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Abstract: We present analysis, optimization, design and characterization of an integrated passive analog phase shifter at 24GHz in a commercially available 45nm RF-CMOS process. The design is based on a well-known RC bridge topology, which was optimized for maximum phase shift and minimal amplitude response variation versus phase and frequency. Phase is controlled by varying DC voltage on a varactor, resulting in 60° maximum phase shift with 0.1dB amplitude variation at 24GHz. The size of the phase shifter circuit excluding pads and input/output buffers is 40×50μm2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Maize late wilt disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthiopsis maydis significantly damages crops in Israel and in other countries. Resistant maize cultivars are the preferred method for disease restraining. However, the pathogen populations of Spain and Egypt have varying aggressiveness, and virulent strains can overcome host resistance. In 2001 and from 2016 to -2019, 17 M. maydis strains were isolated from infected maize fields in Israel. The isolates' effects on seed germination, plant development, and disease symptoms severity were evaluated. The isolates from Israel display a diverse degree of aggressiveness that is not linked to their geographic distribution. The virulent strains are found in mixed populations, whereas less virulent M. maydis isolates exist. Aggressive strains harmed the development of plants and ears and caused severe wilting and death. In contrast, plants inoculated with less virulent strains exhibited only mild dehydration signs, and crop yield was similar to that of the non-infected control. Interestingly, different host cultivars can evoke specific virulence of M. maydis strains. Moreover, some pathogen strains significantly repress plant development, while the impact of other strains was evidenced by wilting symptoms. The current research further increases our understanding of the pathogen and our ability to control it. [Display omitted] • Israel is considered one of the world's most affected by maize late wilt disease. • This is the first work to describe Israel's pathogen dispersal and aggressiveness. • Virulent M. maydis strains scattered throughout the country in mixed populations. • Some strains mainly affect plant growth, while others disease symptoms. • Different host cultivars evoke specific M. maydi s strains' virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]