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Human-commensalism has been used to broadly describe interactions in which non-human partners benefit from tight associations with humans and their environments. Human-commensal status has often been intuitively assigned, and the term has been applied without first being clearly defined. This has led to inconsistencies in application across different fields and confusion with other ecologically distinct descriptors of human association. We propose a clear definition of human-commensalism rooted within an ecological and evolutionary framework. Such framing enables exploration of the potential origins of human-commensalism and has implications for the study of biogeography and demography, the pace and form of adaptation to an anthropogenic niche, and predictions of future evolutionary change in response to anthropogenic pressures. Human-commensalism has been intuitively characterised as an interspecific interaction whereby non-human individuals benefit from tight associations with anthropogenic environments. However, a clear definition of human-commensalism, rooted within an ecological and evolutionary framework, has yet to be proposed. Here, we define human-commensalism as a population-level dependence on anthropogenic resources, associated with genetic differentiation from the ancestral, non-commensal form. Such a definition helps us to understand the origins of human-commensalism and the pace and form of adaptation to anthropogenic niches, and may enable the prediction of future evolution in an increasingly human-modified world. Our discussion encourages greater consideration of the spatial and temporal complexity in anthropogenic niches, promoting a nuanced consideration of human-commensal populations when formulating research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generalized k -connectivity of a graph G , denoted by κ k (G) , is the minimum number of internally disjoint S -trees for any S ⊆ V (G) and | S | = k. The generalized k -connectivity is a natural extension of the classical connectivity and plays a key role in applications related to the modern interconnection networks. An n -dimensional burnt pancake graph B P n is a Cayley graph which possesses many desirable properties. In this paper, we try to evaluate the reliability of B P n by investigating its generalized 4-connectivity. By introducing the definition of inclusive tree and by studying structural properties of B P n , we show that κ 4 (B P n) = n − 1 for n ≥ 2 , that is, for any four vertices in B P n , there exist (n − 1) internally disjoint trees connecting them in B P n . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore the relation between the A -numerical range and the A -spectrum of A -bounded operators in the setting of semi-Hilbertian structure. We introduce a new definition of A -normal operator and prove that closure of the A -numerical range of an A -normal operator is the convex hull of the A -spectrum. We further prove Anderson's theorem for the sum of A -normal and A -compact operators which improves and generalizes the existing result on Anderson's theorem for A -compact operators. Finally we introduce strongly A -numerically closed class of operators and along with other results prove that the class of A -normal operators is strongly A -numerically closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-varying system is a widespread class of systems in reality. Model of such system is difficult to obtain because the parameters vary with time. Hence, a data-driven state estimation for unknown discrete time-varying system is investigated with zonotopic reachability analysis. Since the system model is unknown, a time-varying matrix zonotope which contains all possible models is computed by the available prior input-state trajectories. On this basis, an over-approximated reachable zonotope of system state is obtained through iteration. Then, the boundedness of over-approximated reachable zonotope is proved by introducing P -radius definition. This method guarantees that the actual system state falls within the estimation range and maintains the compactness of the estimation result. Finally, a numerical example and a circuit system simulation show the validity and applicability of the proposed method. • The prior input-state trajectories are utilized. • Zonotope is introduced in data-driven estimation. • The system model is represented by a matrix zonotope. • The matrix zonotope updates over time. • The data-driven estimation contains all possible syatem states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contour parallel toolpaths are the most common machining strategies for 2.5D features. To enhance the machining efficiency, different cutting paths for various tool combinations should be considered. However, existing algorithms have paid limited attention to multi-tool cutting, which is nevertheless an industrial practice in roughening and finishing. This paper proposes a rapid generation method for contour parallel toolpaths based on an accurate two-dimensional discrete medial-axis transform (MAT) for complex closed cavities. The accurate discrete MAT was refined using the Delaunay triangulation (DT) method. According to the definition of MAT, the calculated discrete medial axis (MA) points are adjusted to obtain accurate MA points by iterative method. The accurate discrete MAT obtained served as the basis for the toolpath generation. Contour parallel toolpaths can be rapidly generated by applying the discrete MAT and the proposed toolpath generation method. The resulting toolpaths have been validated to closely match the cutting path obtained through commercial software calculations, which require much higher computational efforts. The proposed method introduces a novel accurate discrete medial axis calculation method and enables the rapid computation of multi-tool combination cutting paths., which is more suitable in toolpath generation, cutting time prediction and toolset optimization in practice. • Effective categorization of Delaunay triangles into 4 cases and 10 sub-cases. • Accurate calculation of discrete medial axis transform based on error analysis. • Rapid generation of contour parallel toolpaths with multiple tool combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a subdiffusive fractional differential problem characterized by an equation that incorporates a time Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order 1 − α , α ∈ (0 , 1) , on its right-hand side, while the diffusive coefficient is allowed to vary with both space and time. An high order numerical method for the subdiffusion problem is derived based on the fractional splines of degree β ∈ (1 , 2 ]. The main purpose of this work is to apply fractional splines for approximating the fractional integral in the definition of the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, and hence explain how to solve the subdiffusion problem using this approach. It is discussed how the rate of convergence of the numerical method depends on the solution, the degree of the spline and the order of the fractional derivative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the trajectory of global income inequality since 1981. Commonly used (relative) definitions indicate a decline in global inequality since the late 1980s. Looking ahead, it has been intuited that the influence of China's economic development—and that of other rapidly growing, populous nations—on the between-country component will, at some juncture, diminish and start to add to global inequality should economic growth persist. Our paper formalizes the turning point of global inequality through a simple model. For illustrative purposes, we empirically present the implications for the timing of the turning point in the context of a weaker post-pandemic growth recovery versus a stronger, albeit improbable, post-pandemic growth recovery. We conclude by arguing that the era of declining global income inequality is likely over, considering the forces influencing both the between-country and within-country components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate (1) definitions of self-isolation used during the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) measures used to quantify adherence and their reliability, validity, and acceptability; (3) rates of self-isolation adherence; and (4) factors associated with adherence. This was a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO record CRD42022377820). MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, PsyArXiv, medRxiv, and grey literature sources were searched (1 January 2020 to 13 December 2022) using terms related to COVID-19, isolation, and adherence. Studies were included if they contained original, quantitative data of self-isolation adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We extracted definitions of self-isolation, measures used to quantify adherence, adherence rates, and factors associated with adherence. We included 45 studies. Self-isolation was inconsistently defined. Four studies did not use self-report measures. Of 41 studies using self-report, one reported reliability; another gave indirect evidence for the lack of validity of the measure. Rates of adherence to self-isolation for studies with only some concerns of bias were 51%–86% for COVID-19 cases, 78%–94% for contacts, and 16% for people with COVID-19-like symptoms. There was little evidence that self-isolation adherence was associated with sociodemographic or psychological factors. There was no consensus in defining, operationalising, or measuring self-isolation, resulting in significant risk of bias in included studies. Future definitions of self-isolation should state behaviours to be enacted and duration. People recommended to self-isolate should be given support. Public health campaigns should aim to increase perceived effectiveness of self-isolation and promote accurate information about susceptibility to infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the authors' knowledge, no systematic review has examined the definition of safety leadership in the academic literature to date. A review was therefore carried out to determine how safety leadership was defined in the peer reviewed empirical literature and thematic analysis was employed to identify patterned meanings across the data. Thirty-seven primary definitions, or definitions that were not borrowed from other studies, were identified. Of these 37, seven conceptual definitions were found to be evidence-based, six of which were endorsed by their operational counterpart definitions and one which was derived using exploratory research. These seven definitions showed strong alignment with the three themes that emerged from the thematic analysis that capture the why, how, and who of safety leadership. Transformational leadership theory formed the foundation for many of the definitions in the academic literature, despite recent evidence suggesting that adopting multiple forms of leadership styles would be more effective for improving workplace safety. Gaps in the current evidence base are explored and suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Central Andean Chavín Phenomenon as a case study, this paper explores the middle ground between top-down (big data) and bottom-up (Bayesian modeling) approaches to archaeological radiocarbon data. Compiling radiocarbon dates associated with the Chavín Phenomenon addresses questions of chronology, demonstrating that the relevant phases at interacting sites are relatively brief and broadly contemporary. In addition, the definition of a discrete span of time associated with the Chavín Phenomenon makes it possible to explore the context for that period of heightened interaction. Juxtaposing that timespan with a compilation of Central Andean radiocarbon dates identifies contemporary non-participatory sites, enabling characterization of the sociopolitical milieu within which the Chavín Phenomenon emerged, flourished, and faded. The identification of that corpus of sites also highlights the importance of a shift in focus from identification of interaction to characterization of interaction. Bottom-up approaches to radiocarbon chronology will be a key element of that effort, while high-level summary of radiocarbon assemblages can identify where additional dating and Bayesian modeling can have the greatest interpretive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is widely used in children. The spontaneous/timed (S/T) mode is the most common used mode for home NIV. Different devices are available, and the manufacturers are free to name the modes and define the settings, with no regulation. In particular, the definitions of the trigger sensitivities still differ between manufacturers and/or devices. The inspiratory trigger (TgI) sensitivity may be set according to a numerical or word-rating scale, while the expiratory trigger (TgE) sensitivity may be set as a percentage of the peak inspiratory flow, or using a numerical or word rating scale which correspond to specific predefined percentages of inspiratory flow. Moreover, the TgE sensitivity may be set according to the peak inspiratory flow or to the diminution of peak inspiratory flow, which may be very confusing. Patient-ventilator asynchrony (PVA) may be due to an inadequate comprehension of the settings by the user, which is challenging. We report here the cases of four children and adolescents with an incorrect setting of the TgI and/or TgE, leading to PVA. This pleads for a harmonization of the definitions of the settings, and in particular of the trigger sensitivities. In the meanwhile, NIV professionals should be aware of the different definitions to avoid setting errors leading to PVA. • The definitions of the trigger sensitivities still differ between manufacturers. • Asynchronies may be due to an inadequate comprehension of the settings. • We plead for a harmonization of the definitions of the settings. • We plead particularly for a harmonization of the trigger definitions. • NIV users should be aware of the different definitions to avoid setting errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first formal definition of randomness, seen as a property of sequences of events or experimental outcomes, dates back to Richard von Mises' work in the foundations of probability and statistics. The randomness notion introduced by von Mises is nowadays widely regarded as being too weak. This is, to a large extent, due to the work of Jean Ville, which is often described as having dealt the death blow to von Mises' approach, and which was integral to the development of algorithmic randomness—the now-standard theory of randomness for elements of a probability space. The main goal of this article is to trace the history and provide an in-depth appraisal of two lesser-known, yet historically and methodologically notable proposals for how to modify von Mises' definition so as to avoid Ville's objection. The first proposal is due to Abraham Wald, while the second one is due to Claus-Peter Schnorr. We show that, once made precise in a natural way using computability theory, Wald's proposal constitutes a much more radical departure from von Mises' framework than intended. Schnorr's proposal, on the other hand, does provide a partial vindication of von Mises' approach: it demonstrates that it is possible to obtain a satisfactory randomness notion—indeed, a canonical algorithmic randomness notion—by characterizing randomness in terms of the invariance of limiting relative frequencies. More generally, we argue that Schnorr's proposal, together with a number of little-known related results, reveals that there is more continuity than typically acknowledged between von Mises' approach and algorithmic randomness. Even though von Mises' exclusive focus on limiting relative frequencies did not survive the passage to the theory of algorithmic randomness, another crucial aspect of his conception of randomness did endure; namely, the idea that randomness amounts to a certain type of stability or invariance under an appropriate class of transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), usually precipitated by alcohol misuse or viral reactivation, is characterised by rapid onset and usually reversible liver failure. Various definitions of ACLF have been proposed and widely used across the globe, including those by APASL, COSSH, EASL-CLIF, Japanese experts, and NACSELD. Although all the definitions have several similarities and connote high short-term mortality, a clear and standardised definition is still lacking, hampering research in this key area. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences among various definitions and propose steps to harmonise EASL-CLIF, APASL, NACSELD, Japanese, and Chinese definitions of ACLF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functioning is a fundamental dimension across all aspects of life, frequently compromised or reduced in individuals with schizophrenia. However, the lack of a commonly agreed definition of functioning in schizophrenia makes it difficult to apply this concept in clinical practice. In this document, we make a detailed analysis of the literature to identify and define functioning and describe how it can be used in clinical practice today. We performed a preliminary literature search in the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) for articles discussing functioning in schizophrenia. The articles retrieved were then read and discussed by a panel of psychiatrists specialising in schizophrenia. The conclusions reached in this meeting formed the basis for a new exhaustive literature search for the purpose of synthesising the evidence published in the past 5 years. In this article, we show the importance a comprehensive, modern, homogeneous definition of functioning in schizophrenia, propose a definition of functioning, and put forward a series of recommendations for assessing functioning in clinical practice. We also review current unmet needs and highlight the need for a standardised tool for evaluating functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the multi-key searchable encryption scenario, individuals save their encrypted fles on a distant computer system, having the ability to retrieve them. An individual should have the ability to conduct keyword searches and also to have access to all documents, even those shared by others. The information within the documents and the search requests must be kept confidential from the server. The aim of this paper is to propose a stronger definition of simulation based security for a multi key searchable encryption with short share keys scheme. Then, we work on creating a link between indistinguishability based security and simulation based security through designing a simulator that meets our specified standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections remain a significant concern in patients receiving mechanical circulatory support (MCS), encompassing both durable and acute devices. This consensus manuscript provides updated definitions for infections associated with durable MCS devices and new definitions for infections in acute MCS, integrating a comprehensive review of existing literature and collaborative discussions among multidisciplinary specialists. By establishing consensus definitions, we seek to enhance clinical care, facilitate consistent reporting in research studies, and ultimately improve outcomes for patients receiving MCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent and precise endpoint definitions are a crucial aspect of clinical trial conduct and reporting, and are used to communicate the benefit of an intervention. Previous studies have identified inconsistencies in endpoint definitions across oncological clinical trials. Here, the Head and Neck Cancer International Group assessed endpoint definitions from phase 3 trials or trials considered practice-changing for patients with recurrent or metastatic mucosal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, published between 2008 and 2021. We identify considerable and global heterogeneity in endpoint definitions, which undermines the interpretation of results and development of future studies. We show how fundamental components of even incontrovertible endpoints such as overall survival vary widely, highlighting an urgent need for increased rigour in reporting and harmonisation of endpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil-Lagerstätten are amongst the most important windows onto the paleobiology of ancient ecosystems. Inconsistencies surrounding what constitutes a Lagerstätte limits our ability to compare sites and thus their scientific potential. Here, we provide a modern and utilitarian classification scheme for Konservat-Lagerstätten, allowing for more consistent and improved scientific discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of musculoskeletal conditions affecting the masticatory system and which are best defined based on symptoms and signs reflective of the underlying disease process. Etiology – the cause of disease – is best considered as risk determinants due to the complexity of TMDs in terms of the broad range of factors that place an individual at risk for initial development of a TMD and at risk for transition from an acute disorder to a chronic disorder. Identified risk determinants act together in unique patterns across individuals; notably, painful TMDs seldom occur in isolation of other risk determinants. While occlusal characteristics have been proposed as a primary etiology for TMDs, the evidence remains weak and unconvincing. In contrast, the evidence is strong for a wide range of intersecting factors to act as risk determinants for initial onset of a painful TMD, and which contribute further when pain becomes chronic due to bidirectional relationships between a primary pain condition and its risk determinants. These include overuse behaviors, pain sensitivity, psychological distress, injury, and the presence of other health and pain disorders. Overall, the evidence points to TMDs as system level disorders residing within a person at risk due to any of these identified risk determinants, and when more than one is present, the risk increases substantially. This complexity requires evolved standards of care for evaluation and treatment of the identified risk determinants based on available evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies at primary care level with a laboratory-confirmed outcome, clinical case definitions for recruitment of patients can vary. We used the 2022–23 VEBIS primary care European multicentre study end-of-season data to evaluate whether the clinical case definition affected IVE estimates. We estimated VE using a multicentre test-negative case-control design. We measured VE against any influenza and influenza (sub)types, by age group (0–14, 15–64, ≥65 years) and by influenza vaccine target group, using logistic regression. We estimated IVE among patients meeting the European Union (EU) acute respiratory infection (ARI) case definition and among those meeting the EU influenza-like illness (ILI) case definition, including only sites providing information on specific symptoms and recruiting patients using an ARI case definition (as the EU ILI case definition is a subset of the EU ARI one). We included 24 319 patients meeting the EU ARI case definition, of whom 21 804 patients (90 %) meet the EU ILI case definition, for the overall pooled VE analysis against any influenza. The overall and influenza (sub)type-specific VE varied by ≤2 % between EU ILI and EU ARI populations. Among all analyses, we found similar VE estimates between the EU ILI and EU ARI populations, with few (10%) additional non-ILI ARI patients recruited. These results indicate that VE in the 2022–23 influenza season was not affected by use of a different clinical case definition for recruitment, although we recommend investigating whether this holds true for next seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilmes's work in the last decade of his career was primarily concerned with the approach he developed and called Occasioned Semantics. Bilmes based OS on Sacks' (1995) membership categorisation work together with components of taxonomical analysis derived from ethno-semantics. While the approach was primarily aimed at the field of Semantics, Bilmes also argued that OS offered a way to develop upon Sacks' work by situating categorial inferencing within 'occasioned fields of meaning' within which categorial definitions and descriptions evolve through a taxonomic branching texture. In this paper we explore the potential analytic intersection between aspects of Bilmes' OS and Sacks' category analysis together with later developments in Membership Categorisation Analysis (MCA). In particular we revisit the 'consistency rule' together with 'omni-relevance', which provides a way of understanding shifts in fields of meaning as hierarchical and multi-layered. The combined approach allows to bring into view multi-layered sequential and categorial flow with taxonomic branching that takes place within an ongoing, unfolding and contingent interactional context of 'who-we-are-and-what-we-are-doing'. • Explore the analytic intersections of Occasioned Semantics and MCA. • Consider how combined OS and MCA can add to the analytic insights of each other. • Explore how emergent structures of meaning are co-constructed by participants. • Shed further light onto the routine layering of members' situated categorial practices. • Revisit the 'consistency rule' together with 'omni-relevance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expert consensus operationalized treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as a Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) reduction ≥35% and score ≤12 with ≤2 on Clinical Global Impressions Improvement (CGI-I) and Severity (CGI-S) scales, respectively. However, there has been scant empirical evidence supporting these definitions. We conducted a systematic review and an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with OCD to determine optimal Y-BOCS thresholds for response and remission. We estimated pooled sensitivity/specificity for each percent reduction threshold (response) or posttreatment score (remission) to determine response and remission defined by a CGI-I and CGI-S ≤ 2, respectively. Individual participant data from 25 of 94 eligible RCTs (1235 participants) were included. The optimal threshold for response was ≥30% Y-BOCS reduction and for remission was ≤15 posttreatment Y-BOCS. However, differences in sensitivity and specificity between the optimal and nearby thresholds for response and remission were small with some uncertainty demonstrated by the confidence ellipses. While the empirically derived Y-BOCS thresholds in our meta-analysis differ from expert consensus, given the predominance of data from more recent trials of OCD, which involved more refractory participants and novel treatment modalities as opposed to first-line therapies, we recommend the continued use of the consensus definitions. • Multiple thresholds model was used to evaluate consensus definitions in adult OCD. • A ≥ 30% Y-BOCS reduction was optimal for response in adult OCD based on CGI-I ≤ 2. • A ≤ 15 posttreatment Y-BOCS was optimal for adult OCD remission based on CGI-S ≤ 2. • These thresholds were in slight contrast to consensus definitions (≥35% and ≤12). • Differences in sensitivity and specificity across Y-BOCS thresholds were minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot platforms are increasingly used by patients as sources of information. However, there is limited data on the performance of these platforms, especially regarding palliative care terms. We evaluated the accuracy, comprehensiveness, reliability, and readability of three AI platforms in defining and differentiating "palliative care," "supportive care," and "hospice care." We asked ChatGPT, Microsoft Bing Chat, Google Bard to define and differentiate "palliative care," "supportive care," and "hospice care" and provide three references. Outputs were randomized and assessed by six blinded palliative care physicians using 0–10 scales (10 = best) for accuracy, comprehensiveness, and reliability. Readability was assessed using Flesch Kincaid Grade Level and Flesch Reading Ease scores. The mean (SD) accuracy scores for ChatGPT, Bard, and Bing Chat were 9.1 (1.3), 8.7 (1.5), and 8.2 (1.7), respectively; for comprehensiveness, the scores for the three platforms were 8.7 (1.5), 8.1 (1.9), and 5.6 (2.0), respectively; for reliability, the scores were 6.3 (2.5), 3.2 (3.1), and 7.1 (2.4), respectively. Despite generally high accuracy, we identified some major errors (e.g., Bard stated that supportive care had "the goal of prolonging life or even achieving a cure"). We found several major omissions, particularly with Bing Chat (e.g., no mention of interdisciplinary teams in palliative care or hospice care). References were often unreliable. Readability scores did not meet recommended levels for patient educational materials. We identified important concerns regarding the accuracy, comprehensiveness, reliability, and readability of outputs from AI platforms. Further research is needed to improve their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate a cohort of patients diagnosed with benign ureteroenteric stricture (UES) after radical cystectomy with ileal conduits using a strict predefined definition of strictures. Additionally, we want to illustrate the UES debut, regarding symptoms and clinical findings. UES is a well-known long-term complication after radical cystectomy, affecting up to 20% of all patients. In the literature, different incidence rates are reported. However, these are based on various definitions of strictures. We used strict predefined criteria to evaluate UES incidence including symptoms, timing, diagnostic methods, treatment, and outcome in all patients who underwent radical cystectomy with an ileal conduit between 2012 and 2018 at a single high-volume center. Of a total of 693 patients who underwent radical cystectomy with ileal conduit, we found 109 patients with 135 UES in total, corresponding to 15.7% of patients (CI: 13.2-18.6) and 10% of all included ureteroenteric anastomosis (CI: 8.5-11.6) after radical cystectomy. Median follow-up was 24 months (interquartile range (IQR): 12-31), and postoperatively UES was diagnosed after a median of 6 months (IQR: 3-16). A total of 56% was diagnosed with elevated creatinine. Every UES underwent a median of two (IQR: 1-2) treatment attempts and 122 UES were treated successfully. Benign UES is a significant cause of morbidity following radical cystectomy. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of timing, incidence, and recommended treatment of strictures. We argue the importance of establishing a clear gold standard when defining UES to ensure accurate reporting in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to lung disease (Group-3 PH) is the second leading cause of PH. The role of PH as a risk factor for primary graft dysfunction (PGD) following lung transplant (LT) is controversial. To assess the impact that the new definition of PH had on the prevalence of PH in patients with advanced lung disease—candidate for LT, and its association with the occurrence of PGD. A retrospective study was performed in all patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation referred for consideration as candidates to LT in a centre between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2022. The baseline and haemodynamic characteristics of patients were analysed, along with the occurrence of PGD and post-transplant course in those who ultimately underwent transplantation. A total of 396 patients were included. Based on the new 2022 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society definitions, as many as 70.7% of patients met PH criteria. Since the introduction of the 2022 definition, a significant reduction was observed in the frequency of severe Group-3 PH (41.1% vs 10.3%; p<0.001), with respect to the 2015 definition. As many as 236 patients underwent transplantation. None of the variables associated with PH was identified as a risk factor for PGD. The new classification did not have any impact on the prevalence of PGD after transplantation. These results exclude that any significant differences exist in the baseline characteristics or post-transplant course of patients with Group-3 PH vs unclassified PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the definitions of appreciable index and dual index of a dual real square matrix. Then, we introduce the unique dual core-nilpotent (D-C-N) decomposition that exists universally for all dual real square matrices. By applying the decomposition, we get a characterization of the dual Drazin generalized inverse (D-Drazin), introduce D-Drazin, D-C-N, C-sharp C-N (C-C-N) and G-sharp C-N (G-C-N) binary relations of dual real matrices, and discuss relevant properties of these binary relations. We prove that D-Drazin binary relation is a pre-order, and D-C-N, C-C-N and G-C-N binary relations are partial orders. Furthermore, we discuss relationships among binary relations mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the neural correlates of consciousness has important ramifications for the theoretical understanding of consciousness and for clinical anaesthesia. A major limitation of prior studies is the use of responsiveness as an index of consciousness. We identified a collection of measures derived from unresponsive subjects and more specifically their association with consciousness (any subjective experience) or connectedness (specific experience of environmental stimuli). Using published data generated through the UNderstanding Consciousness Connectedness and Intra-Operative Unresponsiveness Study (NCT03284307), we evaluated 10 previously published resting-state EEG-based measures that were derived using unresponsiveness as a proxy for unconsciousness. Measures were tested across dexmedetomidine and propofol sedation and natural sleep. These markers represent the complexity, connectivity, cross-frequency coupling, graph theory, and power spectrum measures. Although many of the proposed markers were associated with consciousness per se (reported subjective experience), none were specific to consciousness alone; rather, each was also associated with connectedness (i.e. awareness of the environment). In addition, multiple markers showed no association with consciousness and were associated only with connectedness. Of the markers tested, loss of normalised-symbolic transfer entropy (front to back) was associated with connectedness across all three experimental conditions, whereas the transition from disconnected consciousness to unconsciousness was associated with significant decreases in permutation entropy and spectral exponent (P <0.05 for all conditions). None of the proposed EEG-based neural correlates of unresponsiveness corresponded solely to consciousness, highlighting the need for a more conservative use of the term (un)consciousness when assessing unresponsive participants. NCT03284307. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are currently defined by their clinical features, with α-synuclein pathology as the gold standard to establish the definitive diagnosis. We propose that, given biomarker advances enabling accurate detection of pathological α-synuclein (ie, misfolded and aggregated) in CSF using the seed amplification assay, it is time to redefine Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies as neuronal α-synuclein disease rather than as clinical syndromes. This major shift from a clinical to a biological definition of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies takes advantage of the availability of tools to assess the gold standard for diagnosis of neuronal α-synuclein (n-αsyn) in human beings during life. Neuronal α-synuclein disease is defined by the presence of pathological n-αsyn species detected in vivo (S; the first biological anchor) regardless of the presence of any specific clinical syndrome. On the basis of this definition, we propose that individuals with pathological n-αsyn aggregates are at risk for dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction (D; the second biological anchor). Our biological definition establishes a staging system, the neuronal α-synuclein disease integrated staging system (NSD-ISS), rooted in the biological anchors (S and D) and the degree of functional impairment caused by clinical signs or symptoms. Stages 0–1 occur without signs or symptoms and are defined by the presence of pathogenic variants in the SNCA gene (stage 0), S alone (stage 1A), or S and D (stage 1B). The presence of clinical manifestations marks the transition to stage 2 and beyond. Stage 2 is characterised by subtle signs or symptoms but without functional impairment. Stages 2B–6 require both S and D and stage-specific increases in functional impairment. A biological definition of neuronal α-synuclein disease and an NSD-ISS research framework are essential to enable interventional trials at early disease stages. The NSD-ISS will evolve to include the incorporation of data-driven definitions of stage-specific functional anchors and additional biomarkers as they emerge and are validated. Presently, the NSD-ISS is intended for research use only; its application in the clinical setting is premature and inappropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At least three probabilistic definitions of hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been used frequently in the literature. Unfortunately, one of these definitions shows fatal flaws, however nowadays a lot of literature still uses this definition. The aim of this paper is on one hand to specifically point out one such fatal flaw (in terms of deriving the well-known forward-backward algorithm), and on the other hand to list key properties of HMMs under the other two plausible (and equivalent) probabilistic definitions for further developments. As applications, we rigorously layout forward-backward algorithms for inhomogeneous HMMs and hidden reciprocal models , and fully present connections between HMMs and undirected graphical models which are not mentioned anywhere in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. • One of widely used definitions of hidden Markov models is pointed out to have fatal flaws. • Several fundamental properties of hidden Markov models have been presented. • New connections between hidden Markov models and undirected graphical models are given. • The concept of hidden reciprocal models is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short note, we review the definition of photographic scale in the case of nadir and oblique images, and derive exact formulae for calculating the scale of oblique images in general and special cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clear definition of the measurand is an essential precondition for measuring. When verifying conformity to ISO GPS tolerances (verification), the measurand is often unclear, particularly for geometrical tolerances. The tolerance zone is a portion of space whereas the measurand is a scalar quantity, and many such quantities may be derived from the same portion of space. We propose a unified derivation of the measurand in ISO GPS verification matching the designer's intent. Different types of tolerances are considered, from the easiest to the least obvious as to the derivation of the measurand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of disparate definitions of atrioventricular block has created important diagnostic problems. Adherence to the correct definitions provides a logical and simple framework for clinical evaluation. This review focuses on the clinical importance of the definitions in the diagnosis of the various types of atrioventricular (AV) block and the associated diagnostic pitfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rectal dose delivered during prostate radiation therapy is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity. Treatment plans are commonly optimized using rectal dose-volume constraints, often whole-rectum relative-volumes (%). We investigated whether improved rectal contouring, use of absolute-volumes (cc), or rectal truncation might improve toxicity prediction. Patients from the CHHiP trial (receiving 74 Gy/37 fractions [Fr] vs 60 Gy/20 Fr vs 57 Gy/19 Fr) were included if radiation therapy plans were available (2350/3216 patients), plus toxicity data for relevant analyses (2170/3216 patients). Whole solid rectum relative-volumes (%) dose-volume-histogram (DVH), as submitted by treating center (original contour), was assumed standard-of-care. Three investigational rectal DVHs were generated: (1) reviewed contour per CHHiP protocol; (2) original contour absolute volumes (cc); and (3) truncated original contour (2 versions; ±0 and ±2 cm from planning target volume [PTV]). Dose levels of interest (V30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 74 Gy) in 74 Gy arm were converted by equivalent-dose-in-2 Gy-Fr (EQD2 α/β= 3 Gy) for 60 Gy/57 Gy arms. Bootstrapped logistic models predicting late toxicities (frequency G1+/G2+, bleeding G1+/G2+, proctitis G1+/G2+, sphincter control G1+, stricture/ulcer G1+) were compared by area-undercurve (AUC) between standard of care and the 3 investigational rectal definitions. The alternative dose/volume parameters were compared with the original relative-volume (%) DVH of the whole rectal contour, itself fitted as a weak predictor of toxicity (AUC range, 0.57-0.65 across the 8 toxicity measures). There were no significant differences in toxicity prediction for: (1) original versus reviewed rectal contours (AUCs, 0.57-0.66; P =.21-.98); (2) relative- versus absolute-volumes (AUCs, 0.56-0.63; P =.07-.91); and (3) whole-rectum versus truncation at PTV ± 2 cm (AUCs, 0.57-0.65; P =.05-.99) or PTV ± 0 cm (AUCs, 0.57-0.66; P =.27-.98). We used whole-rectum relative-volume DVH, submitted by the treating center, as the standard-of-care dosimetric predictor for rectal toxicity. There were no statistically significant differences in prediction performance when using central rectal contour review, with the use of absolute-volume dosimetry, or with rectal truncation relative to PTV. Whole-rectum relative-volumes were not improved upon for toxicity prediction and should remain standard-of-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We define multifractional Hermite processes which generalize and extend both multifractional Brownian motion and Hermite processes. It is done by substituting the Hurst parameter in the definition of Hermite processes as a multiple Wiener–Itô integral by a Hurst function. Then, we study the pointwise regularity of these processes, their local asymptotic self-similarity and some fractal dimensions of their graph. Our results show that the fundamental properties of multifractional Hermite processes are, as desired, governed by the Hurst function. Complements are given in the second order Wiener chaos, using facts from Malliavin calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have missed one type of spaces generating compatible pairs of isometries in [1, Theorem 5.14]. In this note, we describe the additional type of compatible pairs of isometries and supplement the results. More precisely, we reformulate and correctly prove Theorem 5.14 and we supplement Theorem 5.15 and Theorem 8.3 which follow directly from Theorem 5.14. Theorems, definitions, formulas etc. enumerated with section numbers, as above, all refers to the paper [1] , while that from the corrigendum are singly enumerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]