Search

[Display omitted] • Rosemary essential oil microemulsion modulates the IL-17 signaling pathway. • Rosemary essential oil holds significant potential as a natural remedy for ulcerative colitis. • L-alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene and eucalyptol as active ingredients in the treatment of ulcerative colitis with rosemary essential oil. • Rosemary essential oil microemulsion treats ulcerative colitis by reducing inflammatory factors. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) is a medicinal and edible plant. Rosemary essential oil (REO) is the principal constituent of rosemary and possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we evaluated the cell viability and anti-inflammatory activity of REO through the MTT assay and LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells, respectively. The optimal formulation for the preparation of REO- microemulsion (REO-ME) was determined employing reversed-phase emulsification in conjunction with pseudo-triphasic diagrams. Transcriptomics, combined with network pharmacology, was employed to identify key signaling pathways, and molecular docking analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the active ingredients of REO-ME and the key targets. The results showed that REO-ME is an O/W type ME. In addition, further pharmacodynamic experiments showed that REO-ME inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α by regulating the key targets in the IL-17 signaling pathway, thereby to alleviating UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism through which rosemary essential oil treats atopic dermatitis. A dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model was established and treated with low (1%), medium (2%), and high (4%) doses of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EORO). Serum levels of interleukin (IL)−6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in each group were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Skin tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. We used network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques to verify the biological activity of essential proteins and their corresponding compounds in the pathway. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for metabolomics analysis and multivariate statistical analysis of mouse serum to screen differential metabolites and metabolic pathway analysis. Protein expression of p-JAK1, CD4+ cells, and IL-4 in the skin tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry analysis. Protein levels of STAT3, p-STAT3, P65, and p-P65 in damaged skin tissues were detected using western blotting. The skin of mice in the model group showed different degrees of erythema, dryness, scratches, epidermal erosion and shedding, and crusting. After treatment, the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in EORO group were significantly decreased, and the expression of p-JAK1,CD4 + cells, IL-4, p-P65 / P65 and p-STAT3 / STAT3 proteins in skin tissues were decreased. EORO can effectively improve DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions in mice by regulating the JAK/STAT/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing the production of downstream arachidonic acid metabolites, inhibiting skin inflammation, and restoring epidermal barrier function. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamon is widely used as a medicinal herb and a culinary spice. The major bioactive component of cinnamon is cinnamon essential oil (CEO). CEO has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but its mechanism of action is not known. In this study, metabolomics was combined with "weighting coefficients" from network pharmacology to identify key pathways and targets, differential metabolites and key metabolic pathways for the therapeutic effects of CEO on Hyperuricemia (HUA), and to precisely investigate the molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of CEO on HUA. Metabolomic analysis revealed that abnormal l -glutamate metabolism and dysregulation of Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathways exacerbated inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, subsequently mediating pathological changes in HUA and exacerbating renal tissue damage. Pharmacodynamic validation showed that CEO alleviated the renal inflammatory response by inhibiting hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, upregulating superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels, and downregulating malondialdehyde levels, synergistically inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suppressing downstream inflammatory Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) secretion, and enhancing antioxidant levels. Additionally, CEO exerted renal protective effects by upregulating the renal transporters OAT1 and ABCG2 and downregulating the GLUT9 and URAT1 levels, resulting in the downregulation of uric acid production and the alleviation of renal tubular lesions. This suggests that CEO could be considered as a potential functional food for kidney damage caused by hyperuricemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwaves have the advantage of penetrating vegetation and exhibit sensitivity to properties such as vegetation water content (VWC); yet, their potential utility in the fire domain is infrequently investigated. This study elucidates the different impacts of the microwave VWC index EDVI on fire radiative energy (FRE) across various biome types and the significant predictive power for high-severity fires (defined based on FRE) in mainland Southeast Asia. While EDVI exhibits lower predictive power for high severe fires compared to the commonly used fire weather indices (e.g., FWI), an enhancement is observed when these predictors are used in combination. Either by employing EDVI or fire weather indices, the predictability of fires is found to be highest over forests and lowest over croplands. Factors such as increasing human influence and fuel limitation in croplands are likely reducing the roles of VWC and weather on fires, contributing to the lower prediction skill of EDVI and fire weather. These results indicate the usefulness of microwave VWC index in fire studies. Although fire weather presents more considerable impacts on fires, the microwave VWC index seem to still provide some complementary information in fire danger assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NO x fire emissions greatly affect atmosphere and human society. The top-down NO x fire emission estimation is highly influenced by satellite fire observation performance (e.g., fire detection) by affecting the derivation of emission coefficient (EC) and fire radiative power (FRP) magnitude. However, such influence is lack of comprehensive study. Here, we developed an algorithm to evaluate such impacts in northeastern Asia using multi-source data during 2012–2019. Specifically, we extracted near-concurrent fire observations from MODIS and its successor VIIRS over their orbit-overlapping area and combined respectively with OMI NO 2 concentration to derive NO x EC. We compared EC between MODIS and VIIRS, and defined a synergetic effect index (SEI) to explore the combined effects on NO x fire emission estimation due to potentially different ECs and FRP between the two sensors. Finally, we applied EC to estimate NO x emission and made comparison between MODIS and VIIRS. Results show that: 1) both sensors derived considerably higher NO x EC for low-biomass vegetation fires (e.g., grassland fires) than other vegetation fires; however, MODIS EC is about 30% lower than VIIRS EC while similar values are derived for forest fires; 2) synergetic effects induced by different ECs and FRP magnitudes between the two sensors are more significant during fall and winter than in spring and summer; 3) annual NO x emissions based on MODIS EC are 15–23% lower than that from VIIRS EC during 2012–2019, while both are lower than the conventional bottom-up emission inventories GFED and FINN by an average of 23–44%; nevertheless, the EC-based NO x estimations presented high spatiotemporal correlation of R usually between 0.70 and 0.95 with GFED and FINN. These results reveal and quantify the critical impacts of satellite fire observation performance on EC derivation and fire emission estimation, which is helpful in reducing estimation uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Exposure to some conventional trace elements has been found to be associated with miscarriage; however, evidence for combined exposure is inconclusive. Therefore, it is important to explore the joint associations between toxic and essential trace elements and miscarriage. This cross-sectional study measured a wide range of element levels in the whole blood of pregnant women by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The associations between individual elements and miscarriage were appraised using logistic regression model. Multi-exposure models, including Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and weighted quantile sum regression (WQS), were used to explore the mixed exposure to elements. Furthermore, grouped weighted quantile sum (GWQS) considered multiple elements with different magnitudes and directions of associations. In logistic regression, the odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) in the highest quartiles were 5.45 (2.00, 15.91) for barium, 0.28 (0.09, 0.76) for copper, and 0.32 (0.12, 0.83) for rubidium. These exposure–outcome associations were confirmed and supplemented by BKMR, which indicated a positive association for barium and negative associations for copper and rubidium. In WQS, a positive association was found between mixed elements and miscarriage (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.78), in which barium (75.7%) was the highest weighted element. The results of GWQS showed that the toxic trace element group dominated by barium was significantly associated with increased ORs (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.74, 4.38). Additionally, a negative association was observed between the essential trace element group and miscarriage (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.54), with rubidium contributing the most to the result. As a toxic trace element, barium was positively associated with miscarriage both by individual and multiple evaluations, while essential trace elements, particularly rubidium and copper, exhibited negative associations. Our findings provide significant evidence for exploring the effects of trace elements on miscarriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although satellite-based light use efficiency (LUE) model is widely used to estimate gross primary production (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystems, microwave observations have not been integrated into LUE models. This study developed a new LUE model coupled with a passive microwave vegetation index (Emissivity Difference Vegetation Index, EDVI) for daily GPP estimation. Normalized EDVI (nEDVI), an indicator of canopy-scale leaf development and biomass change, was used as a proxy of fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR). EDVI-based evaporative fraction (EDVI-EF) under all sky was used to indicate synoptic-scale water stress on LUE. 8-year in-situ measurements from seven flux tower sites (four forests, two grasslands and one croplands) of ChinaFLUX network were used to evaluate the model. We found that nEDVI-based FPAR better captured the short-term variations in daily in-situ GPP (GPP obs) than other optic-based FPAR schemes. This capability of nEDVI was more noticeable under moderate and heavy cloud cover (Frc) conditions. Validations against daily GPP obs at all sites showed that EDVI-based GPP (GPP EDVI) generated an overall small bias of −0.47 gC m−2 day−1 (−8.1%) and good Taylor score (S) of 0.86 at the daily scale. Better accuracy of GPP EDVI was found at forests sites with R2 of 0.43 to 0.73, bias of-5.29% to 3.03% and S of 0.58 to 0.78, respectively. At a tropical forest site with most frequent cloud cover, the model also well captured the variation in GPP obs from clear sky to cloudy sky (R2 of 0.93) with stable accuracies. Furthermore, the accuracy of daily GPP EDVI was found to be comparable with global satellite optic MOD17 GPP (GPP MOD17) and EC-LUE GPP (GPP ECLUE) from 8-day to yearly scales across the sites. In particular, GPP EDVI performed generally smaller bias at evergreen broadleaf forests, while both of GPP MOD17 and GPP ECLUE were overestimated, suggesting that there could be less saturation for microwave-based LUE model over dense vegetation. Although all three satellite LUE models severely underestimated GPP of crop, GPP EDVI generated lower bias (−29.8%) than GPP MOD17 (−66.8%) and GPP ECLUE (−59.5%). Overall, this study is the first attempt toward the integration of microwave-derived variables into LUE model for daily GPP estimation. The microwave-based LUE model has a potential of mapping spatiotemporally continues daily GPP under various clouds. • A LUE model coupled with microwave vegetation index (EDVI) for daily GPP estimation. • FPAR and evaporative fraction were quantified by EDVI-based schemes. • 8-year in-situ GPP from seven eddy covariance flux sites of ChinaFLUX were used. • Model performed daily GPP estimation stably under various cloud cover conditions. • Model had a better accuracy than MOD17 and EC-LUE GPP at forests and crop sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]