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The research examines a conceptual approach to proactive, resilient, and cooperative initiatives to develop destination resilience. This approach addresses internal factors of tourism service production as objects of resilient cooperation. The framework for tourism cooperative networks for co-creating value in the destination is elaborated theoretically and confirmed by experts. The synthesis of corporate, network, and destination resilience creates the model of resilient cooperative networks, Confidence-Model. The model showcases value-chain co-creation, consisting of integrative survival capacities, transition networks, cooperative resource management, leisure sharing economy, and communication collection points. Value-chain co-creation is aligned on a regional level. The Confidence-Model reiterates the embeddedness of stakeholders in destinations through the resilient business model. Transitioning towards destination resilience involves ensuring self-sufficiency in tourism supply chains and developing resilient products, ultimately leading to new experiences and the creation of meaningful livelihoods. [Display omitted] • The article suggests a new model of cooperation for destination resilience. • Internal factors of service production act as objects of resilient cooperation. • Design framework for tourism cooperative networks is elaborated. • The model of resilient cooperative networks, Confidence-Model, is synthesised. • The model presents external tourism value-chain co-creation on a regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dynamic field of destination management, maintaining a destination's competitiveness requires understanding the evolving preferences of tourists. However, current research often adopts a static approach, failing to capture the dynamic nature of tourist needs and the evolving competitiveness of a destination. To address this, we introduce a novel approach using user-generated content from various social media platforms over a six-year period to assess key attributes that influence destination competitiveness. The results indicate that attributes in deciding destination competitiveness are not fixed, with some remaining stable factors in competitiveness, while others fluctuate over time. Attributes that even alter their competitive standing could significantly impact overall destination competitiveness. This research contributes a dynamic model that allows destination managers to adapt strategies in real time, aligning with current market conditions and enhancing competitiveness in the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the peri-urban has been used to explore the dynamics of transition at the urban-rural interface, which has clarified the specific and diverse transitions taking place in these areas. However, research still offers little insight into tourism transitions in peri-urban areas that aim to use tourism as a catalyst for development. This paper addresses this gap with an in-depth study of tourism transitions in such a Danish peri-urban region. The analysis is based on observation, interview and documentary data collected over three years in one macro-case region and two micro-case destinations within that region. Drawing on the concept of robust action, the paper seeks a better understanding of what is termed complex challenges, associated with tourism transitions, and how specific destination development efforts can mitigate these. Four such challenges are identified relating to a lack of respectively investment, star attractions, access and accommodation. The two micro-cases illustrate how destinations can address such complex challenges through what we term robust destination development. The paper also develops a robust destination development framework and confirms its utility in a peri-urban tourism context. This framework enables destinations to cope with complex challenges and researchers to understand how they may do so. • Develops the conceptualization and understanding of tourism in peri-urban areas. • Conceptualises complex challenges in a tourism context. • Examines complex challenges involved in tourism transitions in peri-urban areas. • Develops a framework of robust destination development. • Demonstrates how robust destination development can mitigate complex challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, 'regenerative tourism' has emerged as a promising alternative to the unsustainable growth paradigm underpinning traditional tourism practices. While this topic is increasingly explored in conceptual terms, what this approach means conceptually and in practice for a range of destination management stakeholders remains unclear. The present study analysed the meanings, conceptualisations and practices associated with regenerative tourism for destination planners in Aotearoa New Zealand. Eighteen interviews were conducted with a diverse range of destination planners at regional and national levels. The findings indicate that regenerative tourism involves improving places, which comprises giving back to communities economically, socially and culturally, and enhancing local environments; as well as fostering a connection with place for both visitors and local residents, and focusing on how tourism can improve quality of life (human and nonhuman) for future generations. Other prominent themes include the holistic and interconnected nature of regenerative tourism practices; and the importance of shifting mindsets and tourism practices from mechanistic and siloed, to those aligned with living systems approaches. Another key finding was destination planners' ambivalence towards the regenerative tourism concept, which ranged from a sense of uncertainty and vagueness about this approach to strong sentiments of resistance. Further studies, particularly those that integrate indigenous worldviews, are needed to consolidate our understanding of regenerative tourism approaches in practice. • Discusses how destination planners in Aotearoa New Zealand conceptualise regenerative tourism. • Regenerative tourism viewed as improvement, not maintenance, of people and places. • Lack of clarity elicits uncertainty and resistance to 'regenerative tourism' for destination planners. • Indigenous worldviews and values should be integrated into regenerative tourism conceptualisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationships among campsite attributes, tourists' experience quality, trip satisfaction, and intention to revisit campgrounds in the context of three typical mountain campgrounds (Raorao, Amanda, and Shanyu) in southwest China. Utilizing a combination of proportionate stratified and convenience sampling methods, 613 tourists visiting the three campgrounds were surveyed. The collected data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed that campsite attributes either positively or negatively influence tourists' experience quality. Furthermore, experience quality plays a crucial role as a significant antecedent to trip satisfaction and as a mediator between campsite attributes and trip satisfaction. Additionally, tourists' trip satisfaction positively affects their revisit intentions. These findings contribute valuable insights into the formation process of camping tourists' behavioral intentions, considering their perceptions of campsite attributes, experience quality, and trip satisfaction. The paper concludes with a discussion of the research's theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations, and provides suggestions for future research. • The camping tourism market is growing rapidly post-COVID-19. • The mediating role of experience quality between campsite attributes and trip satisfaction is explored. • A comprehensive scale of campsite attributes in mountain camping is proposed and validated. • Service quality positively impacts tourists' experience quality. • The findings of the study contribute to developing campground improvement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current research is to develop a methodology that can analyse online reviews using machine learning techniques in such a way that practitioners in the fields of tourism and destination management can understand and apply the technique to improve their attractions. This research studies the TripAdvisor reviews of tourist attractions, including beaches, islands, temples, a pedestrian street, and markets in Phuket, Thailand. In total, 65,079 online reviews were analysed using two machine learning techniques: latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and naïve Bayes modelling. LDA modelling helps the researchers determine the dimensions of each type of attraction. Four dimensions were specified for beaches and islands, three dimensions for a pedestrian street and temples, and two dimensions for markets. This research also developed two practical tools – dimensional salience-valence analysis (DSVA) and lexical salience-valence analysis (LSVA) – and used them to suggest actions for the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). • 65,079 TripAdvisor reviews of attractions were analysed using machine learning. • 10 beaches, 12 island locations, 2 temples, a street, and 12 markets were analysed. • Latent Dirichlet allocation modelling was used to extract dimensions of attractions. • Naïve Bayes modelling was used to analyse underlying terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model of an ecological security system for coastal tourism cities and performs a dynamic simulation test of it. Data for the coastal city of Dalian, China, covering the period 2001 to 2015, were used to simulate the city's ecological security from 2016 to 2030. This confirmed the validity of the model, which had a low average error. Variables were chosen to simulate a number of different scenarios. Considering the number of tourists, tourism income, the index of tourism resources and marine pollution, the low-carbon environment scenario was shown to be the healthiest, with a high level of investment in environmental protection and resource consumption and a low outcome in terms of industry development. The simulation results for the three scenarios showed that more capital and high technology should be invested to improve the treatment of marine pollution in Dalian, which can reduce its negative impact on coastal areas and create a conducive environment to attract tourists. The research provides a systems approach to evaluate potential socio-economic influences on the ecological security systems of coastal tourism cities, and to provide information useful for destination management. • Proposes an ecological security system for a coastal tourism city with three sub-systems. • Develops a systems dynamics model to perform a simulation test. • Predicts future changes in coastal tourism urban ecological security. • The low-carbon environment scenario is found to be the healthiest. • Capital and technology are the key factors needed to decrease pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encouraging individuals' environmentally responsible behaviours (ERBs) is becoming increasingly important for tourism destination management. This study was designed to investigate the formation of the ERBs of tourists from a broken windows theory perspective. Results from a sample of 307 tourists highlighted the antecedent role of tourists' perceived environment quality among the relationships between the variables of theory of planned behaviour (TPB), moral obligation, and the intention to engage in ERBs. The results of multiple mediation analysis revealed that the TPB variables and moral obligation act as full mediators in the effect of perceived environment quality on ERBs intention. The relative importance of the TPB variables and moral obligation in predicting the intention to engage in ERBs were also compared in this study. • The broken windows theory is used to provide a contextualized understanding of environmentally responsible behaviours(ERBs) • Perceived environment quality is an important antecedent of tourists' attitudinal factors towards ERBs • Tourists' ERBs are better explained by the original TPB variables than morality variables • Results revealed the multiple mediating roles of the TPB components on perceived environment quality - ERBs intention [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades several contributes have tried to provide theoretical solutions and models for measuring the value of a place, a destination, a city. Specifically, some of them have explored the role several factors and different stakeholders play in the place branding evaluation and perception process. However, no conclusive findings are documented and several aspects need to be further investigated. In order to extend the understanding of city branding, this study focuses on the perceived image of Milan and performs a gap analysis by exploring specific factors and specific types of stakeholders. Based on target's provenance and degree of knowledge of city, stereotypical and experiential perceptions of Milan are measured with respect to nine main city attributes as summarized by literature background and compared to the brand values of some important European cities. The findings highlight a mismatch between the stereotypical and experiential perception at different levels and provide the framework to inspire more effective marketing policies for the improvement of city's image. • This study focuses on the perceived image of Milan and performs a gap analysis. • Stereotypical and experiential perceptions of the city of Milan are measured. • The findings highlight a mismatch between the stereotypical and experiential perception at different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sustainable rejuvenation is often indicated as a necessary evolutionary path for mature tourism destinations. However, the process through which such sustainable rejuvenation can be planned and pursued has been largely overlooked. In addition, available research about sustainable rejuvenation usually applies the triple bottom line framework while neglecting the fourth dimension of sustainability, time. The purpose of this study was to understand the motivations and perceptions of tourists regarding the sustainability of Sirmione (a tourism destination on Lake Garda, Italy) and to discuss the results with Sirmione's stakeholders and decision planners to identify priority interventions for sustainable rejuvenation. In recent times, Sirmione has undergone significant changes (related, for example, to the type of incoming tourists) and even if it is still 'successful', planners have started reflecting on the need for the town's rejuvenation. This study was approached through the two-tiered sustainability equilibria framework, which suggests a dynamic view of sustainability combining economic, environmental and social aspects with short-, long- and longer-term views. The study was based on data collected through a survey of 328 visitors to Sirmione and analysed through both descriptive statistics and contents analysis. The results of the survey served as the input for the subsequent collective learning process with local tourism operators. Through this process, Sirmione's destination planners were able to intercept weak signals about the evolution of visitor demand and competition. As a result, they developed a list of five priority interventions to implement through a strategic plan for rejuvenation while the destination is still successful. Embedded in the strategic plan were the two tiers of sustainability—economic, environmental and social, and short-, long- and longer-term perspectives. The results of this study contribute to highlighting the relevance of considering time (in addition to economic, social and environmental aspects) to explain the sustainable rejuvenation of a mature tourism destination. In addition, the study provides suggestions on the role of a destination's public and private actors to adopt a combination of initiatives to pursue sustainable rejuvenation. Highlights • Tourism destinations may be rejuvenated through sustainable development. • The fourth sustainability dimension – time – has been overlooked in relation to tourism destination. • We extend Lozano's (2012) model to the rejuvenation of 'still successful' destinations. • Planners can set effective rejuvenation plans by embedding all dimensions of sustainability. • A combination of initiatives for sustainability is needed for a destination's sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Destination management organizations (DMOs) increase cooperation and coordination among stakeholders and contribute to the competitiveness of the destination. The purpose of this study is to develop a destination management model for Cappadocia that could make Cappadocia's tourism more sustainable and competitive. By developing a procedure that could also be used for similar tourism destinations, it is also aimed to propose a study model. Interviews were conducted with stakeholders to identify the problems in Cappadocia's tourism and solutions for these problems were suggested. These interviews were content-analyzed. The main challenges are related to infrastructure, superstructure, accessibility, human resources, facilities, sustainability and environment, and image. A well-established DMO could help the destination to become more competitive while also improving sustainability and eliminating or minimizing current and potential problems. Cooperation and coordination are highlighted as the most important functions due to the presence of several institutions related to tourism management in Cappadocia. Highlights • This research analyzes Cappadocia's challenges and potential based on stakeholders' views and tourism theory and practice. • A destination development model is proposed in addition to some general recommendations for the destination. • The DMOs' roles are highlighted in the case of a destination with cultural and natural heritage. • It aims to contribute by examining Cappadocia and developing a procedure to analyze similar destinations or develop a DMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Of all the forms of tourism, visiting a beach is one of the most popular. The objective of this study was to determine whether satisfaction levels of beach visitors could be predicted using a hierarchical linear regression. This research drew on 1451 complete surveys conducted at rural and urban beaches across Ontario, Canada. Using a hierarchical multivariate regression, a model for predicting overall beachgoer satisfaction was developed. The model is able to predict 24.2% of variance in overall beachgoer satisfaction levels. While visitor demographics and beach demographics account for 2.8% of the explanatory power, the greatest explanation of variance comes from the perceptual measures (21.4%) – satisfaction with facilities and beach. Utilizing these findings, destination management operations will be able to better manage their visitors' overall satisfaction levels, negative impacts such as overtourism, and increase their likelihood to revisit. Highlights • A quarter of the variance in a beachgoers overall satisfaction can be predicted. • Visitor and beach characteristics have little impact on overall beachgoer satisfaction. • Satisfaction with facilities and beach are the strongest predictors of beachgoer satisfaction. • Beach location has an impact on overall beach satisfaction. • Overall beach and experience satisfaction contributes positively to a beachgoers intent to return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the vigorous economic development of the tourism industry in China, the number of star-rated hotels has rapidly increased. As a result, techniques to evaluate the performances of star-rated hotels have gained in popularity. In this paper, we develop two indexes for dynamic settings: the profit Luenberger and Malmquist-Luenberger indexes. The distinguishing features of our indexes are three-fold. One, we adopt an economic perspective by considering that hotels are profit maximizers. Two, we model hotels as multi-activity decision-making units by considering that they provide multiple services. Three, our indexes are nonparametric, and work when prices are partially observed. We apply our technique to 30 provinces during 2005–2015. We find that star-rated hotels present better performances over time, but not for every activity. Next, we highlight particular patterns for the provinces. These results are useful for managers to better target their investments, and also for policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Destination managers must consider whether to continue to consolidate their experiences and markets or innovate by developing new experiences and targeting new markets when planning their tourism destination development. Although these approaches are not mutually exclusive, adopting a strategic approach to identifying which experiences will be iconic visitor drawcards featured in the destination's brand image and marketing, and which markets to focus their marketing efforts on, is important to destination competitiveness. Most destination managers adopt a consolidation strategy because this is often the most efficient, safest and least controversial approach. The alternative is to innovate through developing new experiences and attracting new visitor markets to expand the destination's appeal. This paper studies this destination development challenge in a popular, yet mature tourism destination, the Gold Coast, Australia. Four experience development strategy options are proposed and organised into a Destination Innovation Matrix. These options are then tested using an online survey (N = 1759), followed by four focus group interviews. This matrix provides a new framework to assist managers to prioritise innovation opportunities for a destination. Highlights • Studies Australia's Gold Coast to show innovation in a mature destination. • Presents a new Destination Innovation Matrix. • Challenges a traditional approach of experience-market consolidation. • Improving existing experiences and growing existing markets can be innovation. • Transformational innovation seeks to create new experiences for new markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This research examines the relationship of tourists' perceptions and relational quality with their environmentally responsible behaviors. Data was collected at a variety of times and days over ten weeks from visitors (n = 568) exiting a tourist destination located in central China. Perceived service quality provided by employees at a destination was found to positively impact value perceptions, environmental commitment, and tourist environmentally responsible behavior. Value perceptions positively impact tourist satisfaction, environmental commitment, and tourist environmentally responsible behavior. Tourist satisfaction and environmental commitment were found to fully mediate the relationship of the value obtained from visiting a destination, as perceived by tourists, with environmentally responsible behavior. Multiple mediation analysis confirmed two paths: 1) perceived employee quality to value perceptions to service experience satisfaction to tourist environmentally responsible behavior; and 2) perceived employee quality to value perceptions to environmental commitment to tourist environmentally responsible behavior. Highlights • The study develops and tests a model with domestic tourists in China. • Quality impacts value, commitment, and environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). • Value impacts satisfaction, commitment, and ERB. • Satisfaction and commitment fully mediate the value to ERB relationship. • Multiple mediation analysis confirmed two paths to ERB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of shopping tourists in tourism destinations, the examination of the movements of this lucrative segment is insufficient. This study aims to analyze attractions networks in the Seoul Capital Area that are selected by shopping tourists, as well as to identify whether their attraction networks are stable or dynamic. Specifically, the centralities and the spatial structure of 28 attractions were identified to examine the features of the changing attraction networks. The Gini coefficients of centralities were measured to detect the inequality of link distribution. It was investigated whether networks follow a power law each year to detect the changes in destination networks. Finally, changing networks were visualized through link reduction modules featuring improved readability. The results of this study are as follows: (1) this study reveals shopping tourists' attraction preference through centrality analysis. The attractions that shopping tourists visited encompass both shopping and non-shopping areas; (2) Sinchon/Hongik University and Namsan Hanok Village were identified as increasingly popular attractions for shopping tourists; (3) Gini coefficients of degree distribution for shopping tourists' attraction networks were higher over the three-year period compared with those of general tourists, indicating that the former choose tourist attractions in a homogeneous manner; and (4) Attraction networks followed the power law in 2013 but not in 2014 and 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism can help regenerate post-colonial, post-conflict and post-disaster destinations (PCCDs), and national governments and destination marketing organisations (DMOs) play a central role in this. They face the dilemma of either consolidating tourism situations with seemingly safe, known, predictable steps, or taking more ambitious risk-prone, less tried-and-tested and more uncertain approaches. This choice can be portrayed as the respective exploitative and explorative dimensions of strategic conceptual framework of organisational ambidexterity (OA). This regional spotlight provides a conceptual analysis using the lens of OA to examine these dynamics. It focuses on the specific case of Haiti, set within the context of the Caribbean region. A range of OA effects in relation to tourist enclaves is identified. In particular, the spotlight argues for less segregation and separation between tourist and local populations, along with a need for DMOs to espouse more exploitative-explorative postures. In terms of wider implications, it can be argued that other Caribbean economies might learn lessons from the discussion of the Haitian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image of a destination influences tourists' perceptions and evaluations of that destination. The current study aims to investigate the formation of Taiwan's unique image from the perspective of travel arrangement types. Analyzing survey data from the Taiwan Tourism Bureau, the study finds that unique image formation is moderated by type of travel arrangement. For group inclusive tourists, induced and organic information and experiential variety are image drivers, whereas cost efficiency is an image inhibitor. For free independent tourists, organic information, pre-tour planning horizon, experiential variety, and friendliness satisfaction are image drivers, whereas repeat visitation and time efficiency are inhibitors. Regarding tourist nationality, Chinese free independent tourists perceived Taiwan's unique image as above average, whereas Japanese tourists generally perceived Taiwan's unique image as below average. This study offers several implications for destination management organizations and travel agencies seeking to formulate effective policies and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines a downtown streetscape improvement project in a heritage tourism destination. A survey, conducted in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, provided data on merchant attitudes about the project following completion of the work, adding to two previous studies that have looked at the project pre-construction and mid-construction. The results indicate that the merchants grade the project favorably but do not credit the project for the significant recent tourism success enjoyed by the city. Concepts and issues borrowed from the urban conservation literature are considered and suggestions are provided that should be of value to destination management officials in heritage cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network analysis is a very useful tool for planning and management of tourist destinations. This paper applies it to 16 tourist destinations in Andalusia (Spain) with different levels of tourist development in order to establish the extent to which this development is conditioned by the relational dynamics of its tourist stakeholders.Results obtained show there is a direct increasing relationship between the network characteristics of stakeholders for a tourist destination and its level of tourist development. In other words, when the operation of the stakeholder networks improves, there is an increase in the level of tourist development at destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the 2022 Consensus on Advances in Destination Management, a research agenda for destination marketing and management. Like its predecessors, this agenda is grounded in the collaborative consensus discourse methodology. To identify relevant avenues for future research, the consensus draws on three days of structured interactions among scholarly and industry experts invested in advancing the research and practice of destination marketing and management for sustainable development of tourist destinations at the 5th Advances in Destination Management Forum in Kalmar, Sweden. The consensus details avenues for further research in five key areas that relate to (1) the role and future of DMOs, (2) tourism policy and governance issues, (3) advancing destination resilience and sustainability, (4) the measurement and tracking of visitor flows, and (5) destination development in emergent destinations. • We present a consensus research agenda with perspective for destination research. • We present five themes that discuss gaps and future research questions. • We offer overarching conclusions related to control, context and conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism destinations are complex systems of interrelated entities without a hierarchical chain of command. In order to enhance the ability of destinations to create a high quality, authentic tourism experience, a management perspective based on networks, personal relationships, trust, and reciprocity is suggested. However, while theoretically this ‘network approach’ represents a promising way of making the tourism industry more innovative and competitive, few convincing empirical examples have so far been published on how tourism networks can be successfully managed. This paper focuses on the gap between theory and practice. After summarizing the literature on network management in tourism, in-depth interviews with 12 network managers in Flanders (Belgium) give insights on how networks are currently managed, as well as how and why network managers choose their priorities. The main conclusion is that while all interviewed network managers claimed that they had adopted a ‘network approach’, most of them still spent most of their time and energy on traditional power-related tasks, such as the top-down provision of information, lobbying, and representing the network towards external stakeholders. Trust-related activities, such as actively pursuing member collaboration, member engagement, and facilitating proximity and partnerships with and between (potential) network members were only applied by a small minority. Network managers who actively strengthened the network structure through trust-related management activities indicated more often that their networks were resilient to external pressure. This highlights the importance for network managers of making pragmatic trade-offs between various management approaches. This might need further professionalization of the sector, including targeted training and (postgraduate) education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We combine network structure and firm-level relationship measures to explore the association between innovative behavior, firm position within the network of a destination, and the knowledge and relational trust characteristics of a firm's innovation-oriented relationships. We find current collaboration, shared knowledge and trust are associated with innovative behavior with partner firms, but that betweenness centrality indicates which partners are the most prominent innovators in a population. That is, relationship-level characteristics facilitate innovation partnerships, but network structure characteristics identify the most successful innovative partners. To theory, our findings contribute to efforts in the tourism, innovation and network literature to evaluate the differential effects of knowledge stocks and flows on innovation. For practice, our results suggest that promoters of innovation within a destination should leverage brokerage positions to improve the in-flow of ideas while encouraging the firms that share knowledge and trust to collaborate to apply those ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venice is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. In Venice, as in other middle-sized heritage European cities, strong tourism pressure is trapping the city in a vicious circle that is eroding the quality of its tourism attractions. This development is related to the growing numbers of excursionists who lack the time to make informed decisions about the quality of goods. Consequently, suppliers reduce the quality of their offerings and instead focus on market share. Consumer-generated media (CGM) may help resist this development by providing excursionists with aggregated, up-to-date information on the quality of tourism offerings as perceived by customers. In this paper, we investigate the efficiency of TripAdvisor in helping tourists to make informed decisions and in increasing the popularity of restaurants offering a higher expected quality. Our findings suggest that, although TripAdvisor's algorithm is designed to reward quality, it does not adequately meet these goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify distinctive obstacles to the establishment of tourism destination governance in both transnational and within-country borderlands. Analysis of the German-Czech borderlands, a region also incorporating within-country borders between three German federal states, indicates the multi-scalar and political contestations of cross-border tourism collaboration. Local tourism projects are generally successful, both on a transnational German-Czech level and between the German states of Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia. However, structural cross-border destination management does not exist because of (transnational) multi-scalar institutional alignment problems and (internal) tourism-specific destination-level power contestations. Understanding destination management processes in borderlands, therefore, requires: (i) explicit multi-scalar analysis; (ii) recognition of both transnational and within-country contexts; (iii) more cross-pollination between tourism planning and cross-border governance research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant tourism research has used various portfolio model types to determine optimal tourist market mixes which simultaneously maximize total tourist expenditure and minimise the instability of international inbound tourism demand. We analyse the three portfolio models that have been applied in the tourism literature: two varieties of a levels model (that use the level of tourist arrivals, or bed nights to quantify tourist activity) and a growth rates model (that deploys the growth in the level of tourist activity). Applying these models using per capita expenditure in four distinctively different destination countries (Australia, Greece, Japan, and USA), we demonstrate that the Levels Model 1 is superior to the Levels Model 2 and the Growth Rates Model. It produces solutions that provide noticeably higher tourist expenditure with less instability of international tourism demand than the status quo. Theoretical contributions and practical implications for tourism policy makers and destination marketers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism needs to reduce emissions in line with other economic sectors, if the international community's objective of staying global warming at 1.5°-2.0 °C is to be achieved. This will require the industry to half emissions to 2030, and to reach net-zero by mid-century. Mitigation requires consideration of four dimensions, the Scales, Scopes, Stakeholders and Strategies of carbon management. The paper provides a systematic review of these dimensions and their interrelationships, with a focus on emission inventory comprehensiveness; allocation principles at different scales; clearly defined responsibilities for decarbonization; and the identification of significant mitigation strategies. The paper concludes that without mitigation efforts, tourism will deplete 40% of the world's remaining carbon budget to 1.5 °C. Yet, the most powerful decarbonization measures face major corporate, political and technical barriers. Without worldwide policy efforts at the national scale to manage the sector's emissions, tourism will turn into one of the major drivers of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a methodology for measuring visitor flows to destinations using space-time tracking data. Based on a review of the literature on this topic we propose that a tourism destination has five dimensions – spatial, temporal, compositional, social and dynamic – that can be measured using space-time tracking data. We analyse three of these dimensions, namely the spatial, temporal and compositional, using the mobile positioning data of foreign visitors in Estonia from 2011 to 2013. Results show that smaller destination areas can be differentiated inside the whole country by the geographical, temporal and compositional parameters of the visits. These findings demonstrate applications of “BIG” data in destination management. A monitoring tool based on this methodology and data is currently being used by the Estonian Tourist Board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism industry is one of the most important economic sectors in Jordan. However, Jordan's geographic location in a conflict-ridden region has resulted in tourists’ misperceptions, especially given recent violent uprisings in neighboring countries and negative media portrayals of the region. The purpose of this study was to examine the US source market's perceptions of Jordan as a destination and to identify the factors that may influence their visiting intentions. Guided by the Risk Perception Attitude (RPA) framework, this study classified participants into clusters based on levels of perceived risk and efficacy beliefs. Four clusters were generated and compared based on individual characteristics, perceived safety, and visiting intentions. A series of mediation analyses were also conducted. Overall, the findings support the utility of the RPA framework in the context of tourism. Furthermore, the findings indicate that perceived safety mediates the relationship between respondents’ risk-perception attitudes and their visiting intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Colombia as a practical case of branding and marketing within the context of conflict-ridden destinations. It will examine the history and development of the country brand from the tourism development point of view, relating it to the terrorism that has hit the country for the last half a century. This enormously diminished Colombia's reputation in many ways, substantially lowering tourism arrivals. This paper presents an account of how Colombia has reacted to this situation: it will show the efforts put into brand building and tourism promotion that has succeeded, inter alia, in attracting more tourists to the country in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the performance of a destination is essential for effective destination management. As the hotel industry is one of the main destination management stakeholders, it is important to have an agile monitoring system to evaluate its performance. This paper presents a monitoring and benchmarking system to analyse and evaluate the hotel room prices of a destination based on data collected from an online travel agent. The proposed method provides guidelines for data collection and preparation and a starting-point analysis for monitoring and benchmarking hotel room prices. The method is applied to the case study of Bilbao both to track its performance during 2014 and compare it with the two other capitals in the Basque Country. The results show that Bilbao's hotel room prices suffered a drop during the first four months of the year and reveal the role that each hotel played. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic management of crises and disasters is considered a vital ingredient for managing sustainable tourism development. Contemporary tourism research has so far provided several conceptual articles and agendas for research regarding this important topic, with discussions particularly intensifying after the 9/11 events. Nowadays, this topic is more critical than ever, particularly after the beach massacre in Port El Kantaoui and the preceding terrorist attack at the Bardo National Museum in Tunisia in 2015. Since that time, with the steady rise of ISIS/ISIL, terrorism has, unfortunately, turned into a persisting threat on a global level. This regional spotlight portrays the application of integrated risk management (IRM) principles to the case of Croatian tourism as a means of thinking holistically about the exposure to risks in an economy that is heavily dependent on tourism. In particular, this study focuses on the risk-assessment phase and develops an initial risk map to quantify and prioritize industry risks that may affect Croatian tourism on a season-to-season basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several conceptual models have been developed in previous studies to address destination competitiveness; Nevertheless, to our knowledge, this issue has not been examined from the perspective of developing a cogent and integrated model in the field of sports tourism. Hence, this paper's primary objective was to provide an integrated competitiveness model for sports tourism destinations. A grounded theory methodology (paradigm model) was employed to construct the model and a systematic literature review technique for collecting data. This study reviewed and evaluated 25 papers from the Scopus and Web of Science databases until May 2021. The paradigm model identified and classified related variables with the central phenomenon (competitiveness of sports tourism destinations). The most significant contribution of this paper was developing a novel and integrated model to fill a theoretical gap in the literature on sports tourism, with a particular focus on destination competitiveness. As a result of the use of this model, policymakers will be able to understand better the requirements, strategies, and consequences of promoting competitiveness in sports tourism destinations. Therefore, academics and practitioners may profit from the results of this research. • An innovative and integrated model for sports tourism destination competitiveness. • Policymakers and practitioners will better understand the strategies for developing a competitive sports tourism destination. • The model's data may help policymakers and others interested in sports tourism consider the components necessary to develop competitiveness effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has long established that destination management organizations need to have a deep understanding of visitor behavior and, in turn, how this behavior leads to the creation of value within the destination system. This study builds upon recent studies indicating that the destination value creation process can be conceptualized as a network formed through the interactions of visitors and destination touch points. This case study discusses how to quantify this network using data collected for Baltimore, Maryland, and then deconstructs it to determine the value of network elements (i.e. attractions and the paths connecting attractions) within the city. The implications of this study are then discussed within the context of strategic destination network management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the main insights of the second Biennial Forum on Advances in Destination Management (ADM), held in St. Gallen (Switzerland). Issues in five domains preoccupied the discourse of scholars and practitioners alike: (1) the definition of ‘destination’, (2) the purpose and legitimacy of destination management organizations (DMO), (3) governance and leadership in destination networks, (4) destination branding, and (5) sustainability. For each domain, this consensus offers a purposeful research agenda grounded in the ADM׳s community of destination management and marketing researchers. This paper builds on conference participants׳ collective sense-making efforts expressed over the course of the conference and in a dedicated consensus session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of neoliberal market management has contributed to an incontrovertible 'truth' that regional tourism organizations (RTOs) established and led by business actors are more effective in leading regional tourism development. Despite this assertion, little evidence has surfaced to support the idea that market-led governance offers a superior model of leadership for regional tourism. This paper adopts an embedded case study approach, undertaking a comparison of leadership in two RTOs that are operating in the same geographical location but under different governance regimes. Semi- structured interviews with executives/leaders and stakeholders/followers were undertaken in two RTOs: a market-led organization and a government-led organization. The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of governance arrangements on the capacity of these RTOs to lead tourism. Findings reveal that while dimensions of governance such as participation, efficiency, legitimacy, accountability, effectiveness and transparency influence a RTO׳s capacity to lead, good governance and strong leadership were not necessarily synonymous. RTOs can demonstrate varying levels of effectiveness in different dimensions of governance and leadership can be strong in some aspects and weak in others at the same time. The paper argues for a more nuanced approach to understanding governance and leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to explain why structural differences occur with destination management in New Zealand and to examine the benefits and disadvantages of particular structures. Drawing on the analysis of a wide range of documents and in-depth interviews with practitioners, these issues are analyzed by taking a functional approach, one which views functions as the building blocks of destination management, takes into account a range of associated functions and considers the various organizational structures through which these are delivered. No one model of destination management exists. Rather, the country׳s administrative regime permits a mix of statutory and discretionary functions to be carried out under a range of different structures which have been adopted by local governments and the tourism sector in each destination depending on local or regional circumstances. Different views prevail as to which functions are important, whether they should be carried out by specialized organizations or units or brought together in multi-functional bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing gap between tourism's rapidly growing greenhouse gas emissions and the sector's ‘aspirational’ emission reduction targets as well as the international policy consensus to reduce emissions from this and all other sectors of the economy. The transport component is the largest GHG contributor to the global tourism system. In the absence of supranational policy agreements to curb emissions from international aviation and cruise tourism, as well as limited national policy initiatives, there has been a recent shift in research to the potential role of market-based carbon management for destinations to reduce emissions. Air travel is the most important subsector generating GHGs in international tourism. This article analyses the composition of international tourism markets arriving by air and their respective contribution to emissions at 11 selected countries with distinctly different tourism economies. The implications of changes in the market composition of these countries between 1995 and 2010 for average tourist carbon intensity and total emissions are examined. Results indicate variations in inter-market emission intensities of up to a factor 30 (127–3930 kg CO 2 /tourist) if comparing individual markets for the whole range of destinations, and up to a factor 5 (370–1830 kg CO 2 /tourist) if comparing average emission intensities between destinations. Findings are discussed with regard to the potential for destinations to reduce emissions from tourism by strategically fostering specific markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the relationship between self-esteem (both trait self-esteem and state self-esteem) and goal-framing messages can affect individuals' visit intentions on the basis of user-generated advertising. An analysis of variance revealed that the visit intentions of participants with low (vs. high) self-esteem were more influenced by loss-framing (vs. gain-framing) messages; meanwhile, gain-framing (vs. loss-framing) messages resulted in stronger destination visit intentions among participants with high (vs. low) self-esteem. This reasearch also investigated the successive mediating roles of emotional arousal (EA) and attitude towards a destination in the above mechanism. When individuals with high (vs. low) self-esteem were exposed to gain-framing (vs. loss-framing) messages, they exhibited stronger EA, thus inspiring more enthusiastic destination attitudes and stronger destination visit intentions. Theoretical and managerial implications for destination managers and website designers are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paris Agreement suggests that all countries engage in significant emission reductions. To stay within safe guardrails, usually defined as a maximum warming of 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial times, this will mean decarbonisation within less than 30 years. This significant challenge is complicated because of growth in some sectors, such as tourism. This paper analyses emissions and economic output in Norway, considering national Tourism Satellite Accounts. Novel aspects of this paper include a longitudinal perspective covering 12 years through which critical developments and progress on emission reduction pathways can be assessed. Findings suggest that the carbon intensity of tourism (emissions per NOK) is more than twice the Norwegian economy average. Aviation in particular is a major barrier to emission reductions, as it generates 17% of national tourism revenue and 75% of direct tourism emissions. Trend extrapolation shows that tourism will be the largest emission sub-sector of the Norwegian economy by 2030. The Norwegian economy will have to decarbonise at a rate more than 30 times faster than its current rate, if it is to decarbonise to mid-century, while continuing on its observed economic growth trajectory. • Tourism contributed 3.6% of GDP and 8.8% of emissions in Norway in 2019. • Norwegian national emissions declined by 0.2% per year between 2007 and 2019. • Direct tourism emissions increased by 3.2% per year between 2007 and 2019. • Aviation is responsible for 80% of the net emission increase in tourism. • Norway will have to decarbonise 30 times faster to be net-zero by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the tourists' awareness regarding UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) status of city destinations. A novel theoretical model defining macro and micro levels of analysis is constructed and used as research basis. A global sample of 105 WHS cities is examined together with corresponding user generated content from 2.5 million TripAdvisor reviews. Data collected is verified from various official sources, enriched, and thoroughly analyzed. It is shown that macro level attributes do not play a substantial role, while micro level factors significantly affect how much tourists and locals are aware of or interested in the UNESCO designation. Tourist demographics and representation of a city's attractions in social media are also shown to be important factors influencing the awareness. [Display omitted] • Tourists' awareness of urban UNESCO World Heritage Sites is examined. • A novel theoretical model is used to analyze tourists' awareness of heritage status. • Macro level attributes do not affect the awareness of heritage status. • Several micro level attributes affect the awareness of heritage status. • Representation of cities on social media affects awareness of heritage status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having more reliable statistics is essential for policy-makers to be able to make effective decisions. Nevertheless, measuring the number of tourists in a given destination is not an easy task. After reviewing the main problems affecting official statistics on tourism, this paper proposes a general framework by formalizing a theoretical model in which tourism nights and trips in a given destination are broken down into observed and unobserved components, according to the European system of tourism statistics. The main approaches related to the measurement of unobserved tourism are discussed, and some empirical findings in Sicily (Italy) are presented in order to highlight the actual magnitude of unobserved tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides practical implications for local and global place marketing and management, focusing on the case of Milan's efforts to identify opportunities to enhance the city׳s perceived image in order to attract talent. By exploring different dimensions of the city׳s image, the authors provide an analytical technique for quantifying the competitive structure of Milan and its ability to attract talented people. A structural equation model is implemented to evaluate the drivers that affect the city׳s attractiveness to talented people. The results suggest that the most crucial attributes influencing Milan׳s ability to attract talent are culture and education. Social services, healthcare, tourism and internationalisation level are less important but positively affect attitudes towards the city brand. Additionally, the quality of environment has a negative impact, while job opportunities and safety are irrelevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Drawing on the literature in environmental psychology, the current study attempted to reveal dimensions of tourist aesthetic judgment in the context of both nature-based and urban tourist destinations. Two-stage analysis of semi-structured interview data from a theoretical sample of 57 individuals yielded 21 aesthetic dimensions that were categorized into nine themes: Scale, Time, Condition, Sound, Balance, Diversity, Novelty, Shape, and Uniqueness. The identified themes were further conceptualized into a two-dimensional plane along Concrete-Abstract and Subjective-Objective continuums. This research posits that tourism allows a unique “appreciator-object” dyad where individuals are fully immersed in a destination in pursuit of a non-routine and oftentimes novel experience. The beauty of tourism destination is uniquely judged, admired, and appreciated, and the assessment of the beauty goes beyond the visual aspects and engages all senses. The findings make a theoretical contribution to the existing aesthetics literature and bear practical implications for destination planning, branding, and management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Dutch Disease is analysed in a novel context with tourism as the declining sector. [•] Changes in Australian inbound, outbound and domestic tourism explained in terms of Dutch Disease. [•] CGE modelling confirms that Australian tourism is suffering Dutch Disease. [•] The discussion highlights the challenges presented to destination managers. [•] The findings are relevant to any destination which has a booming (non tourism) export sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The destination management strategy of enhancing destination brands or market position via international sport events is one of the main reasons for destinations to engage in event bidding. The strategy raises important questions regarding the process of encoding a destination's brand values into the media reports from an international sporting event and what the perceived challenges of that strategy are. The process has been explored from a destination perspective in a case study during the recently completed 2013 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden using data from multiple sources before, during and after the event. Public relations strategy and the persuasive communication model have been employed to structure the description. The study shows that the destination marketing organization (DMO) is involved in two different processes in order to influence the message transmitted from the event. The TV broadcast process is negotiated before the event and the news coverage process is occurring during the event. The latter relates to the DMO's attempts to persuade gatekeepers of international media to include the destination message in their reports by the use of both direct and indirect cues and activities. One tenth of the reports from the event are about the destination rather than the sport. Key differences between the two processes are presented, as well as a synthesis model of information-based communication and persuasive communication in the setting of an international sport event. Challenges to the strategy were e.g. media professional's formal assignment and the match between event and destination values in order for the DMO to communicate a newsworthy message. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This conference communication illustrates the major outcomes emerging from the EIASM Conference on Tourism Management and Tourism Related Issues held in Nice (France), September 20–21, 2012. While a number of managerial issues pertaining to the tourism field were dealt with, this communication covers three specific areas of interest for destination management and marketing: (1) the increasing competition among tourism destinations and the rise and consolidation of BRIC countries as outbound travel markets; (2) the modification of the target markets for established tourism destinations; and (3) the increasing importance of collaboration and especially coopetition not only within a tourism destination but also among destinations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper seeks to develop a full and more explicit account of what constitutes destination management by examining how a mature coastal resort, Pattaya in Thailand, is being managed. The paper addresses two key questions: what is destination management and is destination management being practised in Pattaya? Empirical research in Pattaya was guided by a conceptual framework incorporating three basic features of management: goals, activities and management structures. The research focussed on the management of three major features of the resort identified by public and private sector interviewees: the beach zone, nightlife and the Pattaya Music Festival. If the management of these features is assessed in terms of definitions stressing integration, coordination or collaboration then destination management is not being practised in Pattaya. Rather, many of the management activities being carried out are undertaken independently by a range of agencies in accordance with their broader institutional goals and responsibilities. Where complementary activities are co-ordinated, integrated or collaborative this is generally limited to a series of formal or informal dyadic relationships rather than a comprehensive destination-wide approach. These results raise questions about the scope of destination management and the need to consider its dimensions more closely. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although tourists are frequently cited as the central focus of much destination management activity little is known about how they regard destination management. Through a series of focus groups with guests at youth hostels in three locations in New Zealand, this study provides empirical evidence as to whether tourists consider destinations need to be managed, why destination management is needed, what it should involve and what differentiates good destinations from poor ones. The tourists’ responses endorse the need for destination management and show a broad appreciation of why destinations should be managed. The participants see a need for destination marketing, value the provision of information and acknowledge the importance of visitor management. However they strongly expressed the view that destinations should not be over-managed, raising the question of where the boundaries lie between effective destination management and over-management. The factors which differentiate good destinations from poor ones might be grouped under two broad themes: those associated with tourists’ motivations and expectations and those related to a range of destination attributes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For destinations to become competitive they must strategically promote specific features distinguishing them from similar destinations. This research looks at the Vojvodina Region of Serbia, regarded as a destination with tourism potential. Vojvodina has undergone transition over the past 20years, and previous research concerning the region's awareness and image has indicated that very little is known about the destination. To better assist tourism industry officials and planners, there represents a need to assess the region's potential and overall competitiveness. The study uses Dwyer and Kim's (2003) Integrated Model to observe Vojvodina's destination competitiveness, addressing the following determinants: inherited resources, created resources, supporting factors, destination management, demand conditions and situational conditions. Determinants were assessed using a survey evaluating 119 indicators, based upon a Likert Scale. The results indicate that while Vojvodina possesses much in terms of natural and cultural resources, more investments, and marketing and strategic management/planning are needed to make the destination more attractive to international visitors to improve the region's competitiveness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]