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The liver is a vital organ in human physiology positioned in the upper right quadrant of the peritoneal cavity, which plats a critical role in metabolic processes, detoxification of various substances and overall homeostasis. Along with these critical functions, hepatic diseases impose as significant global health threat. Liver illness is the cause of two million fatalities every year, or 4% of all deaths. Traditionally, healthcare providers have prescribed antibacterial and antiviral medications to address liver illness. Nephrotoxicity is a frequently observed negative reaction to drugs, with the majority of such events happening in individuals who have advanced cirrhosis. Thus, recognizing this gap, there is a dire need of exploration of pharmaceutical alterative for hepatic diseases, with special focus on their efficacy and reduced toxicity. Fruits have long been known to therapeutic impact on human health, thus exploration of fruits components namely pulp, seeds and peels containing phytochemicals have emerged as a promising avenue for hepatoprotective interventions. Thus, review comprehends the information about worldwide burden of chemical induced toxicity and injuries as well as highlight the on-going challenges in hepatic disease management. It also shed light on the valuable contributions fruit parts and their phytocompounds obtained from different components of fruits. Fruit pulp, especially when rich in flavonoids, has demonstrated significant potential in animal model studies. It has been observed to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have demonstrated the most favorable outcomes. Further, this review also discusses about the safety assessments of fruits extracts for their utilization as hepatoprotective agents. [Display omitted] • CCl 4 and paracetamol causes hepatotoxicity due to lipid peroxidation, alkylation and reactive intermediate, NPAQI. • Alcohol causes the hepatotoxicity due to hepatic lesions, increases proinflammatory mediator levels. • These chemical stresses are associated with liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver. • Pulp is among the most studied fruit part in the treatment of liver disorders. • Stilbenoids and flavonols are the mostly studied polyphenols in the treatment of liver toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa , widely known as 'Marijuana' poses a dilemma for being a blend of both good and bad medicinal effects. The historical use of Cannabis for both medicinal and recreational purposes suggests it to be a friendly plant. However, whether the misuse of Cannabis and the cannabinoids derived from it can hamper normal body physiology is a focus of ongoing research. On the one hand, there is enough evidence to suggest that misuse of marijuana can cause deleterious effects on various organs like the lungs, immune system, cardiovascular system, etc. and also influence fertility and cause teratogenic effects. However, on the other hand, marijuana has been found to offer a magical cure for anorexia, chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and disturbed sleep. Indeed, most recently, the United Nations has given its verdict in favour of Cannabis declaring it as a non-dangerous narcotic. This review provides insights into the various health effects of Cannabis and its specialized metabolites and indicates how wise steps can be taken to promote good use and prevent misuse of the metabolites derived from this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In natural soil environment, microbial communities demonstrate a cooperative relationship with crops yield through the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In present report, we have explored the PGPRs for the plant growth promoting activities. In our recent report, the isolated strains were isolated from the industrial soil. Out of four rhizobacterial species, two strains (Bacillus thuringiensis PS-1 and Azotobacter chroococcum PS-2) have shown higher PGPR activity. Both stains were selected for their growth promoting activity in garden pea (Pisum sativum) variety P88 which had significantly higher germination percentage. Four different treatments, P. sativum without bacterial inoculum, P. sativum + B. thuringiensis PS-1, P. sativum + A. chroococcum PS-2 and P. sativum + bacterial consortium (control) were considered to make the comparative analysis of parameters like seed germination, plant height, plant relative water content, chlorophyll content, number of pods, number of leaves and root length in P. sativum. Among these treatments, seeds treated with bacterial consortium were significantly better in terms of plant height (87.78 ± 4.15 cm; p < 0.05); weight (93.45 ± 4.85 g; p < 0.05); number of leaves (80 ± 3.54; p < 0.05) and chlorophyll content (2.56 ± 0.78; p < 0.05) on day 60 post-inoculation. P. sativum + consortium treated group has showed the best result among all the treated and non-treated groups. Meticulous use of these rhizospheric bacteria could aid phytoremediation against the agrochemicals and heavy metals along with plants better growth. Highlights • Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus thuringiensis PS-1 and Azotobacter chroococcum PS-2 were isolated. • Both strains were tested for their plant growth promoting activities against pea (Pisum sativum) variety P88. • Consortium treated group showed the best result among all the treated and non treated groups (at p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both communicable and non-communicable chronic respiratory conditions have accorded for suffering of millions of people of all ages and stated to be leading cause of death, morbidity, economic and social pressures, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. These illnesses impair patient's health and negatively impacts families and society, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) affect different organs of respiratory system, involving airways, parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. As the number of respiratory diseases are exponentially escalating but still the stakeholders are not paying attention towards its serious complications. Currently, the treatment being used primarily focusses only on alleviating symptoms of these illness rather delivering the therapeutic agent at target site for optimal care and/or prevention. Lately, extensive research is being conducted on airways and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, airway, or parenchymal rehabilitation. From which macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, as well as structural cells as fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells have been found to be active participants that are involved in these chronic respiratory diseases. The pathogenesis of all these chronic respiratory diseases gets caused differently via mediators and proteins, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and oxidants. Presently, the target of prescription therapies is to reduce the inflammation of airways and relieve the airway contraction. In all studies, cytokines have been found to play an imperative role in fostering chronic airway inflammation and remodelling. Owing to the limitations of conventional treatments, the current review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the chronic respiratory disease and discuss further about the various conventional methods that can be used for treating this ailment. Additionally, it also highlights and discusses about the advanced drug delivery system that are being used for targeting the interleukins for the treatment of CRDs. • Nanotechnology provides novel strategies in clinical treatment of respiratory disorders. • Airway defenses is strengthened by sustained release of drugs. • Nanocarriers can also be used for combination treatment of drugs targeting interleukins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of sludge during was t ewater treatment has drawn the attention of various scientists on its toxicity and safety in lieu of its disposal in the environment. Source of sludge generation in the environment includes sewage and industrial sludge. Indiscriminate usage of sludge generation and its poor disposal management system poses hazardous effects on water quality at a global level. Preparation of biochar from sewage sludge biochar has attained the attention of most of the researchers for their effectiveness in improving soil quality, reduction of uptake of heavy metals and potential benefits in agriculture fields to nourish the soil. In this review, an exhaustive list of sewage sludge biochar (SSBC) production from vast literature has compiled, and their characterization, application, quantification with risk assessment approach, impact on climate change, life cycle and cost analysis have been presented. The high cost of biomass disposal, (transportation, treatment and landfilling), is a serious concern. This paper presents the state of the art review on the applications of SSBC for the adsorption of antibiotics, heavy metals, textile dyes, phenolic compounds as well as minimizing agrochemical pollution. It is evident from the literature that the SSBC has multiple benefits, including revenue generation option. Image 1 • The schematic pathway of utilizing sewage sludge biochar along with its diverse applications is summarized. • Adsorption mechanisms involved in the exploitation of sewage sludge biochar are represented. • Analytical methods for activation of sewage sludge biochar along with its applications are described. • Diverse application of sewage sludge biochar based of the production temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the major diseases that cause a high number of deaths globally. Of the major types of cancers, lung cancer is known to be the most chronic form of cancer in the world. The conventional management of lung cancer includes different medical interventions like chemotherapy, surgical removal, and radiation therapy. However, this type of approach lacks specificity and also harms the adjacent normal cells. Lately, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising intervention in the management and treatment of lung cancers. Nanotechnology has revolutionized the existing modalities and focuses primarily on reducing toxicity and improving the bioavailability of anticancer drugs to the target tumor cells. Nanocarrier systems are being currently used extensively to exploit and to overcome the obstructions induced by cancers in the lungs. The nano-carrier-loaded therapeutic drug delivery methods have shown promising potential in treating lung cancer as its target is to control the growth of tumor cells. In this review, various modes of nano drug delivery options like liposomes, dendrimers, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes and metallic nanoparticles have been discussed. Nano-carrier drug delivery systems emerge as a promising approach and thus is expected to provide newer and advanced avenues in cancer therapeutics. • Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. • Traditional treatment methods includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. • Main side effects of existing treatments are nonspecific targeting and toxicity. • Novel drug delivery offers improved bioavailability and site-specific targeting. • Emerging trends in drug delivery will provide new direction to lung cancer clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a metabolic by-product. ROS molecules trigger oxidative stress as a feedback response that significantly initiates biological processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Furthermore, extensive research has revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is an important ROS entity and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including cell differentiation, cell signalling, and apoptosis. However, excessive production of H 2 O 2 has been shown to disrupt biomolecules and cell organelles, leading to an inflammatory response and contributing to the development of health complications such as collagen deposition, aging, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ulcerative colitis, etc. Extracts of different plant species, phytochemicals, and Lactobacillus sp (probiotic) have been reported for their anti-oxidant potential. In this view, the researchers have gained significant interest in exploring the potential plants spp., their phytochemicals, and the potential of Lactobacillus sp. strains that exhibit anti-oxidant properties and health benefits. Thus, the current review focuses on comprehending the information related to the formation of H 2 O 2, the factors influencing it, and their pathophysiology imposed on human health. Moreover, this review also discussed the anti-oxidant potential and role of different extract of plants, Lactobacillus sp. and their fermented products in curbing H 2 O 2 ‑induced oxidative stress in both in-vitro and in-vivo models via boosting the anti-oxidative activity, inhibiting of important enzyme release and downregulation of cytochrome c, cleaved caspases-3, − 8, and − 9 expression. In particular, this knowledge will assist R&D sections in biopharmaceutical and food industries in developing herbal medicine and probiotics-based or derived food products that can effectively alleviate oxidative stress issues induced by H 2 O 2 generation. [Display omitted] • Oxidative damage-induced H 2 O 2 overexpression leads to inflammation and ROS production. • H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress is linked to aging, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ulcerative colitis and cancer. • Plant extracts, phytocompounds, and Lactobacillus sp. and its fermented products have potential to curb oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food demand is expected to increase globally by 60–110% from 2005 to 2050 due to diet shifts and population growth. This growth in food demand leads to the generation of enormous agri-food wastes (AFWs), which could be classified into pre-consumption and post-consumption. The AFW represents economic losses for all stakeholders along food supply chains, including consumers. It is reported that the direct financial, social, and environmental costs of food waste are 1, 0.9, and 0.7 trillion USD/year, respectively. Diverse conventional AFW management approaches are employed at the different life cycle levels (entre supply chain). The review indicates that inadequate transportation, erroneous packaging, improper storage, losses during processing, contamination, issues with handling, and expiry dates are the main reason for the generation of AFWs in the supply chain. Further, various variables such as cultural, societal, personal, and behavioral factors contribute to the AFW generation. The selection of a specific valorization technology is based on multiple physicochemical and biological parameters. Furthermore, other factors like heterogeneity of the AFWs, preferable energy carriers, by-products management, cost, end-usage applications, and environmental legislative and disposal processes also play a crucial role in adopting suitable technology. Valorization of AFW could significantly impact both economy and the environment. AFWs have been widely investigated for the development of engineered added-value biomaterials and renewable energy production. Considering this, this study has been carried out to highlight the significance of AFW cost, aggregation, quantification, and membrane-based strategies for its management. The study also explored the satellite remote sensing data for Spatio-temporal monitoring, mapping, optimization, and management of AFW management. Along with this, the study also explained the most recent strategies for AFW valorization and outlined the detailed policy recommendation along with opportunities and challenges. The review suggested that AFW should be managed using a triple-bottom-line strategy (economic, social, and environmental sustainability). [Display omitted] • Diverse conventional waste management approaches are employed at production by farmer's end. • This review focus on agri-food wastes cost, aggregation, and strategies of its management. • GIS can be used for spatio-temporal monitoring, mapping, optimization and management of agri-food wastes. • This review also explore the most recent strategies for agri-food wastes valorization, opportunities and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium is detected in most ecosystems due to the increased anthropogenic activities in addition to that developed from natural pollution. Chromium contamination in the food chain results due to its persistent and non-degradable nature. The release of chromium in the ecosystem accretes and thereafter impacts different life forms, including humans, aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Leaching of chromium into the ground and surface water triggers several health ailments, such as dermatitis, eczematous skin, allergic reactions, mucous and skin membrane ulcerations, allergic asthmatic reactions, bronchial carcinoma and gastroenteritis. Physiological and biological treatments for the removal of chromium have been discussed in depth in the present communication. Adsorption and biological treatment methods are proven to be alternatives to chemical removal techniques in terms of cost-effectiveness and low sludge formation. Chromium sensing is an alternative approach for regular monitoring of chromium in different water bodies. This review intended to explore different classes of sensors for chromium monitoring. However, the spectrochemical methods are more sensitive in chromium ions sensing than electrochemical methods. Future study should focus on miniaturization for portability and on-site measurements without requiring a large instrument provides a good aspect for future research. [Display omitted] • Effective processes for chromium removal from wastewater are evaluated. • Discussion on chromium removal technologies along with advantages and limitations. • New sensing technologies for the monitoring of chromium have been explored. • Spectrochemical methods are more sensitive in chromium sensing over electrochemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With millions of tonnes of plastic pollution generated every year, small-sized plastic particles, including micro- and nanoplastics, end up in freshwater systems. Due to the very small size and very large specific surface area of nanoplastics, they are known to be persistent and toxic in our environment. These particles are also known to react with other water-borne contaminants and cause acute toxicity in organisms. Nanoplastics are prone to biomagnification and can be transported to humans through various pathways. This study aims to contribute towards understanding the behaviour of nanoplastics in our environment, specifically through identification of various sources, detection techniques, toxicity estimation, health risk in humans, environmental fate, recovery and reuse, and future challenges and limitations. Detailed review on the toxic effects of nanoplastics on various organisms and their degradation rates in soil and water matrices are provided. The suitability of small- and large-scale separation techniques for the removal of nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants is also discussed. Current challenges and future perspectives in understanding the fate and transport of nanoplastics in the environment are also discussed. Research gaps, including the development of quantification techniques, estimation of degradation mechanisms, transport in marine ecosystems, and development of sensors to examine nanoplastics in the environment, are explored. Finally, we can limit the release of nanoplastics to the environment through reduction, reuse and recycling (3 Rs) of bulk plastic products. [Display omitted] • Degradation of micro (nano) plastics and its toxicity in the environment are discussed. • Micro (nano) sources, detection, risk, fate, and future challenges are presented. • Opinion on micro (nano) removal techniques, recovery and reuse are provided. • Development of sensors to assess micro (nano) plastics are suggested in future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]