a good reliability score for interpretation of.678 Cronbach's alpha. Furthermore, Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to test the normality of the distribution of data. Employing one-way ANOVA, the collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. The investigation yielded significant and positive results regarding the RE sources such as solar (64.5%), wind (58.1%), and geothermal (51.6%) which produced a high mean score, which suggests proficiency and expertise in the context of RE. The study revealed that gender has a neutral effect on the results and does not pose any significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the need to provide more evidence on the possibility of reducing material resources utilization and dependency i.e., improving material resources efficiency, this study considers 10 countries with the largest cumulative emissions over centuries (Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, the UK, and the USA) by employing the linear and non-linear unit root tests with the Fourier function and dataset that covers centuries (1850–2021). Specifically, domestic material consumption was implemented for the period 1970-2019, and 1965-2021 for renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Given the linearity and non-linearity evidence, the investigation reveals whether there is persistent or transitory shock in domestic material consumption, renewable energy (REC), and non-renewable energy sources (REC). For (linearity) unit root test evidence, there are transitory shocks in domestic material consumption only in China, France, Indonesia, and Japan, for China, France, India, Japan, England, and the USA in REC, and in all the countries except Brazil, Canada, Germany, and Indonesia for the NREC series. On the ground of (non-linearity) unit root test, the result reveals that shocks to non-renewable energy consumption are temporary only for Canada, Japan, and the USA and the shocks to renewable energy and domestic material consumptions are permanent in all the examined countries. Indeed, the outcome of these findings offers important knowledge to decision makers on how to carefully develop and implement transitory and persistence policy choices. • The case of ten countries with the largest cumulative emissions over centuries. • Linear transitory shocks to domestic material consumption exists only in China, France, Indonesia, and Japan. • Linear transitory shocks to renewable energy resources exists in China, France, India, Japan, England, and the USA. • Linear transitory shocks to non-renewable energy resources does not exist in Brazil, Canada, Germany, and Indonesia. • Non-linear persistence shocks to renewable and domestic material resources exists in all the examined countries. • Non-linear transitory shocks to non-renewable energy resources are temporary in Canada, Japan, and the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simulations of iCCC technology with various chemical products are developed. • Fluidized DFM particles circulate in parallel CO 2 capture and conversion towers. • Levelized criteria provide a benchmark for techno-economic analysis of iCCC-X. • iCCC-Methanol performs best overall in profits, energy consumption, and CO 2 emission. • Techno-economic performances of iCCC depend much on the costs of H 2 production. Facing challenges of industrial decarbonization, the integrated CO 2 capture and conversion (iCCC) technology attracts intensive attention but lacks a benchmark techno-economic analysis to figure out the most promising route among intricate processes and various energy sources. Herein, based on the design and simulation of four novel iCCC-X (X = Syngas, Methane, Methanol, Olefins) technologies for the same flue gas treatment, we propose a benchmark for techno-economic analysis by levelized criteria in terms of technical practicability, energy consumption, net CO 2 emission, and economic feasibility. The effects of technical processes, energy sources, prices of H 2 and products, carbon tax, and operating conditions on the mass and energy balance, and hence the techno-economic performances are comprehensively investigated. Among them, the iCCC-Methanol exhibits the best overall performance with a considerable economic profit of 84.5 $/t CO2 when taking coal as the energy source; moreover, powered by wind, the lowest energy consumption of 4.2 GJ/t CO2 and negative net CO 2 emission of −0.8 t CO2 /t CO2 are achieved, demonstrating a promising route for future industrial decarbonizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing threat from global warming, renewable energy has been considered an alternative in several forums. Kenya is an emerging economy endowed with renewable energy resources due to its geographical location. This review aims to identify policies guiding the extraction, utilization, challenges, and projection of renewable energy. A systematic approach was used in the study by considering relevant journal articles and other gray documents such as Energy Acts and reports from international and national organizations on renewable energy. The findings show that the energy matrix in Kenya comprises 80 % fossil fuels, 18 % renewable energy and 2 % coal. Over 85 % of the total population utilizes wood biomass, with 86 % in rural areas and 21 % in urban areas. Over 70 % of the Kenyan landmass is Arid and Semi-Arid, which have potential renewable energy. Electricity production in Kenya is produced by approximately 90 % renewable energy but has a target of 100 % transition by 2020. KenGen and IPPs generate 62.97 % and 35.95 % of the electricity generated, respectively. Geothermal energy in Kenya is the highest source of electricity at approximately 45 %. The current amount of electricity connected to the grid is 2708 MW in 2021, with projections of 4763 MW, 6638 MW and 9790 MW in the low, reference and vision scenarios, respectively. By 2022, the percentage of Kenyan who had access to electricity was 76.89 %. It is estimated that, by 2100, the population in Kenya will reach between 80 and 220 million according to projection scenarios. An increase in populations leads to a greater energy demand, which is implicated in climate change. Based on the RCPs, the energy demand outlook shows that RCP2.6 will increase by 2–3 times, while RCP8.5 will increase by 6–8 times the current energy demand. The challenges experienced by renewable energy include inadequate financing, implementation hindrances, inadequate infrastructure and technological challenges, outdated policies, overambitious projects, landscapes affecting transmission, corruption, high operational costs, and energy stacking affecting the process. Regular reviews on energy policies and innovations provide data that can be used to strategize future energy equity and access while maintaining environmental sustainability. • Kenya's renewable energy extraction is still low due to poor policies implementation. • The aim was to achieve a 100 % renewable energy transition in 2022 but failed. • Introduction of incentives increased the solar home systems in rural homes. • Geothermal in Kenya leads in the energy matrix by about 40 %. • Solar, hydro and wind energies influenced by seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A main scientific and technical challenge facing the implementation of new and sustainable energy sources is the development and improvement of materials and components. In order to provide commercial viability of these applications, an intensive research in material-hydrogen (H) interaction is required. This work provides an overview of recently developed in-situ and in-operando H-charging methods and their applicability to investigate mechanical properties, H-absorption characteristics and H embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of a wide range of materials employed in H-related technologies, such as subsea oil and gas applications, nuclear fusion and fuel cells. • In-situ and in-operando methods were reviewed for studying material-H interaction. • Fundamental models of the H charging mechanisms are discussed. • Potential benefits for small scale testing for energy related material development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study focusing on fourteen most used energy alternatives in Brazil, possible to feed large scale hydrogen production plants for the automotive sector. The evaluations are made using a Decision Making Support Method, MACBETH - Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique, with the computational code M-MACBETH 3.2.0, using criteria that include economic and financial, technological, environmental and social aspects. The selected criteria that were used in the assessment, for each of the energy alternatives are capital to be invested in a plant, leveled cost of electric energy produced, CO 2 emissions, mortality rate due to the technology use and energy efficiency of technology. The main results obtained showed that photovoltaics off grid electric energy is the most attractive alternative, followed by the photovoltaic on grid alternative, for an eventual automotive hydrogen program in Brazil. • Multicriteria method was used in this study. • Economic, financial, technological and environmental aspects were considered. • Several criteria were considered including emissions and mortality rate. • Photovoltaics off grid was considered the most attractive energy alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) examination in order to use it for energy purpose. RDF material was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis. The TGA analysis confirmed the multi-component nature of tested material. It also indicated that the mixture consists of a minimum of 2 types of materials: biomass and thermoplastic polymers. The pyrolysis was conducted as a batch process with the use of a processing furnace supplied by the IZO Company. RDF sample was pyrolysed under 900 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Obtained char and gaseous sample, as well as raw material, were subjected to elemental and gas chromatographic analysis. Furthermore, using ANSYS CHEMKIN-PRO software, numerical simulations of these samples were conducted. Based on the results of composition of pyrolysis gas, the numerical model was validated. Next, modelling of chemical composition of gas from RDF pyrolysis for a pilot installation working in Poland was performed. In addition, the evaluation of the investment costs for the exemplary installation for the thermal conversion of RDF using pyrolysis was made. For this purpose, dynamic methods of investment project assessment were used, which take into account the distribution of anticipated revenues and expenses related to a given investment project over time. • Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) can be a valuable energy source. • Thermal conversion of RDF by pyrolysis can contribute to limiting waste landfilling. • Calculations with the use of the ANSYS CHEMKIN-PRO software were conducted. • Economic analysis confirmed the legitimacy of the analysed investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global need to find alternative protein/energy sources has triggered research in the field of non-conventional feed ingredients, with insects and former foodstuffs being the most promising. Insects contain high level of protein and fat, whereas former foodstuffs contain high energy in the form of carbohydrates and fats; therefore, both should be considered as promising alternative feed ingredients for livestock production. In addition to the nutritional value, they also represent a way by which food waste biomasses/streams can be upgraded to valuable feed ingredients. This review outlines the main nutritional and safety issues of insects and former foodstuffs, and also considers the legal framework involved. The importance of the type of insect metamorphosis and tailored substrates that could lead to the production of a premium feed is also described. This is also the first time that a review discusses the nutritional quality of former foodstuffs. Energy and the main nutrient content of former foodstuff are compared with the composition of common cereals as the principal energy sources in animal feed. For both ingredients a critical review of the safety issues is provided. Based on the current data available, both insects and former foodstuffs have an excellent potential use as alternative feed ingredients for livestock production. When produced in line with the criteria set by major feed/food authorities, they are characterized by high quality and safety standards. This makes them comparable to other feed materials and ingredients currently available on the market, although their full nutritional, functional, safety and sustainability evaluation cannot be considered complete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Broiler represents approximately 1.5% of the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Brazil is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of chicken. Aiming to improve and sustain a competitive advantage, producers have invested in improvements in production systems in general, in particular aviary heating systems. However, producers need to choose the best among several alternatives of energy sources for heating. This decision impacts the environment to a greater or a lesser extent depending on the energy source chosen. The aim of this study is to develop a computational model to understand systemically and dynamically the environmental externalities based on the choice of energy source for aviary heating. The identification of criteria that influence the choice for heating systems was possible through a multiple case-study in the southern region of Brazil. By designing a computational model of system dynamics, it was possible to visualize scenarios using different energy sources and their respective negative environmental externalities. From the analysis of four scenarios, we sought to identify the one with the best relation to environmental and economic performance. It was evidenced that the scenario with the best relation was that using pellets as an energy source for aviary heating. The developed model may be applied to solve similar decision-making problems. Highlights • We propose a computational model for the analysis of externalities. • Based on the model, it is possible to simulate different scenarios. • The developed model may be used for similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Exergy analysis on direct and indirect fired single to triple effect cycles. • Optimization of operating parameters for maximum performance. • Comparison of system performance for direct and indirect fired cycles. • Optimum operating parameters for direct fired absorption cycles are presented. Abstract This paper deals with a review on exergy analyses of lithium bromide-water based single to triple effect direct and indirect fired vapour absorption systems. The analysis carried out by various investigators on exergy of the absorption cycles have been discussed. To fill the gap in the knowledge on exergy destruction rate in the absorption system, optimization of the single to triple effect direct and indirect fired absorption cycles have been conducted for a wide range of operating conditions. Hence optimum parameters in various components of the systems for maximum exergy coefficient of performance and minimum exergy destruction rate have been determined. The indirect fired systems have been optimized for different temperatures of the energy source related to the main generator temperature. While the direct fired systems have been optimized considering exergy destruction rate during the combustion process of energy sources. The energy sources selected in the present analysis are compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. Double effect cycle yields better exergy performance when the difference in temperatures of the energy source and the generator is between 6 to 37 °C, while triple effect cycle performs well when it is beyond 37 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the energy sources and utilization patterns during embryonic development of Chinese sturgeon through analyzing the biochemical components of embryos at different development stages, and to explore the physiological characteristics and related molecular mechanism during embryogenesis in combination with an embryonic transcriptome analysis. Chinese sturgeon embryo samples were collected at different development stages (fertilized eggs, neurula stage, and tail touching head stage). The results showed that embryonic development was a process of continuous energy consumption. The change of total protein content was consistent with total amino acid content, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. However, the total lipid content decreased significantly during early embryonic development. As for amino acid profile, leucine, arginine and lysine contents showed the highest level within essential amino acids (EAA), while glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid and serine contents showed the highest level within non-essential amino acids (NEAA). In terms of fatty acid content, the main quantitative fatty acids were C16:0 in saturated fatty acids (SFA), C18:1 in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and C22:6n-3 (DHA), C18:2n-6 as well as C20:5n-3 (EPA) in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The content of C20:4n-6 (ARA), EPA and DHA were increased at neurula stage compared to fertilized eggs, which indicated their important roles in the structural composition during embryogenesis. Notably, Chinese sturgeon may have the ability to elongate n-3 PUFA to partially meet its requirements for highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) during embryonic development. Transcriptome analysis showed that 19,078 and 6326 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and down-regulated respectively from fertilized eggs to neurula stage; while 3556 and 3150 DEGs were up-regulated and down-regulated respectively from neurula stage to tail touching head stage. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the protein processing pathway was significantly enriched in early embryonic development through the up-regulated genes of imp4 , pwp2 , utp21 , nop10 , rpl10 _ 17 _ 35 and rps25 ; while the down-regulated genes of ccne1 , ccna2 , ccnb1 , cdk1 _ 2 and plk1 were associated with cell proliferation and differentiation pathway. In late embryonic development, the pathways related to aerobic metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism were significantly enriched through the up-regulated genes of mdh1 , fumc , idh2 , elovl6 and dgat2 ; and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway was significantly down-regulated. In general, this study revealed the continuous energy consumption during embryonic development of Chinese sturgeon with specific energy substrates at different stages, and highlighted the DEGs and related pathway involved in the ontogeny and nutrient metabolism, which emphasizes the essentiality of high quality egg production for the success of captive breeding of Chinese sturgeon and would guide the broodstock nutrition for high quality egg production. • The nutritional changes of developing embryos in Chinese sturgeon were revealed. • The embryonic development of Chinese sturgeon is an energy consuming process. • Earlier embryo development is characterized by cell division and lipid energy. • Later embryo relates to organ differentiation, metabolism and protein energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The Brazilian water supply panorama was analyzed. • The main technologies of desalination were reviewed. • Desalination plant parameters were calculated for many population scenarios. • Reverse osmosis desalination costs were evaluated for 3 energy sources in Brazil. • A discussion considering the results and the Brazilian water scenario was conducted. Abstract Brazil is a country with a vast amount of water resources. However the country's population is largely concentrated in areas where water access and availability is unfavorable. Water supply issues have grown more evident amongst recent shortages by generating grave consequences for public health, impacts on quality of life and hurdles to the country's overall development. Desalination stands out as an alternative for diversification of the country's water matrix to aid in solving these problems, given that this type of technology is capable of supplying water in the quantity and quality needed for human, industrial and agricultural consumption. However the costs and feasibility related to this technology within the Brazilian scenario are not known. The current study carried out cost analyses related to the implementation of Reverse Osmosis desalination for four scenarios, all with different importation rates, considering three energy sources. The study's results demonstrated more viability in reverse osmosis implementation when using natural gas to generate electrical energy, given that the flow rate production costs for this technology was between 0.88 and 1.97 USD/m3. However, the importation scenario analysis indicated a great need for public incentives to create national desalination technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated whether different dietary energy and protein sources affect laying performance, antioxidant status, fresh yolk fatty acid profile and quality of salted yolks in laying ducks. In all, 360 19-week-old Longyan ducks were randomly assigned to four diets in a factorial arrangement (2×2). The four diets consisted of two energy sources, corn (CO) or sorghum (SO) and two protein sources, soybean meal (SM) and rapeseed meal with corn distillers dried grains with solubles (RMD), and each treatment contained six replicates of 15 birds each. The experimental diets were isocaloric (metabolizable energy, 10.84 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP, 17%). The results showed that egg production, average egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion ratio were not affected by diets (P >0.05). Plasma contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH/oxidized glutathione and total antioxidant capacity were lower (P <0.05) in ducks fed the RMD diets compared with those fed SM diets with a substantial increase (P =0.006) in plasma content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Egg yolks from ducks fed SO diets had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids compared with CO diets (P <0.001). Similarly, ducks fed RMD diets had a higher content of PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratio in fresh yolks (P <0.001), and increased salted yolk MDA, carbonylated proteins content and incidence of hard salted yolks (P <0.05) compared with SM diets. Scanning electron microscopy showed that salted yolks contained rougher polyhedral granules and fewer fat droplets, and were surrounded with a layer of bunchy fibers in ducks fed SO+RMD than those fed CO+SM diet. In conclusion, the current study showed that feeding laying ducks with diets containing SO or RMD reduced antioxidant capacity and increased egg yolk concentrations of PUFA. It appeared that egg yolks from ducks fed these diets were more sensitive to lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation during salting, and reduced the quality of salted yolks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Complications related to energy sources in the operating room are not well-recognized or published, despite occasionally dramatic consequences for the patient and the responsible surgeon. The goal of this study was to evaluate the risks and consequences related to use of energy sources in the operating room. Patients and methods Between 2009 and 2015, 876 adverse events related to health care (AERHC) linked to energy sources in the operating room were declared in the French experience feedback data base “REX”. We performed a descriptive analysis of these AERHC and analyzed the root causes of these events and of the indications for non-elective repeat operations, for each energy source. Results Five different energy sources were used, producing 876 declared AERHC: monopolar electrocoagulation: 614 (70%) AERHC, advanced bipolar coagulation (thermofusion): 137 (16%) AERHC, ultrasonic devices: 69 (8%) AERHC, traditional bipolar electrocoagulation: 32 AERHC, and cold light: 24 AERHC. The adverse events reported were skin burns (27.5% of AERHC), insulation defects (16% of AERHC), visceral burns or perforation (30% of AERHC), fires (11% of AERHC), bleeding (7.5% of AERHC) and misuse or miscellaneous causes (8% of AERHC). For the five energy sources, the root causes were essentially misuse, imperfect training and/or cost-related reasons regarding equipment purchase or maintenance. One hundred and forty-six non-elective procedures (17% of AERHC) were performed for complications related to the use of energy sources in the operating room. Conclusion This study illustrates the risks related to the use of energy sources on the OR and their consequences. Most cases were related to persistent misunderstanding of appropriate usage within the medical and paramedical teams, but complications are also related to administrative decisions concerning the purchase and maintenance of these devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationships between climate change, energy resources, growth specific factors and their resulting impact on biodiversity loss in a panel of 18 selected Asian countries during the period of 2000–2014. The study employed panel fixed effect regression and panel quantile regression to assess the influence of different factors on biodiversity loss at low, medium, and high levels quantile distribution. The results show that climatic factors increase aquaculture production, whereas energy sources and growth specific factors affected the production of aquaculture in a panel of selected countries. Potential habitat area is affected by high population growth and renewable energy consumption whereas Global Environment Facility (GEF) biodiversity index is affected by average precipitation, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and per capita income. Climatic factors and renewable energy both supported the total fisheries production, whereas nitrous oxide emissions, renewable internal freshwater resources, FDI inflows, per capita income, and population growth affected the production of total fisheries at different quantile distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample respondents of 3665 households and 1669 enterprises, this paper utilizes a double bound, open-ended, contingent valuation approach where those who respond positively to the willingness to pay question, were asked to state the maximum amount they were willing to pay as quality levy. The paper identifies protest responses as those respondents who are not willing to pay for the proposed program or as outliers who may state a willingness to pay value either higher or lower than the average willingness to pay value. Bidders and genuine zeros responses are respondents that either state a zero or a positive willingness to pay respectively. Heckman’s sample-selection procedure is used to test sample selection bias in and also analyze the WTP function. The mean household willingness to pay as quality levy was estimated to be US$ 6.53, US$ 3.85 and US $ 6.34 monthly for firewood, charcoal and electricity respectively while the enterprise willingness to pay as quality levy was estimated to be US $ 355.92 monthly. Income, type of dwelling, education, gender, price, location, type of enterprise and size of employees were identified as important factors that explained the differences in the WTP variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A project about renewable energy was successfully carried out in Second Life (SL) by a team of Japanese students with a U.S. instructor who used English to communicate. This was a challenging task, especially since the students’ first language is Japanese. To improve the learning environment, a teaching assistant was available to translate information from English to Japanese when necessary. This paper describes the successful STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) activity in SL where the Japanese students designed and built a special airplane for wind energy. It also mentions other contributions of our work, such as the incorporation of an Engineering Design Process into the lesson and the advantages we found by carrying out the renewable energy project in a virtual reality environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to examine the impact of logistics performance indices on national scale economic indicators i.e., energy, environment, and economic health in a panel of 27 European countries over a period of 2007–2014. The results show that logistics performance index in terms of ‘timeliness’ significantly increases GDP per unit of energy use, health expenditures, and per capita income, where as logistics index in terms of ‘infrastructure’ increases renewable energy source and decreases carbon emissions. Logistics index for ‘customs processes’ significantly associated with the less energy prices while logistics index for ‘tracking and trace consignments’ substantially increases fossil fuel energy consumption. Logistics ‘competence’ index have a differential impact on environment, on one hand, it substantially reduce the burden of fossil fuel energy consumption, while on the other hand, it’s significantly increases carbon emissions. Logistics ‘international shipments’ increase fossil fuel energy in a region. Industry value added and FDI inflows both increases energy prices, fossil fuel energy, health expenditures and per capita income whereas trade openness decreases energy prices and increases carbon emissions, energy efficiency and per capita income. The results conclude that logistics indices significantly linked with the national scale economic indicators that provoke for the green supply chain management in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The evaluated sources of starch do not affect serum glucose, insulin and urea. • Diet with the greatest slowly digestible starch content improves gain to feed. • The greatest slowly digestible starch content was found in broken rice. The effects of different feed ingredients with their different in vitro kinetics of starch digestion were evaluated in weaned pig diets based on the growth performance and postprandial response of serum glucose (Glu), insulin (Ins), and urea (Ur). Three studies were conducted: In vitro study – in vitro determination of rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) fractions in corn grain, broken rice, wheat grain, and green banana flour; Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) – growth performance of 96 weaned pigs from 21 to 59 d of age; and Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) – In vivo determination of serum Glu, Ins, and Ur responses to diets in 32 pigs with 42 d of age (eight replicates per treatment in both experiments with three and one pig per pen in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). In Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, the experimental diets were as follows: C, a diet based on corn grain as the main starch source; C25, a diet with 25% replacement of corn grain by broken rice; C50, a diet with 50% replacement of corn grain by broken rice (25%) and wheat grain (25%); and C55, a diet with 55% replacement of corn grain by broken rice (20%), wheat grain (20%), and green banana flour (15%). The RDS fraction was greater in corn grain (31.1%) than in broken rice (28.5%), wheat grain (26.1%), and green banana flour (14.8%). The greatest SDS content was found in broken rice (39.5%), followed by green banana flour (20.0%), corn grain (17.3%), and wheat grain (8.4%). The RS fraction was greater in green banana flour (44.7%), followed by corn grain (21.5%), wheat grain (15.0%), and broken rice (11.4%). In the first 15d of the Exp. 1, pigs fed diet C25 had greater (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than pigs submitted to diets C and C50, and better gain to feed (G:F) compared with animals that received C diet. However, in Exp. 2, Glu, Ins, and Ur serum levels were similar for pigs fed experimental diets. In conclusion, the growth performance in the first 15d of nursery phase was influenced by diets with greater SDS levels, although the starch profile in feed ingredients couldn´t be able to change serum levels of Glu, Ins and Ur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify some socioeconomic factors affecting local people in central Riyadh area for the utilization of wood and other energy sources in cooking and heating in order to develop some recommendations for conserving woodlands. The study results revealed that gas is the most common energy source used for cooking with a mean usage level of 2.79 (SD = 0.58). On the other hand, wood ranked first for heating with the highest mean, usage level of 1.90 (SD = 1.06). However, electricity and gas as sources of energy for heating ranked second and third with mean usage level of 1.81 and 0.80 respectively. The study revealed that local people with the university education were significantly making higher use of electricity for both cooking and heating and those with no formal education ranked the highest on wood use for both cooking and heating. In addition, those living in traditional houses significantly used more wood for cooking than those living in villas and apartments. Also, local people with high income levels significantly were using more electricity for heating than others. The study recommended conducting extension and environmental awareness raising programs to enhance local residents’ adoption of wood substitutes, promoting employment opportunities for unemployed locals, and subsidizing prices of alternative energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze not only the limits but also the potentialities of Jatropha curcas as an alternative energy source to the most common energy sources, such as firewood and charcoal, utilized in Northern Ghana. In 2010, a Participatory Rural Appraisal was conducted in seven rural communities in the West Mamprusi District (Northern region, Ghana). In this context, J. curcas plantations were promoted at smallholder scale and 480 ha of decentralized J. curcas plantations has been established, involving 1,200 farmers (0.4 ha of land per farmer). J. curcas was cultivated only on marginal soil, defined as lands unused for at least 2 years. The proposed J. curcas system could potentially replace, in terms of energy content, 21% of firewood or 21.8% of charcoal monthly used by households, with comparable costs and time , respect to the traditional energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work a scheduling problem for three reservoirs located at the upper part of Kelkit River in the Black Sea Region of Turkey is studied. Currently these reservoirs are operated independently by two private companies and one state owned company without any coordination. Operators complain about spillages causing waste of water resources. In order to remedy this problem, we propose a coordinated short-term scheduling method regarding the water as a common pool resource shared by the operators. The proposed algorithm is based on estimation of day-ahead market prices using a time-series method and formulation of the scheduling problem as a mixed integer-linear program (MILP). In order to evaluate the benefits of coordinated operation we compare its performance with a similar approach without coordination. The results show that the profit of the overall chain can be improved and spillages can be avoided significantly as a result of such a common resource management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As conventional energy sources deplete, the need for developing alternative energy resources which are environment friendly becomes more imperative. Vegetable oils are attracting increased interest in this purpose. The methanolysis of vegetable oil to produce a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME, i.e., biodiesel fuel) was catalyzed by commercial ionic liquid and its chloride modification. The imidazolium chloride ionic liquid was frequently chosen for the synthesis of biodiesel. The dual-functionalized’ ionic liquid is prepared by a direct combination reaction between imidazolium cation and various metal chlorides such as CoCl2, CuCl2, NiCl2, FeCl3 and AlCl3. Imidazolium tetrachloroferrate was proved to be a selective catalyst for the methanolysis reaction at a yield of 97% when used at 1:10, catalyst: oil ratio for 8 h at 55 °C. Operational simplicity, reusability of the used catalyst for 8 times at least, high yields and no saponification are the key features of this methodology. The dynamic viscosity and density of the upgraded vegetable oil decreased from 32.1 cP and 0.9227 g/cm 3 to 10.2 cP and 0.9044 g/cm 3 respectively, compared to those of the base vegetable oil. The objective of this study was the synthesis and characterization of biodiesel using commercial ionic liquid and its chloride modification. The ionic liquid catalysts were characterized using FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, TG and UV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power sector of Pakistan is facing many issues such as departmental mismanagement, huge dependence on imported fossil fuels, the greater cost of power generation, lower production of energy along with old monitoring and controlling mechanism equipped with outdated devices. These all issues are responsible for energy crises in the country for the last two decades. The motive of this paper is to implement a smart grid model as per National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) interoperability (protocols and standards, release 4.0) in Pakistan's electric network for the efficient management of an integrated energy system. In this regard, discusses the current condition of Pakistan's power sector for smart grid integration. Issues and challenges are presented for smart grid deployment with possible approaches to tackle these problems. Implement smart grid model and its synopsis with the help of available smart technologies and energy resources that are responsible to interconnect the power sector organizations and national power system. The implemented model and its synopsis are evaluated using SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threads) and STEEPLE (Social, Technical, Environmental, Economic, Political, Legal, and Ethical) analysis. In this paper, the authors find the smart grid as the best option and shows that how smart grid technology can be implemented in Pakistan and how this technology can manage the integrated energy system efficiently. • Review on Pakistan's electric network for the deployment of smart grid. • Analysis on issues, challenges and potentials for smart grid deployment. • Assess smart technologies and energy sources for smart grid integration. • Develop smart grid model and its synopsis for integrated energy management system. • Propose an energy solution for Pakistan to achieve sustainable energy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many microorganisms have been reported to degrade organic pollutants in the environment and plants, however, the specific information about the effect of organic pollutants on the metabolism of microorganisms is poorly investigated. In the present study, the effect of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on the metabolic profiling of Bacillus megaterium strain RRB was investigated using metabolomics. Our data show that chlorpyrifos acting as an energy source was readily concentrated in the strain RRB from the culture medium. During early cultivation, the shift in energy sources from tryptic soy broth to chlorpyrifos may temporarily cause the strain RRB to enter the starvation stage, where some synthesis-related amino acids and intermediates in the pathways of TCA cycle and pyridoxine metabolism were decreased. The increase of nucleotides and lysine may help the strain RRB cope with the starvation stage. During later cultivation, many metabolites including organic acids, nucleosides and sugar phosphates were gradually accumulated, which indicates that chlorpyrifos could be utilized by the stain RRB to generate metabolites bacteria needed. In addition, arginine acting as a nitrogen-storage amino acid was gradually decreased with later cultivation, suggesting that chlorpyrifos could not provide enough nitrogen for bacteria. [Display omitted] • Chlorpyrifos (CP) was readily concentrated in the strain RRB from culture mediums. • Metabolic profiling of the strain was affected by CP and degradation products. • Increase of nucleotides and lysine helps the strain adapt to the shift in energy sources. • During later cultivation CP was utilized to generate many metabolites bacteria needed. • CP could not provide enough nitrogen for bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In oviparous species, proteins and lipids found in the vitellus form the lipoproteins called lipovitellins that are the major source of energy for the development, growth, and survival of the embryo. The energy resources provided by the lipovitellins have not yet been investigated in the Order Araneae. Using the wolf spider Schizocosa malitiosa (Lycosidae) as an experimental model, we identified and characterized the lipovitellins present in the cytosol, focusing on the energetic contribution of those lipoprotein particles in the vitellus. Two lipovitellins (LV) named SmLV1 and SmLV2 were isolated. SmLV1 is a high-density lipoprotein with 67% lipid and 3.6% carbohydrate, and SmLV2 is a very high-density lipoprotein with 9% lipid and 8.8% carbohydrate. Through electrophoresis in native conditions we observed that SmLV1 has a molecular mass of 559kDa composed of three apolipoproteins of 116, 87, and 42kDa, respectively. SmLV2 comprised several proteins composed of different proportions of the same subunits (135, 126, 109, and 70kDa). The principal lipids of these lipovitellins are sphingomyelin+lysophosphatidylcholine, esterified sterols, and phosphatidylcholine. Lipovitellin-free cytosol contains abundant phospatidylcholine and triacylglyceride related to the yolk nuclei (the vitellus organizing center). The principal fatty acids of SmLV1 and SmLV2 are 18:2 n−6, 18:1 n−9, and 16:0. Spectrophotometry detected no pigments in either the lipovitellins or the cytosol. The egg caloric content was 92cal/g, at proportions of 59.8% protein, 20.1% carbohydrate, and 19.9% lipid. SmLV1 and SmLV2 provided 19.5% and 17.1% of the calories, respectively. Both lipovitellins contribute mainly with proteins (15.8–18%), with the input of carbohydrates and lipids being lower than 1.3%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy sources incorporating “vessel sealing” capabilities are being increasingly used in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery although conventional monopolar and bipolar electrosurgery remain popular. The preference for one device over another is based on a combination of factors, including the surgeon’s subjective experience, availability, and cost. Although comparative clinical studies and meta-analyses of laparoscopic energy sources have reported small but statistically significant differences in volumes of blood loss, the clinical significance of such small volumes is questionable. The overall usefulness of the various energy sources available will depend on a number of factors including vessel burst pressure and seal time, lateral thermal spread, and smoke production. Animal studies and laboratory-based trials are useful in providing a controlled environment to investigate such parameters. At present, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of one energy source over another. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We propose a decision support method in embodiment design, dedicated to embedded autonomous microsystems design. The main objective of our work is to go beyond battery configurations by supporting the design of autonomous microsystems, namely systems able to harvest and use available energy from their environment. The main challenge of our approach consists of supporting the designer’s decisions from qualitative representation to physical models. We have thus developed instruments, both based on flows and effect analysis and behavioral component modeling. The method decreases the number of potential alternatives to obtain the best solution and the associated models. To validate our method, we focus on a marketed wired road sensor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Turkey has a rich potential of hydropower, wind and geothermal energy resources. The distribution of these renewable energy sources in operation are hydropower, wind and geothermal 14.802 MW 1002MW and 94 MW, respectively. Turkey possesses a huge hydroelectric resource which is one of the Turkey''s major energy assets. Most of the important uses of water in power plants have been developed in the electricity generation. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TWh/yr, which is equal to 13.8% of the total hydropower potential of European. Technically useable and economic potential are 216 TWh/yr and 140 TWh/yr, respectively. The total share of all energy for electricity power generation in 2010 are coal, natural gas, fuel oil and renewable energy, 104,040 GWh, 125,549 GWh, 18,215 GWh, and 86,120 GWh respectively. Among the renewable energy resources in Turkey, biomass and solar energy are also important because their share in total energy consumptions have increased. On the other hand, Turkey has not utilized nuclear energy yet. The current government plans to have a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1800MW at the Black Sea Port of Sinop. The main purpose of the energy policies is to answer the energy needs of increasing population and growing economy at minimum costs while making energy supply planning. Turkey''s specific national energy strategy document and energy policy objectives are outlined in the institutional strategic plans. These strategic plans are energy supply security, regional and global influence in the area of energy and environment protection. The aim of energy policy including renewable are to develop existing energy sources and to avoid dependence on energy imports and to encourage private sector investment and to improve the reliability of electricity supply. The main aim this study will investigate at the present potential of energy resources and future contributions to the national energy consumption in Turkey. As result present energy situation, the renewable energy potential, and the energy politics of Turkey are investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An energy analysis of plantain production in a group of plantain plantations of a research institute was made in Nigeria. Data used in this study were collected in-situ on yearly basis; therefore the analyzed and discussed energy values were averages of data collected over the years. Total energy expenditure was 7.60GJ/ha and energy output was 16.32GJ/ha. The output/input energy ratio was 2.15. About 24% was generated by human labor, 41% from diesel oil and machinery, 28% from chemicals and fertilizers, while others contributed 7% of the total energy input. The total energy input could be classified as direct energy (about 61%), indirect energy (about 39%) and renewable energy (31%) and non-renewable energy (69%). Mean plantain yield was about 6000kg/ha. The net energy and energy productivity value were estimated to be 8.72GJ/ha and 0.79kg/MJ, respectively. Cost analysis revealed that total cost of production of plantain was $3500/ha. Benefit–cost ratio was calculated as 1.69. Estimates have indicated that the energy potential of plantain residues (peels and trunks) is equivalent to energy of approximately 29PJ or 0.69milliontoe (tons of oil equivalent) of fuel-oil. There is therefore a very high potential of increasing the energy balance of plantain production if these residues are adequately harnessed either as biogas, ethyl alcohol, briquettes or for direct combustion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Concerns about fossil fuel consumption increase daily because of the limited nature of the reserves and its impact on the environment. Research and Development studies suggest an optimistic future for the use of renewable energy sources. To create such a bright future, however, renewable energy education must be quickly and efficiently spread to future generations. The current study explores Turkish university students’ levels of awareness regarding renewable energy sources. For this purpose, a questionnaire was given to students in Turkish universities. The questionnaire comprised questions that address students’ personal and demographic characteristics levels of awareness levels regarding renewable energy sources. The data obtained from the questionnaire were evaluated using the SPSS program. Finally, actions that should be taken to increase university students’ awareness levels are described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The level of energy demand plays a fundamental role in today''s society. It is a vital input in supporting the physical and social development of a country, as well as national economic growth. Looking at the energy demand scenario in present time, the global energy consumption is likely to grow faster than the population growth across the world. Like any other energy sectors, electricity demand has significantly increased in Indonesia over the past years. Currently, there are six types of power plants in the country. The main sources of electrical energy are generated using the gas turbines, steam turbines, combined cycles, geothermal, diesel engine and hydro-powers. Most of Indonesia''s power plants are using fossil fuel for electricity generation. Substantial growth in domestic energy demand, however, would be a major challenge for Indonesia''s energy supply sector in the future. Over the past decade, thermal power plants generated about 86.69% of electricity and about 13.31% was generated by renewable energy such as hydro-power and geothermal in 2009. The purpose of this study is to chronicle and show a clear view of 23 years trend of Indonesia''s electricity generation industry. Furthermore, the capacity of power generation installed and electricity generation from 1987 to 2009 has been gathered for this study. The total pollutant emissions and emission per unit electricity generation for each type of power plants have been also calculated using emission factors. Also, the pattern of electricity generation and emission has been presented. The results show that the implementation and contribution of combined cycle power plants should be increased together with renewable energy and natural gas which are recommended to reduce greenhouse gas emission. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Access to substantial quantity and quality energy infrastructures is essential to rapid and sustainable economic development. Access to modern energy services directly contributes to economic growth and poverty reduction through the creation of wealth. No country can develop and sustain beyond subsistence means without having at least minimum access to energy services for the larger portion of its population. The present study examines the households’ access to modern energy (electricity) services and pattern of energy consumption in Nigeria. It was found that the access to modern form of energy in the country is very low despite the country''s abundant energy endowment. Greater proportions (over 40%) of Nigerian households do not have access to electricity and still depend largely on traditional forms of energy (e.g., firewood and kerosene) as energy sources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a brief history of energy harvesting for low-power systems followed by a review of the state-of-the-art of energy harvesting techniques, power conversion, power management, and battery charging. The advances in energy harvesting from vibration, thermal, and RF sources are reviewed as well as power management techniques. Examples of discrete form implementation and integrated form implementation using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and CMOS microelectronic processes are also given. The comparison between the reviewed works concludes this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Like many other countries, most of the power plants in Malaysia are using fossil fuel for electricity generation. In the past decade, thermal power plants generated about 89.3% of electricity and about 10.7% was generated by renewable sources such as hydropower. This study was conducted to chronicle 33 years of Malaysian electricity generation industry. The capacity of power generation installed and electricity generation from the years 1976 to 2008 has been gathered along with the total pollutant emissions and emission per unit electricity generation for each type of power plants. These were calculated using emission factors, and the pattern of electricity generation and emission production has been presented. The results show that using renewable energy and increasing the contribution of the combined cycle as a best type of thermal power plants and use more natural gas is recommended to reduce emission. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The electricity consumption growth in Iran requires a rapid development of power plant construction. Like many other countries, most of the power plants in Iran are using fossil fuel. In the past decade, thermal power plants generated about 94% of electricity and about 6% was generated by renewable sources such as hydro-power. This study is to show a clear view of 42 years an evolutionary trend of Iran''s electricity generation industry. The capacity of power generation installed and electricity generation from the years 1967 to 2008 has been gathered. The total pollutant emissions and emission per unit electricity generation for each type of power plants have also been calculated using emission factors and the pattern of electricity generation and emission has been presented. The results shown that encouraging of using renewable energy sources and increasing the contribution of the combined cycle as a best type of thermal power plants and use more natural gas is recommended to reduce emission. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Many factors to be appropriately addressed in moving towards energy sustainability in Turkey are examined. These include harnessing sustainable energy sources, utilizing sustainable energy carriers, increasing efficiency, reducing environmental impact and improving socioeconomic acceptability. The latter factor includes community involvement and social acceptability, economic affordability and equity, lifestyles, land use and aesthetics. On the other hand, Turkey, with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing power markets of the world for the last two decades. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey''s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the energy sources in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objectives of the present work are of two-folds. First, it evaluates the transient temperature performance of the H2O–NH3–H2 absorption cooling machine system’s components under two types of energy sources, i.e. the conventional electric energy from grid (electric) and fuel energy from liquid petroleum gas (LPG). Results obtained have shown that performance of various components under different type of energy sources is almost coherent. For the evaporator, the system with electric supply has shorter starting time, around 6min earlier than the system run with LPG. Meanwhile, the system powered by LPG produced a lower cooling temperature around −9°C, compared to the system run with electric which produced temperature at around −7°C. Economical study had been carried out subsequently, for three different energy sources, i.e. electric, LPG and solar energy (photovoltaic). From the techno-economical analyzes, it was found that the conventional electric from grid is still the best form of energy source for short-term application, as far as the present location and conditions are concerned. LPG is the next attractive energy source, especially at locations with constant LPG supply; the photovoltaic energy from solar is attractive for long term consideration since it has zero fuel cost and environmentally-friendly, but with the highest initial cost. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433GWh/year, but only 125GWh/year of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. Turkey presently has considerable renewable energy sources. The most important renewable sources are hydropower, biomass, geothermal, solar and wind. Turkey''s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Over the last two decades, global electricity production has more than doubled and electricity demand is rising rapidly around the world as economic development spreads to emerging economies. Not only has electricity demand increased significantly, it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Technological advances combined with increasing surgical and anaesthetic expertise have broadened the range of laparoscopic procedures presently being undertaken in children, from the neonatal period through to adolescence. It is therefore essential for surgeons undertaking laparoscopic procedures in children to be equipped not only with technical knowledge, but also to be familiar with the basic science which underpins this practice. In this article, emphasis is placed upon physiology, anatomical landmarks, the evidence base for laparoscopic procedures in children and the mode of action of commonly used energy sources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the first state-of-the-art review on simultaneous vibration control and energy harvesting strategy, a multi-disciplinary topic related to structural dynamics, mechanical design, and power electronics. The prominent damping effects provided by large-scale vibration-based energy harvesters make the simultaneous control of vibration sources possible. Although the concept of energy-regenerative shock absorbers with vibration control and energy harvesting functions dates back to the 1970s in automotive engineering, the development of such dual-function devices was not extended to broad applications in civil and mechanical structures until 2010. We have witnessed rapid advances in this field in the past decade. A series of feasibility studies, configuration designs, numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, and field tests have demonstrated, to some extent, the great prospect of these dual-function devices in various potential applications. This review first presents different energy transducers and vibration energy sources briefly. Subsequently, different designs and target applications of dual-function devices are elaborated. The power performance in large-scale implementation of dual-function devices is predicted on the order of kilowatt level, which is considerably higher than that of most regular vibration-based energy harvesters and sufficient to power structural health monitoring systems or semi-active/active control systems. The current challenges and potential future research directions of energy-harvesting vibration control are also discussed. • Review the energy-harvesting vibration control strategies in various energy sources. • Elaborate on the background and fundamental principle of dual-function devices. • Summary and compare various electromagnetic and piezoelectric dual-function devices. • Classify different types of dual-function devices based on the damping mechanism. • Point out the challenges and way forward on dual-function devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is a small country with its large population struggled with several challenges over the last few decades, including overpopulation, power grid disruptions, floods, and global warming. Sufficient rate of energy production is must for a developing country, but quickly expanding population and overall economic growth interrupt the energy sector. Renewable energy plays a vital role to contribute in this sector. For becoming an agricultural country biomass is an important sustainable energy source for this country. Organic crop residues, animal waste, and municipal solid waste are the most accessible biomass energy sources in this country. On the other hand, by using the membrane gas separation technology the quality biogas can be improved and it helps the environment from the toxic CO 2 which is a major element of biogas. This study represents the extension, potential and innovations identified with the utilization of biomass assets. Besides the improvement of biogas also discussed in this paper. This paper also represents the various initiatives conducted by the government that are all relevant to biomass energy. This work further can be studies to innovate different biomass technology and to improve the quality of biogas. [Display omitted] • Biomass is an alternative and sustainable renewable energy source in Bangladesh. • Thermal and bio-chemical methods are widely used for changing over biomass to energy. • Government plan is to produce electricity by utilizing natural gas, liquid fuel, and peat. • Membrane gas separation technology is used to increase the quality of gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchannel membrane-based absorption refrigeration system (MMARS) shows its advantages in efficiency and compactness over the conventional absorption refrigeration systems. This paper investigates the MMARS driven by three energy sources, namely natural gas heater, electric heater, and evacuated tube solar collector, in terms of energy, exergy, economy, and environment. Under a targeted cooling capacity of 2.5 kW, MMARS improves the coefficient of performance (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity (q v) respectively by 11.7% and 119.6% compared to the horizontal falling-film system. A thorough exergy analysis shows that the largest exergy destruction rates are produced by desorber (38.27%), absorber (25.03%), and solution heat exchanger (14.12%). Economic analysis indicates that if the initial cost of the solar collector is reduced by 50%, the solar-driven MMARS will perform the best in levelized cooling capacity cost (LCC) with a lifetime above 12 years. The environmental analysis presents that the solar-driven MMARS produces the smallest levelized cooling capacity equivalent CO 2 emission (LCCE) among all the refrigeration systems, which alleviates the environmental impact on the user side. Therefore, the solar-driven MMARS is a potential system to achieve carbon neutrality in the refrigeration field. • Membrane-based ARS improves the system COP and compactness by 11.7% and 119.6%. • The largest exergy destruction rate in MMARS is produced by the desorber (38.27%). • If solar collector cost is reduced by 50%, solar-MMARS will be the most economical. • Solar-MMARS alleviates the emission on the user side with less energy consumption. • Solar-MMARS has potential to achieve carbon neutrality in the refrigeration field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A survey of household energy consumption pattern has been carried out in a village, Bibipur, district Jind, Haryana, India, during 2004. The households surveyed covered heterogeneous population belonging to different income groups, education groups and social groups. Studies were made on the total energy available, total energy required and energy consumption in different sectors domestic, agricultural, transport, rural industries and miscellaneous uses. The total energy available from all the sources (animate, biomass/non-conventional and inanimate sources) in the village is 468,205MJ and the requirement for all the activities and from all the resources is 592,220MJ. There is a big gap between energy supply and demand for the village. There is more availability of non-conventional energy resources as compared to conventional energy resources and some resources are unexploited. Therefore, to meet the balance of energy demand and supply, non-conventional resources should be exploited. In domestic sector, maximum energy is used in cooking (52.1%) and 45% of it is supplied from non-conventional energy sources and 10% from conventional energy sources. Calculations were made by considering all the energy resources for average per capita energy consumption and it was 20.02MJ/day per capita. Electricity is used mainly for lighting and power, while gas is preferred for cooking. In agricultural sector, energy consumption for different activities was calculated and it was found that maximum energy consumption is in irrigation (41.7%) and minimum in transplanting. In agricultural sector, maximum energy comes from conventional energy sources (about 60%) and from non-conventional energy sources it is only about 30%. From the study, it was found that maximum population having good economic conditions like electricity very much as an energy source followed by LPG, biogas, coal, firewood and agricultural residues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The deployment of large mesh-type wireless networks is a challenge due to the multitude of arising issues. Perpetual operation of a network node is undoubtedly one of the major goals of any energy-aware protocol or power-efficient hardware platform. Energy harvesting has emerged as the natural way to keep small stationary hardware platforms running, even when operating continuously as network routing devices. This paper analyses solar radiation, wind and water flow as feasible energy sources that can be explored to meet the energy needs of a wireless sensor network router within the context of precision agriculture, and presents a multi-powered platform solution for wireless devices. Experimental results prove that our prototype, the MPWiNodeX, can manage simultaneously the three energy sources for charging a NiMH battery pack, resulting in an almost perpetual operation of the evaluated ZigBee network router. In addition to this, the energy scavenging techniques double up as sensors, yielding data on the amount of solar radiation, water flow and wind speed, a capability that avoids the use of specific sensors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To analyze critically the reasons justifying the choice of two-step protocols requiring two media for the culture of human preimplantation embryos from the zygote to the blastocyst. Design: Literature review. Result(s): Two types of protocol are used for the culture of human preimplantation embryos from the zygote to the blastocyst, using either one medium (one-step protocol) or two media of different composition (two-step protocol). Two-step protocols are the most widely used, largely because all but one of the commercially available protocols are of this type. The reasons for the adoption of two-step protocols are described and critically analyzed. They are based on considerations of the functions of glucose, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), glutamine, and amino acids that are included in the media. A reappraisal of the reasons for selecting two-step protocols is important because recent animal experiments and clinical observations have raised doubts as to whether the more complex, two-step protocols have any advantage over one-step protocols. The analyses show that all of conclusions reached should be considered equivocal. Conclusion(s): Clinical embryologists should evaluate the justification for selecting two-step protocols for the culture of human preimplantation embryos from the zygote to the blastocyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In choosing the type of any energy sources for residential and other uses, their prices play in general a big role. These prices are based on energy values. Besides this, the application of the exergy, which is a way to a sustainable future, is more meaningful in providing information for long-term planning of resource management. In the present study, energy and exergy prices of various energy sources are investigated. The energy sources considered include coal, natural gas, furnace oil, diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and wood, while electric resistance along with heat pump and district heating are also covered. In this context, chemical exergy relations of these energy sources are presented first. The prices of various energy sources in the Turkish residential sector, which is given as an illustrative example, are then used in the calculations. Finally, the energy and exergy prices are compared with each other, while the main conclusions are listed. The highest unit energy price is that of diesel oil, while the lowest one is that of natural gas. The differences between the energy and exergy prices are small for all energy carriers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent years have seen many developments in the field of alternative energy sources for arrhythmia surgery. The impetus behind these advances is to replace the traditional, “cut-and-sew” Cox maze III procedure with lesion sets that are simpler, shorter, and safer but just as effective. There is demand for technology to make continuous, linear, transmural ablations reliably with a versatile energy source via an epicardial approach. This would make minimally invasive endoscopic surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) without cardiopulmonary bypass and with a closed chest feasible. These advances would shorten cardio-pulmonary bypass and improve outcomes in patients having surgical ablation and concomitant cardiac surgery. This review summarizes the technology behind alternative energy sources used to treat AF. Alternative energy sources include hypothermic sources (cryoablation) and hyperthermic sources (radiofrequency, microwave, laser, ultrasound). For each source, the biophysical background, mode of tissue injury, factors affecting lesion size, and advantages and complications are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The influence of the culture medium and energy sources on spontaneous nuclear maturation and inhibition of maturation in bovine cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEO) was examined. CEO were cultured in Medium 199, minimum essential medium, M16, or synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF), all containing 3mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA), and SOF without BSA, alone or supplemented with hypoxanthine (HYPO, 4mM) or forskolin (FSK, 100μM) for 21h. More CEO remained at the GV stage in M16 compared to other media (P <0.05). Supplementation with HYPO increased and FSK reduced the percentage of CEO remaining at the GV stage (P <0.05) only in M16. The effects of energy sources, in the absence or presence of HYPO or FSK, were examined in CEO cultured in M16 salts+PVA. Glucose (0.5 and 5.5mM), pyruvate (0.32 and 3.2mM), lactate (3.3mM) and glutamine (1.3mM) significantly reduced the percentage of CEO remaining at the GV stage compared to M16 salts alone; only glutamine significantly increased the percentage of CEO at the MII stage compared to M16 salts. In M16 salts+HYPO, glucose (0.5mM), pyruvate (0.32mM), lactate (3.3mM) and glutamine (1.3mM) significantly reduced the percentage of GV and degenerate oocytes and increased the percentage of CEO at the MI stage. In M16 salts+FSK, the energy sources significantly decreased the percentage of oocytes with condensed chromosomes and increased the percentage of CEO reaching metaphase I. In conclusion, meiotic inhibitors had different effects in different culture media and glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glutamine were stimulatory to nuclear maturation. It was noteworthy that some of the results obtained were contrary to previous findings in mouse oocytes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]