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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Typically, Swiss-type cheese is made from cow milk. However, in the present work an attempt to expand the sheep supply chain and product offering in this field was made by developing a new type of cheese using Swiss-type cheese technology. The cheese was manufactured under industrial conditions, and fermentations were carried out using freeze-dried commercial starters that are traditionally used in the production of Swiss cheese. Two experimental "Ewiss cheese" (EC) products were produced using raw milk (RM) and pasteurized milk (PM), respectively. Fourteen microbial groups were investigated by plate counts from curd until ripened cheeses. According to microbiological analyses, no statistically significant differences were found between the 2 productions with respect to the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The curds were mainly characterized by mesophilic LAB cocci (7.45 log 10 cfu/g in RM-EC and 7.33 log 10 cfu/g in PM-EC). However, at the end of the ripening period (9 mo), the cheeses exhibited a higher presence of mesophilic LAB rods. Undesired microbiological groups were found only in the curd of raw milk cheese in the range of 104 to 105 cfu/g, but they were reaching undetectable levels by plate count in the cheese at the end of ripening. The RM-EC and PM-EC were characterized by 76% and 68% of DM, respectively. These cheeses contained 29.30% and 34.36% of protein, and 51.31% and 50.38% of fat, respectively. Textural analysis showed differences in terms of hardness, chewiness, and gumminess between the experimental cheeses and Swiss cheese sold on the market. These differences could be attributed to the higher protein content of ewe milk. The main fatty acids in the cheeses were palmitic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and capric acid. Among the organic acids, RM-EC had higher concentrations of lactic acid, whereas PM-EC was higher in propionic acid. The ewe cheeses emitted 46 volatile compounds, including acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, and other compounds. The PM-EC was characterized by the main compounds of Swiss-type cheese: acetic acid, butyric acid, ethyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, propanoic acid, and tetramethylpyrazine. Sensory evaluation showed that the new dairy products were generally appreciated, and PM-EC was the most preferred by the judges. This research has enabled the development of new ewe milk products, which could stimulate the valorization of a sector that has been long neglected and still has a large margin of improvement. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape seed oil (GSO) is a valuable resource for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries due to its fatty acid composition, which provides anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. GSO is also recognized for its sensory attributes and serves as an essential component in our dietary intake, providing vital fatty acids for metabolic reactions. The enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids (SL) using GSO was investigated in this study. The SL was created by incorporating medium chain fatty acids (capric acid – C10) at the sn -1 and sn -3 positions and long chain fatty acids in the internal position of the triacylglycerols (TAG). GSO was selected based on its composition rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid. The acidolysis reactions were catalyzed by an immobilized commercial lipase Lipozyme TLIM®. The incorporation degree of C10 into GSO reached 36%. Health lipid indices were calculated to determine the C10 incorporation effect on the improvement of nutritional quality of oil. The SL showed lower oxidative stability index (OSI) values than the original oil and higher degree of fatty acid (DFA) values. The simpler, solvent-free method not only enhances the health benefits of oils but also gives valuable properties to GSO, making it an even more attractive option for food industries. [Display omitted] • Sustainable green processes for valorization of grape seed are proposed. • Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids enhances GSO with health promoting C10 fatty acids. • Lipozyme TLIM¬Æ achieved a remarkable 36% C10 incorporation in GSO. • Simpler, solvent-free method improves GSO's health lipid indices, making it an ideal choice for food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum depression (PPD), the depressive episodes following delivery, is a serious and frequent psychiatric disorder. While numerous screening tools existed for depressive episodes, e.g., the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), there are no objective biological measures for predicting PPD. Despite several studies done to identify biomarkers in PPD, there has been limited exploration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which directly interfaces with the brain. Consequently, novel potential biomarkers of CSF are required to predict PPD, so as to target specific preventive interventions. Seventy-five parturients undergoing caesarean delivery were enrolled for CSF collection at delivery. Of the twenty-eight subjects who didn't meet any exclusion criteria, the number of the healthy parturients whose score of EPDS 6-weeks postpartum (6-wpp) < 5 and PPD patients whose EPDS 6-wpp ≥ 13 was ten respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of CSF was used for metabolomic assessments. We found that capric acid, dodecanoic acid, arachidic acid and behenic acid in CSF were significantly negatively correlated with PPD symptoms, meanwhile L-tryptophan had an obvious positive correlation. Moreover, these five biomarkers can be used as effective predictive biomarkers for PPD. The main limitations are the inclusion of only parturients who underwent caesarean sections and a small sample size. This study innovatively investigated potential predictive biomarkers of PPD before the onset through intrapartum maternal CSF metabolomics, which offered a more objective approach to predict and diagnose PPD, leading to help identify high-risk parturients for early initiation of secondary prevention to reduce global PPD burden. • This is the first study to investigate the PPD predictive biomarkers via intrapartum maternal CSF metabolomics. • The CSF level of capric acid, dodecanoic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, and L-tryptophan correlated with PPD symptoms. • These metabolites can be effective predictive biomarkers for PPD by virtue of their excellent discriminatory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DA and NA cocrystal was synthesized by low evaporation method. • Cocrystal structure was solved by single-crystal XRD. • H⋯H, H⋯O, and H⋯C hydrogen bonds were identified by Hirshfeld surfaces. • A correct assignment of all IR and Raman vibration modes was determined. • DFT calculations were performed in the crystal of DA-NA. A new cocrystal formed of decanoic acid (DA) and nicotinamide (NA) crystallizing into a triclinic system (P 1 ¯), with cell parameters a = 4.9774(7) Å, b = 5.3143(9) Å, c = 30.895(5) Å, α = 86.715(5)°, β = 86.391(5)°, γ = 89.642(5)°, and V = 814.3(2) Å3 is reported herein. The nitrogen atoms within the NA molecule stabilize the crystalline lattice by forming hydrogen bonds with DA molecules, resulting in dimers laterally packed as lamellar structures. Furthermore, by means of Hirshfeld's surfaces, it was verified that the main intermolecular contacts are H⋯H, O⋯H, and C⋯H types. Complementarily, the unit cell of the compound had a void volume of 62.72 Å3 and a surface area of 234.15 Å2. In addition, inter- and intramolecular vibration modes were thoroughly determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the DA-NA crystal. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel THEDES with capric acid and ketoconazole. • Reduced MIC against Candida albicans. • 6.19-fold increase in skin drug permeation. • Hydrogen bonding confirmed via NMR and FT-IR. • Sustainable and eco-friendly drug delivery. In this study, we reported the investigation of a novel therapeutic deep eutectic system (THEDES) formed between capric acid (CA) and ketoconazole (KCZ) to enhance the permeability and efficacy of the antifungal drug KCZ. A THEDES was formulated by combining KCZ and CA at different molar ratios, with a 1:5 ratio (K5) representing the most stable and lowest melting point. Characterization of the interactions between CA and KCZ using NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy revealed a hydrogen bonding interaction between the amine group of KCZ's imidazole ring and the carboxylic acid moiety of CA. This interaction resulted in converting the solid materials into liquid at room temperature, leading to a significant decrease in the melting points of the components, as confirmed by DSC. Next, the effectiveness of K5 as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans was evaluated. The results indicated a 2-fold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, permeability studies conducted using a Franz diffusion cell revealed a significant enhancement in permeability with a 6.19-fold increase in flux compared to commercially available KCZ cream. The findings suggest that fatty acid-based deep eutectic systems, such as the KCZ THEDES, can serve as effective and green drug delivery systems, offering significant enhancements in drug permeability and therapeutic performance. This approach improves the efficacy of drugs and promotes the development of eco-friendly pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultrasonic assisted liquid–liquid microextraction using deep eutectic solvent was developed. • Lower density than water switchable hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent was prepared. • The introduced method was used for extraction of organochlorine pesticides from cheese samples. • Rapidness, high efficiency, sensitive limits of detection and quantification are the major advantages of the method. A deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method was developed to extract organochlorine pesticides from cheese samples before their quantification with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A mixture of deionized water, potassium hydroxide solution, and thymol: decanoic acid deep eutectic solvent was used in the method development. Under the optimum method conditions, acceptable precision was achieved, with intra– and inter-day precisions falling within the ranges of 2.9–4.3 % and 3.5–4.7 %, respectively). A good coefficient of determination (r2 ≥ 0.993) was obtained over a wide concentration range (107–250,000 ng kg−1), with low limits of detection (32–58 ng kg−1) and quantification (107–193 ng kg−1). Additionally, acceptable extraction recoveries (57–79 %) were achieved. Method validation was conducted and the method was successfully applied to several cheese samples. Based on the results, all of the investigated samples were found to be free of investigated organochlorine residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin (ca. 340 nm) chitosan coatings were deposited onto glass substrates via dip-coating, then modified with the methanol solution of decanoic anhydride (0.17–56 mM). NMR, FTIR and XPS measurements confirmed that the acylation degree increased from 18 % to 45 %, and at the highest degree, the whole layer was acylated homogeneously by the reagent molecules. The coating thickness increased (up to 60 %), and the refractive index decreased (from 1.541 to 1.532) due to the acylation, that was determined by UV–visible spectroscopy. The AFM did not reveal morphological changes, but wetting tests showed that the acylation rendered the coating hydrophobic (water contact angle increased from ca. 75° to 100°). The contact angle, however, decreased to 85° due to the development of a second molecular layer of the decanoic acid by-product at the highest (over 25 mM) reagent concentrations. XRD studies showed a self-assembling structuring of the alkyl-chains in the bulk phase, which occurred in the case of the highest degree of acylation. This also manifested itself in a significant decrease of the layer hygroscopicity: the swelling degree decreased from 40 % to 8 % in a saturated water atmosphere monitored by spectroscopic ellipsometry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrophobic [Men][DecA] DESs exhibit remarkable dissolution ability of EVA resin. • The achieved high solid–liquid ratio facilitates large-scale PV waste recycling. • Crosslinked EVA was dissolved by replacing the acetate group with the –OH of DESs. • The PV module was effectively separated by [Men][DecA] (1:1) at 80 °C within 2 h. • The reusability of switchable [Men][DecA] DESs realizes industrial feasibility. Disposing of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules has posed a significant environmental challenge due to the absence of proficient and sustainable recycling technologies. Separating PV modules, which are ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA)-bonded layers, including glass, solar cells (i.e., silicon wafers), and backsheets, establishes a foundation for effectively reclaiming valuable resources from PV modules. Removing EVA encapsulation is critical for disassembling PV modules; nonetheless, effective and feasible technology is currently limited. Conventional EVA dissolving agents (e.g., benzene and trichloroethylene) are highly toxic and effective only for non-cross-linked segments of EVA. Thus, developing efficient and environmentally benign reagents for PV waste recycling is urgently needed. Herein, a novel recycling route employing deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with switchable hydrophilicity has achieved successful separation of the component layers within PV modules. Complete separation of the glass and backsheet bonded by the EVA film was achieved under atmospheric pressure and moderate temperature conditions (80 °C for 2 h) by hydrophobic DESs composed of menthol and decanoic acid ([Men][DecA] (1:1)). [Men][DecA] effectively induced EVA swelling, concurrently accelerating EVA dissolution by substituting the acetate groups in the side chains of EVA with the hydroxyl groups of the DES. The superior PV module disintegration can be attributed to the exceptional EVA dissolution ability of the [Men][DecA] framework, and the achieved high solid–liquid ratio (40 g/L) for EVA in [Men][DecA] is beneficial for industrial processes. Furthermore, the reusability of [Men][DecA], which is endorsed by its switchable hydrophilicity, introduces a sustainable platform for PV module disintegration, thereby facilitating the large-scale recycling of PV waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pseudo-gemini surfactants were synthesized from commercially available reagents. • Material-efficient and energy-efficient reaction pathway was selected. • Adsorption, micellization and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. • Molecular simulation was performed using Dissipative Particle Dynamics. • Theoretical CMC values were in good agreement with experimental values. In this work new pseudo-gemini type surfactants are constructed via a simple, energy and material efficient way, using piperazine, propylene oxide and seven different fatty acids: capric, lauric, myristic, stearic, oleic and linolenic. The compounds are characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FTIR studies. Micellization and adsorption properties of the novel pseudo-gemini surfactants are investigated via surface tension and conductivity measurements. Antimicrobial properties are evaluated using the simple disk diffusion test method. Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulations are performed to model aggregation behavior of the new pseudo-gemini surfactants. Experimental studies revealed that Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the obtained pseudo-gemini surfactants are lower than 1 mmol/L. Theoretically calculated CMC values are slightly higher than experimental CMC values. However, overall, very good agreement between theoretical and experimental CMC values is observed. Radial Distribution Function (RDF) and radius of gyration (R g) plots are analyzed to gain further insight into aggregation of the surfactant molecules in aqueous environment. The DPD model of the pseudo-gemini amphiphiles successfully predicts the most important traits of the aggregation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zein, a storage protein rich in hydrophobic amino acids found in maize endosperm, offers significant potential for applications in food packaging. Previous studies on zein films primarily focused on the dissolution of zein in organic solvents. In this study, zein was dissolved in an alkaline solution instead of organic solvents. The effects of fatty acids with varying carbon chain lengths, namely decanoic acid, lauric acid, and palmitic acid, on the structure and properties of zein films were investigated. Alkali-solubilized zein exhibited a various degree of deamidation related to fatty acids after film formation in which decanoic acid significantly reduced the deamidation of zein, while palmitic acid had the opposite effect. Various characterizations confirmed that fatty acids were evenly distributed within the film matrix, disrupting the intermolecular interactions of zein and preventing zein molecules from aggregation; this eventually led to a tightly structured film. The addition of fatty acids, specifically decanoic acid and lauric acid, significantly enhanced the performance of the zein films. After loading decanoic acid or lauric acid, the almost opaque zein films had a visible light transmittance of over 50% while maintaining an excellent UV light blocking property. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the films were improved, and their water vapor permeability was reduced by an order of magnitude. This study provides insights into zein plasticization and paves the way for developing organic solvent-free food packaging. [Display omitted] • Zein films were prepared by casting after dissolving in an alkali solution. • Fatty acids prevented rapid aggregation of zein by disrupting its intermolecular interactions. • Fatty acids improved the transparency, compactness, and flexibility of zein films. • Decanoic acid reduced the deamidation effect of alkaline solution on zein. • Adding decanoic acid or lauric acid with a ratio of 1/15 to zein significantly enhanced the performance of zein films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal food environment can program fecal microbiota in offspring mediated by the imprint of intrauterine conditions. Gut bacteria play a role in host fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effects of maternal diet on fecal microbiota, and the impact on fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in male offspring rats. Ten male pups from dams fed standard diet (C-C, n = 5) and cafeteria diet (Caf-C, n = 5) were fed standard chow diet for twenty-three weeks. Fresh fecal samples were collected at three and twenty-six weeks of age for fecal microbiota analysis by metagenomic sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. At the end of the study, serum samples were collected to analyse fatty acids from phospholipid and cholesterol ester fractions by gas chromatography and free amino acids by liquid chromatography. The bacterial abundance from the Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla significantly decreased over time for both groups. Additionally, significant differences were found between C-C and Caf-C groups in these bacterial phyla. In the Caf-C group, Firmicutes and Elusimicrobia phyla increased, while Bacteroidetes decreases in adulthood samples. At the genus level, the abundance of Bacteroides decreased, while Elusimicrobium , Lactobacillus , Turicibacter , Blautia , and Veillonella increased in the Caf-C group. Several metabolites including PL-MCFAs (caprylic acid and capric acid), CE-MUFAs (palmitoleic acid and heptadecenoic acid), and free amino acids aspartate, glutamic acid, and cysteine were significantly higher in Caf-C group. This study underscores the putative programming of offspring fecal microbiota by maternal diet impact. These changes led to alterations fatty acids and amino acids metabolism in adult male offspring rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrophobic TOPO-Decanoic acid DES has been synthesized. • Structural insights using DFT has been performed. • Physico-chemical properties of DES diluted with chloroform were determined. • DES diluted with chloroform used for extraction of Y and Eu. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are recently regarded as evolving candidates in the field of separation science in order to achieve sustainability. In the present work, hydrophobic TOPO-Decanoic acid DES has been synthesized and scrutinized by FTIR and 1HNMR studies. The structures of TOPO (Tri-octyl phosphine oxide), decanoic acid, chloroform, DES and DES + chloroform have been optimized employing B3LYP functional using DFT-D3 of Grimme's method. The HOMO-LUMO (E g) energy gap, bond lengths, mulliken charges,dipole moment and interaction energy has been evaluated using DFT. The geometry optimization provides the bond parameters which explain about the existence of non-bonded interactions. DES and DES + chloroform show more reactiveness as compared to its constituents evident from the chemical potential value. Physico-chemical properties such as density, volumetric (V), dielectric constant (ε), refractive index (n D) and ultrasonic velocity (U) of the hydrophobic TOPO-Decanoic acid DES diluted with polar cosolvent chloroform have been determined over a wide range of mole fraction of DES at 298.15 K. The excess properties such as VE, εE, n D E and UE have been calculated to predict the type of inter-molecular interaction existing within the components of the DES diluted chloroform mixture. Different mixing rules have been used to estimate properties such as dielectric permittivity, refractive index and ultrasonic velocity. Various acoustic parameters such as Z, β s , and (L f) mix of binary mixtures are evaluated to predict about the presence of inter molecular interactions within the mixture components. The prepared hydrophobic eutectic mixture in chloroform has been further used for extraction of Y (III) and Eu (III). The solvent extraction of Eu (III) showed better performance as compared to that of Y (III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Anisaldehyde based DES-DLLME method was optimized for the determination of parabens and bisphenols for the first time. • The developed DES-DLLME method, followed by UPLC–MS/MS was applied for analysis of the studied analytes in 80 food products. • The ecological impact of the proposed method was investigated using three assessment tools. • The proposed method is eco-friendly, rapid, cost-effectiveness and capable of analyzing the analytes without imparting any detrimental effects on human health and the environment. A rapid and environmentally friendly method based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique, coupled with UPLC–MS/MS analysis was employed for simultaneous determination of selected bisphenols and parabens residues in food products. In this research, anisaldehyde and decanoic acid with a molar ration of 3:1 was prepared as a natural deep eutectic extracting solvent. Various extraction parameters such as the volume of the natural deep eutectic solvent, vortex duration, centrifugation duration, sample volume and pH were systematically explored and optimized. Determination coefficients of ≥0.9990 were achieved for the analyzed compounds under the optimal conditions. The limits detection were in the range of 0.0005 to 0.02 µg/L, while extraction recoveries ranged from 97.8 % to 100.2 % with relative standard deviations (%RSD) not exceeding 6.8 %. To assess the practical applicability of the proposed method, it was employed for the determination of five parabens and three bisphenols in eighty food products including soft drinks, energy drinks, sauces and juices collected from the Saudi market. The environmental implications of the proposed method were assessed using the following evaluation tools, Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the investigated analytes using anisaldehyde based deep eutectic solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy has allowed an increase in cancer survivorship, but it causes important adverse effects. Mucositis affecting the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main problems acutely caused by many antineoplastic drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil or methotrexate. Mucositis may cause pain, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, systemic infections and even death. This narrative review focuses on intestinal mucositis and the role that some nutraceuticals, namely vitamins (both lipid- and water-soluble) as well as fatty acids (FAs) and lipid-based products, can have in it. In preclinical (cell cultures, animal models) and/or human studies, vitamins A, D, E, B2, B9 and C, omega-3 long-chain FAs (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, conjugated linoleic acid), short-chain FAs (mainly butyrate), medium-chain FAs (capric acid), and different lipid-based products (emu oil, extra-virgin olive oil, lipid replacement therapy), enriched in beneficial FAs and natural antioxidants, were shown to exert beneficial effects (both preventative and palliative) against chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. Although the exact mechanisms of action involved in these effects are not yet well known, our review highlights the interest of investigating on diet and nutrition to implement scientifically robust strategies to improve protection of cancer patients against chemotherapy-induced adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid-based systems have many advantages in formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs but issues of a limited solvent capacity are often encountered in development. One of the possible solubilization approaches of especially basic drugs could be the addition of fatty acids to oils but currently, a systematic study is lacking. Therefore, the present work investigated apparently neutral and basic drugs in medium chain triglycerides (MCT) alone and with added either caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10) or oleic acid (C18:1) at different levels (5 – 20%, w/w). A miniaturized solubility assay was used together with X-ray diffraction to analyze the residual solid and finally, solubility data were modeled using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS). Some drug bases had an MCT solubility of only a few mg/ml or less but addition of fatty acids provided in some formulations exceptional drug loading of up to about 20% (w/w). The solubility changes were in general more pronounced the shorter the chain length was and the longest oleic acid even displayed a negative effect in mixtures of celecoxib and fenofibrate. The COSMO-RS prediction accuracy was highly specific for the given compounds with root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from an excellent 0.07 to a highest value of 1.12. The latter was obtained with the strongest model base pimozide for which a new solid form was found in some samples. In conclusion, targeting specific molecular interactions with the solute combined with mechanistic modeling provides new tools to advance lipid-based drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to prepare a composite phase change material (PCM) with suitable phase transition temperature, strong temperature control performance, good latent heat properties, and low cost for incorporation into concrete, the goal is to control temperature cracks, and endow the building structure with temperature regulation capabilities through phase change. In this study, capric acid (CA), myristic acid (MA) and stearic acid (SA) were used as PCMs. Firstly, based on theoretical calculations, a ternary eutectic mixture of CA-MA-SA with a mass ratio of 67.16:22.98:9.86 was successfully prepared. Subsequently, a new composite PCM was created using a melt blending technique, incorporating nano-SiO 2 as a supporting material. The comprehensive characterization results from FT-IR, SEM, XRD, DSC and TG indicate that nano-SiO 2 interacts with CA-MA-SA through its porous structure and capillary action, as well as surface tension, rather than through any chemical interaction, when 65% of CA-MA-SA is adsorbed in nano-silica, the melting temperature and latent heat of the composite PCM are 19.23 °C and 97.82 J/g, respectively. Without any leakage of molten CA-MA-SA. This material exhibits a favorable temperature for phase transition and possesses a high amount of latent heat, making it a promising candidate for use in construction projects. Additionally, the composite PCM shows remarkable thermal stability after 200 phase change cycles, which not only lowers building energy usage but also conserves energy, making it ideal for broad use in civil engineering. • A composite PCM with the most suitable phase change temperature has been developed. • Low cost porous Nano-SiO 2 is the best carrier for ternary eutectic mixture PCMs. • The melting latent heat of the CA-MA-SA/Nano-SiO 2 was 97.82 J/g at 19.23 °C. • The composite PCM exhibits high latent heat and excellent thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used Sensomics to examine four previously obtained yogurt aroma type profiles. 14 key aroma-active compounds were identified as significant contributors (p ≤ 0.05) in the four aroma types using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC–MS/O), aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), odor activity values (OAV), and aroma recombination and omission experiments. The Sensomics and previous Flavoromics results were compared, showing that Flavoromics identified 10 indicator compounds for distinguishing aroma types. Eight were the same as the key aroma-active compounds identified via Sensomics, namely acetic acid, pentanoic acid, decanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-pentanedione, acetaldehyde, δ-decalactone, and dimethyl sulfone. Sensomics revealed a prominent similarity between the categories of key aroma-active compounds of the four aroma types, with a higher sensory contribution. Flavoromics showed less overlapping between the indicator compounds, mainly related to the distinction between the four aroma types. Sensomics and Flavoromics serve distinct research objectives and should be selected according to the study subject. • Sensomics identifies 14 compounds significantly contributing to yogurt aroma type. • Sensomics and Flavoromics are used simultaneously for yogurt aroma type studies. • Minimal overlapping is evident between the Sensomics and Flavoromics study results. • Acetic acid and 2, 3-butanedione are key compounds in Sensomics. • 1-hexanol and pentanoic acid are indicative compounds in Flavoromics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common tumors in men, with the overexpression of prostate-specific membrane. In this study, we developed four new 68Ga-labeled PSMA-targeting tracers by introducing quinoline, phenylalanine and decanoic acid groups to enhance their lipophilicity, strategically limiting their metabolic pathway through the urinary system. Four radiotracers were synthesized with radiochemical purity >95 %, and exhibited high stability in vivo and in vitro. The inhibition constants (K i) of SDTWS01-04 to PSMA were in the nanomolar range (<10 nM). Micro PET/CT imaging and biodistribution analysis revealed that 68Ga-SDTWS01 enabled clear tumor visualization in PET images at 1.5 h post-injection, with excellent pharmacokinetic properties. Notably, the kidney uptake of 68Ga-SDTWS01 significantly reduced, with higher tumor-to-kidney ratio (0.36 ± 0.02), tumor-to-muscle ratio (24.31 ± 2.10), compared with 68Ga-PSMA-11 (T/K: 0.15 ± 0.01; T/M: 14.97 ± 1.40), suggesting that 68Ga-SDTWS01 is a promising radiotracer for the diagnosis of PCa. Moreover, SDTWS01 with a chelator DOTA could also label 177Lu and 225Ac, which could be used for the treatment of PCa. [Display omitted] • Four novel radiotracers were developed. • 68Ga-SDTWS01 displayed reduced kidney uptake, with high T/K and T/M ratios. • 68Ga-SDTWS01 is a promising radiotracer for the diagnosis of PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to determine the neuroprotective effect of capric acid on sodium valproate-induced model of autism. In this study, the effect of CA was observed in animals with single dose of valproic acid (600 mg/kg, i. p.) where the disease condition was confirmed by developmental impairment in pups. Behavioral tests that assess anxiety, depression, stereotypical and repetitive behavior, social interaction, learning and memory, and other confounding variables were performed. Subsequently, oxidative stress parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and mitochondrial complex activities in the selected brain regions were analyzed. Valproic acid successfully produced autism-like symptoms from post-natal day 7 and also demonstrated impairment in social behavior, learning and memory, and anxiety and depression. Valproic acid was found to produce oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. Treatment with capric acid produced a positive effect on the alterations with maximum effects evident at 400 mg/kg, p. o. through amelioration of behavioral as well as biochemical changes. The current study concluded that capric acid could act as a likely candidate for the treatment and management of autism via significant modulation of neurobehavioral parameters, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory markers. • Sodium valproate-induced model was used to evaluate the beneficial effect of Capric acid in autistic disorder. • Sodium valproate successfully produced autism-like symptoms from post-natal day 7. • Capric acid attenuated the multi-symptomatic behavior induced by sodium valproate. • Capric acid normalized oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and elevated inflammatory levels in brain homogenates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants do not cope well with emerging micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, because they are not effective to remove them. Therefore, this work aims to develop a process for the extraction of ofloxacin (OFX) based on a liquid-liquid extraction using hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HES), coupled with the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvent (COSMO-RS) for solvent screening. First, COSMO-RS was used to predict the partition coefficient of OFX for four HES families: L-menthol: fatty acid, L-menthol: fatty alcohol, fatty acid: fatty acid and fatty acid: fatty alcohols, at three different molar ratios (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2). These results showed that HES formed by fatty acids, especially those with a longer alkyl chain and a higher fatty acid molar ratio, were the most suitable solvents for OFX extraction. Then, the most promising HES to extract OFX was evaluated experimentally. The HES decanoic acid: dodecanoic acid (C10 acid: C12 acid) in a molar ratio of 2:1 being the system with best extraction results of OFX was selected to optimize the extraction conditions of OFX, namely pH, HES: water ratio (v/v), and OFX concentration, using a response surface methodology (RSM). The results obtained showed that at a pH of 5.2, HES-water ratio (v/v) of 1.3, and 2.5 mg/ml of OFX that an extraction efficiency of OFX of (98.8 ± 0.9)% could be achieved. The results show that one-step OFX extraction is possible, but is significantly influenced by both the extraction parameters and the hydrophobic properties of the HES. [Display omitted] • Enhancing ofloxacin (OFX) extraction using hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HES). • COSMO-RS identifies fatty acid-based HES for optimal OFX extraction. • Experimental validation identifies C10 acid:C12 acid (1:2) as the best HES. • OFX extraction is mainly influenced by pH and HES hydrophobic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant Cupriavidus necator H16/pMPJAS03, expressing a P. putida KT2440 enoyl-CoA hydratase (phaJ), was able to synthesize short-chain-length/ medium-chain-length (scl-mcl) PHA copolymers with a high content of mcl subunits using its native poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthase. The cells were cultivated on fructose with canola oil or canola oil/decanoic acid (DA) mixtures in fed-batch fermentations. The recombinant C. necator H16 (without any synthase modification) produced a polymer composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) with mcl-subunits, including 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx), and about 300-fold more 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO) than the yields reported in previous studies, as well as a significant amount of 3-hydroxydecanoate (3HD). Increasing the DA content in the feed from 0% to 15% v/v increased the molar content of the 3HD subunits from 1.2 to 2.1 mol%. The presence of larger monomers, such as 3HO and 3HD, decreased the crystallinity and melting temperature and modified the mechanical properties of the polymers. Thus, replacing either of the two gene products (phaJ or phaC1) required to produce PHA from CoA-3-hydroxy fatty acids with broader spectrum enzymes, is suitable for the production of commercially useful scl-mcl-PHA. • PHA synthase of wild type C. necator H16 can accept medium-chain-length substrates if provided with a suitable enoyl-CoA hydratase (phaJ). • Subunits as high as C10 can be incorporated into the polymer. • Resulting materials have thermal and mechanical properties comparable to scl-mcl PHAs produced by strains with "broad spectrum" synthases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid based formulations (LBF) have shown to overcome food dependent bioavailability for some poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the utility of LBFs can be limited by low dose loading due to a low drug solubility in LBF vehicles. This study investigated the solubility and drug loading increases in LBFs using lipophilic counterions to form lipophilic salts of venetoclax. Venetoclax docusate was formed from venetoclax free base and verified by 1H NMR. Formation of stable venetoclax-fatty acid associations with either oleic acid or decanoic acid were attempted, however, the molecular associations were less consistent based on 1H NMR. Venetoclax docusate displayed a up to 6.2-fold higher solubility in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) when compared to the venetoclax free base solubility resulting in a higher dose loading. A subsequent bioavailability study in landrace pigs demonstrated a 2.5-fold higher bioavailability for the lipophilic salt containing long chain SEDDS compared to the commercially available solid dispersion Venclyxto® in the fasted state. The bioavailability of all lipophilic salt SEDDS in the fasted state was similar to Venclyxto® in the fed state. This study confirmed that lipophilic drug salts increase the dose loading in LBFs and showed that lipophilic salt-SEDDS combinations may be able to overcome bioavailability limitations of drugs with low inherent dose loading in lipid vehicles. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated the utility of a LBF approach, in combination with lipophilic salts, to overcome food dependent variable oral bioavailability of drugs. Preparation, formulation and in vivo evaluation of venetoclax lipophilic salts [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials (PCMs) have been applied widely in various energy savings, storage, and efficiency applications, including building and construction, building systems, aerospace, and biological engineering. In order to solve the shortcomings of poor thermal stability and easy leakage of PCMs, a strong adsorbent expanded perlite-aerogel (AEP) composite matrix was prepared and its key thermal properties and effects on PCMs examined. Particularly, when it adsorbed capric-stearic acid, a binary PCM, it reached the level of 200 %. The rate of mass loss after heating could still be less than 1.0 %, indicating that the AEP composite matrix designed here had strong material and thermal stabilities. Various mass ratios of composite components were also tested and compared, and the optimal setting for the best adsorption rate was subsequently determined in this work. Because of these excellent characteristics, this newly designed AEP composite matrix can be used as an appropriate carrier for PCMs for energy savings and efficiency purposes in the building and construction field. • Low Energy Architecture and Building. • Phase change materials. • Building energy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Patina of naturally corroded roof cladding samples is treated with green inhibitors. • Decanoic acid and sodium decanoate preserve naturally corroded copper samples. • HC10-treated patinas of copper-based artworks are stable when exposed to acid rain. The protective effects of decanoic acid (HC10) and sodium decanoate on naturally corroded copper-based artworks in synthetic acid rain (pH 3.1) were evaluated and compared to those of benzotriazole (BTA). Surface characterization (by colorimetry, optical microscopy, SEM, contact angle and Raman spectroscopy) was coupled with open circuit potential and potentiodynamic measurements. The samples used were copper cladding from the roof of St Martin's Church in Metz (France) and, for comparison, bare copper specimens. This study demonstrated that HC10 may represent an eco-friendly and efficient alternative to the use of BTA for maintaining the naturally formed patinas of copper-based artworks exposed outdoors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • More intermolecular interaction occurred when fatty acids were added in liposome. • Decanoic acid and stearic acid made the membrane more compactness and hydrophobic. • Decanoic acid improve the stability of hydrophilic peptide in liposome. • Liposomes modified by decanoic or stearic acids displayed better sustained release. The fragile membranes of liposomes limit their application by the food industry. In this study, we hypothesized that interactions between fatty acids with different chain lengths and phospholipids might enhance liposome stability. Decanoic acid modified liposomes (Lipo-DA) and stearic acid modified liposomes (Lipo-SA) were fabricated for encapsulation of hydrophilic peptides. Fluorescence spectroscopy and FTIR analysis showed molecular interactions existed between alkyl chains and phospholipids, resulting in greater compactness and hydrophobicity of the membranes in Lipo-DA and Lipo-SA. This led to a reduction in melting point characterized by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Lipo-DA and Lipo-SA could delay the release of hydrophilic peptides compared with unmodified liposomes in simulated digestion. Moreover, Lipo-DA showed better stability during storage, while Lipo-SA exhibited precipitation, resulting in the lowest peptide retention. Our study showed that decanoic acid is suitable to enhance the stability of liposomes, although this approach has yet to be tested in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ammonium salt-based Deep Eutectic Solvents are good extractants for textile dyes. • Characteristic functional groups in dyes can be targeted to enhance extraction. • The reuse of the cleaned water and of the extracted dye is possible. • Simulated effluents composed by industrial dyes are treated. Recovery of dyes present in liquid solutions was achieved with efficiencies higher than 99 %, using deep eutectic solvents composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride and decanoic acid. The method produces a totally decolorized water. Both the reuse of the clean water and of the extracted dye is plausible via this treatment, as the colorant can be recovered from the organic phase after the liquid–liquid extraction. The solvent is physically and chemically characterized, in a wide arrange of temperatures, and its behavior in liquid–liquid equilibria with water was also studied. The process works for a broad range of dye concentrations, and with a very low consumption of solvent (optimized volumetric ratio between organic and aqueous phases was 1/16). Optimized processing times set the duration of the treatment at 20 min, including the recovery of the dye from the extracted phase. The capabilities of the solvent were tested against synthetic effluents composed by industrial dyes and auxiliary agents that typically appear on dyeing processes, maintaining efficiencies above 99 %. The deep eutectic solvents also work equally well for extracting mixtures of dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are functional and promising materials due to their tailored properties designed for various applications. Considering the wide range of applications, the use of PCMs with asphalt binders has also attracted attention in recent years. This study focuses on the effect of the adding fatty acid-based shape-stabilized composite PCM prepared by solvent-assisted impregnation to asphalt binders. For this purpose, a favorable material, capric acid (CA) was used. In addition, pumice (PUM), a natural and abundant material also known as lightweight aggregate, was preferred as the support material. The features of the prepared composite PCM was named CA-PUM, were examined by conducting the well-known methods, namely Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The latent heat of melting of CA-PUM was found to be as 46.58 J/g with the incorporation ratio as 34.96 wt%, while the melting peak temperature was determined as 30.93°C. The performance of modified asphalt binders with 0.5%-2.0% (wt/wt) CA-PUM were evaluated by penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) tests. Based on the performance test results, the modified asphalt binder included 1.0 wt% CA-PUM demonstrated distinguishable properties in terms of increased resistance to deformations, the highest softening point and viscosity values besides to highest rutting performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global issue of antibiotic resistance is increasingly severe, highlighting the urgent necessity for the development of new antibiotics. Brevicidine, a natural cyclic lipopeptide, exhibits remarkable antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, a comprehensive structure-activity relationship of Brevicidine was investigated through 20 newly synthesized cyclic lipopeptide analogs, resulting in the identification of an optimal linear analog 22. The sequence of analog 22 consisted of five d -amino acids and four non-natural amino acid 2,5-diaminovaleric acid (Orn) and conjugated with decanoic acid at N-terminal. Compared to Brevicidine, analog 22 was easier to synthesize, and exerted broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and excellent stability (t 1/2 = 40.98 h). Additionally, analog 22 demonstrated a rapid bactericidal effect by permeating non-specifically through the bacterial membranes, thereby minimizing the likelihood of inducing resistance. Moreover, it exhibited remarkable efficacy in combating bacterial biofilms and reversing bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, it effectively suppressed the growth of bacteria in vital organs of mice infected with S. aureus ATCC 25923. In conclusion, analog 22 may represent a potential antimicrobial peptide for further optimization. [Display omitted] • The newly designed linear lipopeptide analog 22 was easily synthesized and exerted broad spectrum antimicrobial activity as well as excellent stability (t 1/2 = 40.98 h). • The new lipopeptide analog 22 not only presented low tendency of bacterial resistance, but also displayed synergistic antimicrobial activity with antibiotics against antibiotics-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medium-chain fatty acid receptor GPR84, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, is mainly expressed in macrophages and microglia, and is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and retinal development in mammals and amphibians. However, structure, tissue distribution, and pharmacology of this receptor have rarely been reported in fish. In this study, we cloned the coding sequence (CDS) of common carp GPR84 (ccGPR84), examined its tissue distribution, and explored its cellular signaling function. The results showed that the CDS of ccGPR84 is 1191 bp and encodes a putative protein with 396 amino acids. Phylogenetic and chromosomal synteny analyses revealed that ccGPR84 was evolutionarily conserved with Cyprinids. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated that ccGPR84 was predominantly expressed in the intestine and spleen. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that nonanoic acid, capric acid (decanoic acid), undecanoic acid and lauric acid could inhibit cAMP signaling pathway and activate MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, while the potencies of these four fatty acids on the two signaling pathways were different. Lauric acid has the highest inhibitory potency on cAMP signaling pathway, followed by undecanoic acid, nonanoic acid, and capric acid. While for MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, nonanoic acid has the highest activation potency, followed by undecanoic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid. These findings lay the foundation for revealing the roles of different medium-chain fatty acids in the inflammatory response of common carp. • CcGPR84 is highly expressed in the intestine and spleen of common carp. • Lauric acid exhibits the strongest inhibitory potency on the cAMP signaling pathway via ccGPR84. • Nonanoic acid exhibits the highest activation potency on the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway via ccGPR84. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seven TBAC-DEC/OC-based DES were prepared with molar ratio from 1:3 to 3:1. • Two eutectics were determined through their solid–liquid diagrams. • HBD affected the properties of DES, including phase behavior and thermal stability. • The mass-connectivity-index-based model was introduced for density prediction. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is considered as one of the green solvents with bright prospect in this century. Its excellent performance is closely related to the hydrogen bonds formed between hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD). Through changing the type of HBD and adjusting its molar fraction, it makes a difference to the intensity of the hydrogen bonds. In this work, tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) was chosen as HBA, decanoic acid (DEC) and octanoic acid (OC) were chosen as HBD. With the molar ratios ranging from 3:1 to 1:3, seven TBAC-DEC-based DES and seven TBAC-OC-based DES were synthesized. Based on the study of the structural characteristics and the thermophysical properties, such as the eutectic point, the thermal stability, the density and the viscosity, the effect of HBD on DES was investigated. The increased HBD destroyed the orderly configuration of DES. Meanwhile, the elongation of the HBD's alkyl chain enhanced the interaction between the components. Moreover, the mass-connectivity-based model and the hard sphere model were introduced to predict the density and viscosity, respectively. Both of the two models exhibited good predictivity, with the average absolute relative deviation less than 0.2 % and 5 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes an efficient and sustainable synthesis method for producing functional triglycerides (FTs) by conducting an acidolysis reaction of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) oil with capric acid (C10), catalyzed by Rhizopus oryzae (RO) lipase immobilized in low-cost corn cob powder, to obtain medium-large-medium chain (MLM) triglycerides. Initially, acidolysis reactions were performed between sacha inchi oil, C10, and the immobilized enzyme in a stirred tank at various temperatures (35 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C, and 59 °C), different molar ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4 oil:fatty acid), and various hydrolytic enzyme activities (83.6, 124, and 217 IU/mg). Subsequently, to optimize the degree of incorporation, the best condition from the stirred tank reactions (45 °C, 1:3 M ratio, and 217 U of hydrolytic activity) was selected, considering the highest nutritional quality of the lipid in terms of the migration of the sn 2 position, and was tested in a packed bed reactor with a spatial time of 112 min, residence time of 107 min, and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The highest incorporation degree achieved in packed bed reactor was 36% at 45 °C. Afterward, it was developed for the best condition an integrative platform for the recycling of the RO lipase immobilized in low-cost corn cob powder (up to four successive cycles without any make up). Subsequent assays on the functional triglycerides revealed atherogenic and thrombogenicity lipid index values of 0.04 ± 0.10 and 4.15 ± 0.05, respectively, which were lower than those of pure sacha inchi oil, indicating the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of the oil through C10 incorporation. • Innovative enzymatic synthesis achieves 36% incorporation of capric acid into sacha inchi oil triglycerides. • Integrated recycling platform of enzyme demonstrate sustainability of the process. • Functional triglycerides show potential to enhance sacha inchi oil's nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main research objective of this paper is to develop a low-temperature Eutectic Phase Change Material (EPCM) for use in the Cold Storage Thermal Storage (CETS), with the aim of improving energy efficiency during the cold storage process and addressing energy crises and environmental concerns. In this study, capric acid, n-octanoic acid, and n-tetradecane are prepared as low-temperature EPCMs by melt blending, with the addition of nanographite to enhance their thermal conductivity. The thermal performance parameters, chemical stability, and thermal stability of the EPCMs under phase change cycles are tested and evaluated by using macroscopic experimental methods, DSC, FTIR, and infrared thermal imaging. The research results indicate that the G-2 low-temperature EPCM, prepared by mixing capric acid, n-octanoic acid, n-tetradecane, and nanographite with a mass ratio of 0.231:0.469:0.3:0.06, has optimal thermal properties, specifically including a melting point of 0.32 °C, a melting latent heat of 163.3 J/g, a thermal conductivity of 0.83 W/m·K, and an undercooling of 0.47 °C. These properties make it suitable for cold storage operations. Nanographite can effectively improve the thermal conductivity of EPCM, and a 6 % addition proportion can lead to a 417.45 % increase in thermal conductivity and a 64.39 % decrease in undercooling. However, once the content of nanographite exceeds 6 %, the stability of the EPCM will undergo a significant decline. Furthermore, the results of DSC, FTIR, and infrared thermal imaging confirm that capric acid, n-octanoic acid, n-tetradecane, and nanographite can be effectively co-melted with each other, the heat transfer framework function of nanographite improves the efficiency of latent heat utilization in EPCM, and the G-2 sample maintains acceptable chemical and thermal stability even after undergoing 200 phase change cycles. • A eutectic phase change material (EPCM) was developed using capric acid, n-octanoic acid, n-tetradecane, and nanographite. • The optimal low-temperature EPCM has a phase change temperature of 0.32 °C and a melting latent heat of 163.3 J/g. • The addition of 6 % nanographite in EPCM can lead to an increase in thermal conductivity of 417.45 %. • This new EPCM exhibits acceptable thermal and chemical stability after 200 phase change cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Battery society urges technology for low-grade laterite ores. • Deep eutectic solvent selectively leaches and recovers battery metals. • Leaching of impurities are effectively suppressed. • Stripping and scrubbing enable selective recovery of battery metals from iron. • Hydrophobicity brings reusability of deep eutectic solvent. The emergence of the battery society has resulted in an unprecedented strain on the supply of battery metals, such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop processing technology for low-grade nickel laterite ores, which are abundant in resources but challenging to process using conventional hydrometallurgy. In the present study, a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) was employed for the first time to leach and recover battery metals from a nickel laterite ore. The DES, which was prepared by decanoic acid and trialkylmethylammonium chloride, was expected to regulate the coordination environment by limiting water and providing ligands for the target metals to be stabilized in the DES. As intended, this direct laterite leaching by the DES facilitated the selective leaching of battery metals with iron, while suppressing the leaching of magnesium and silicon which are primary impurities in the laterite ore. Furthermore, stripping and scrubbing of the metals from the DES enabled the selective recovery of battery metals from iron and even allowed for the repeated use of the DES for at least four cycles of the leaching. The proposed process offers a pathway to recover the critical battery metals from abundant magnesium-rich nickel laterite ores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital cushion is an essential part of maintaining a healthy foot, working to dissipate foot strike and body weight forces and lameness from claw horn disruption lesions. Despite the importance of the digital cushion, little is known about the basic anatomy, adipocyte morphology, and fatty acid composition in relation to age, limb position, and body condition score. In total, 60 claws (from 17 cows) were selected and collected from a herd, ensuring that body condition score data and computed micro-tomography were known for each animal. Digital cushion tissue underwent histological staining combined with stereology, systematic random sampling, and cell morphology analysis, in addition to lipid extraction followed by fatty acid analysis. The results describe digital cushion architecture and adipocyte sizes. Adipocyte size was similar across all 4 claws (distal left lateral and medial and distal right lateral and medial) and across the ages (aged 2–7 yr); however, animals with body condition score of 3.00 or more at slaughter had a significantly increased cell size in comparison to those with a score of less than 2.50. Of 37 fatty acid methyl esters identified, 5 differed between either the body condition score or different age groups. C10:0 capric acid, C14:0 myristic acid, C15:0 pentadecanoic acid, and C20:0 arachidic acid percentages were all lesser in lower body condition score cows, whereas C22:1n-9 erucic acid measurements were lesser in younger cows. Saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid percentages were not altered in the different claws, ages, or body condition score groups. Triglyceride quantities did not differ for claw position or age but had decreased quantities in lower body condition score animals. Digital cushion anatomy, cellular morphology, and fatty acid composition have been described in general and also in animals with differing ages, body condition scores, and in the differing claws. Understanding fat deposition, mobilization, and composition are essential in not only understanding the roles that the digital cushion plays but also in preventing disorders and maintaining cattle health and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Formation of methyl ketones by cross ketonization is sustainable. • Ketonic decarboxylation is significantly faster than the reketonization. • Operando IR spectroscopy indicates a surface covered by carboxylic acid molecules. • Ketones are not adsorbed on a zirconia surface in the presence of a carboxylic acid. • The absence of ketones on the surface is a disadvantage for the reketonization reaction. For the preparation of methyl ketones, cross Ketonic Decarboxylation, i.e., the formation of a ketone from two different carboxylic acids, and the reketonization, i.e., the transformation of a carboxylic acid into a ketone employing a ketone as alkyl transfer agent, may be interesting alternatives to classical pathways involving metal-organic reagents. The fine chemical 2-undecanone was chosen as model compound and ketonic decarboxylation and reketonization evaluated by Green Chemistry matrices, namely the carbon atom efficiency and the e-factor. The e-factor of the reaction of decanoic acid with acetic acid was less than five and, therewith, in the acceptable range for bulk chemicals, when valorizing acetone (e.g., as a solvent) and considering a 90% solvent recycling. The reketonization of decanoic acid with acetone provided a different main product, namely 10-nonadecanone, with a detrimental effect on atom efficiency. By means of labeling experiments it was shown that ketonic decarboxylation is significantly faster than the reketonization reaction. The transformation of acetic acid into acetone was studied by in-situ and operando IR spectroscopy. Thereby it was found that the surface was covered by acetic acid. The lack of adsorption of acetone is a clear drawback for the reketonization of carboxylic acids. To improve the reaction outcome, and therewith, its sustainability a possibility has to be found to stabilize the ketone molecules on the surface in the presence of carboxylic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, amylose–lipid complexes have attracted widespread attention because of their various applications. However, DBS complexed with fatty acids of different carbon chain length are rarely studied. This study aimed to probe the complexation of DBS with saturated fatty acids having different carbon chain lengths (C6–C18). The results revealed that DBS was able to form V-type complexes with all the fatty acids considered. Compared to DBS, the relative crystallinity of the complexes increased 2–3 times. DBS with lauric acid and myristic acid formed three types V-type complexes (type I, type IIa, and type IIb). The complexing index followed the order of hexanoic acid > octanoic acid > capric acid > lauric acid > myristic acid > palmitic acid > stearic acid. Furthermore, lauric acid and myristic acid formed complexes with DBS more easily compared with other fatty acids. Unlabelled Image • Debranched starch (DBS) could form V-type complexes with fatty acid. • The type of the complexes formed includes type I, type IIa, and type IIb. • The morphology DBS C 6 complex was like hydrangeas. • CI value was negatively correlated with carbon chain length of fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Enzymatic synthesis of a range of glyceryl caffeate esters. • Propylene carbonate as a green solvent for lipase-catalysed esterification. • Selective mono- or di-acylation with Lipozyme TLIM and Novozym-435 lipases. • Solvent and lipase reaction cycling with diisopropyl ether for product extraction. • Glyceryl caffeate esters effective antioxidants in tuna oil with high omega-3. Development of new non-toxic antioxidants with diverse hydrophobic properties is important due to growing concerns about the toxicity of artificial oil-soluble antioxidants, the comparatively low effectiveness of natural options, and the complex role hydrophobicity plays in antioxidant effectiveness. Using caffeic acid, a naturally occurring phenolic acid with potent antioxidant activity, a range of glyceryl caffeate esters (decanoate and palmitate) were prepared using lipase-catalysed esterification reactions. Glyceryl-1-caffeate (GC) was prepared from ethyl caffeate and glycerol (acting as both the solvent and the substrate), catalysed by immobilised Candida Antarctica lipase B (Novozym-435) at 80 °C under vacuum. Esterification of GC with decanoic acid using immobilised Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLIM) or Novozym-435 was found to be selective towards mono-acylated or di-acylated products, respectively. The reaction was performed in an unconventional solvent, propylene carbonate (PC), which has many of the attributes of a green solvent. Product conversions in PC were comparable to the best performing conventional solvents. In contrast to conventional volatile solvents, the low volatility of PC allowed the reaction to be performed under vacuum, without the need for molecular sieves for removal of water produced during the reaction. Diisopropyl ether was effective at extracting the more lipophilic products from PC. Both the lipase (Novozym-435) and PC were reused four times with only a small loss in conversion efficiency. Glyceryl caffeate esters performed much better than α-tocopherol at protecting bulk tuna oil from oxidation (analysed using Rancimat). A comparison of glyceryl caffeate esters (decanoate/palmitate and mono-/di-acylated) showed that their antioxidant effectiveness in bulk tuna oil was not affected by chain-length, but compounds containing only one fatty ester were slightly more effective than those containing two fatty esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the thermal performance of Trombe wall, the mixture of 55% decanoic acid and 45% lauric acid as a kind of PCM was chosen to integrate with Trombe wall. The article presents a test of properties of the PCM and an experimental study on a small-scale integrated PCM Trombe wall. Two periodic heat input modes simulate the periodically varying solar radiation absorbed by the absorber. Its melting temperature and latent heat are 21.33 °C and 133.4 kJ/kg, respectively and its volume expansion rate is 7.94%. The experimental results show that the integrated PCM Trombe wall can increase indoor air temperature by 0.82 °C–1.88 °C for low heat input mode and 1.75 °C–3.27 °C for high heat input mode. Besides, two-dimensional heat transfer along the height and thickness directions of PCM wall results in large temperature difference in these two directions even if the absorber surface is heated evenly. There exists the irregular-shape liquid/solid interface. The PCM above the liquid/solid interface can be completely melted while that below the liquid/solid interface is always in the solid state. Therefore, it is suggested that the PCM with the suitable melting temperature, a wide range of phase change temperature and high latent heat should be chosen. • The properties of the mixture of 55% decanoic acid and 45% lauric acid are studied. • Only the PCM in the upper region of PCM wall melts in two investigated cases. • The maximum temperature difference in the height direction of PCM wall is 21.5 °C. • The highest temperature rise in the air gap and is 19.33 °C. • The highest laboratory temperature rise is 3.27 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Endolithic Chroococcidiopsis sp. can grow autotrophically in a minimum mineral medium. • Dry biomass contains 45 % carbohydrates, 36 % proteins and 6 % lipids. • It presents an unusual high content of capric (6.29 %) and palmitoleic (12.75 %) fatty acids. • The cells accumulate phycobiliproteins (204 mg g dw−1) at low light intensity. • Chroococcidiopsis sp. accumulates high APC content (95.0 mg g dw−1). Molecular and microscopic studies were performed to identify Chroococcidiopsis sp., an endolithic cyanobacterium, isolated from gypsum rocks of Atacama Desert (Chile). It was adapted to grow in mineral liquid medium, with 9 mM nitrate, bubbled with CO 2 -enriched air (2.5 % v/v), and continuously illuminated with a white light of 70 μmol photons m–2 s–1. The obtained biomass (productivity of 0.21 g L–1 d–1) had a C/N ratio of 6.67, and it contained carbohydrates (45.40 % of dry weight), proteins (36.72 %), lipids (5.60 %) nucleic acids (3.90 %) and ashes (8.28 %). The lipid fraction was particularly rich in palmitic (29.86 % of total fatty acids), linoleic (18.20 %), palmitoleic (12.75 %), linolenic (10.92 %), stearic (9.64 %) and capric acid (6.29 %). Chroococcidiopsis sp. accumulated phycobiliproteins in a light-dependent process and produced 204 mg g–1, under incident light of 10 μmol photons·m–2·s–1, with a relative abundance of 40.9 % for phycocyanin, 23.3 % for phycoerythrin, and 35.8 % for allophycocyanin. The biomass from this cyanobacterium can be a good source of these pigments, especially APC (maximum of 95 mg g dw−1), which are of interest for pharmacological, cosmetic, and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel structured lipids enriched with capric acid were successfully produced. • NS40086 lipase showed 1, 3 regiospecifity towards microbial oil triacylglycerol. • The activity of NS40086 was higher than that of Lipozyme RM IM at 35 °C and 40 °C. • NS40086 lipase would offer wider applications in lipid synthesis. Lipids enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids are very susceptible to oxidation, causing the formation of potentially harmful oxidized products. Hence, it is critical to keep the temperature as low as possible during reaction and storage. In this study, five commercial immobilized lipases were evaluated for their capability to produce novel structured lipids (SLs) enriched with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) through acidolysis of single cell oil (SCO) with capric acid. Among the examined lipases, NS40086 and Lipozyme RM IM showed the highest incorporation degree. The acidolysis reactions resulted in an obvious variation in the fatty acids composition as well as their positional distribution. The obtained SLs contained (33.58 %–34.09 %) capric acid at sn -1, 3 positions with increasing the content of arachidonic acid at the sn -2 position up to (49.82 %–50.25 %). The NS40086 lipase displayed 1, 3 regiospecificity towards the TAG of SCO. The acidolysis reactions using NS40086 lipase resulted in a generation of 23 TAG molecular species containing capric acid. Moreover, the NS40086 lipase was more active than Lipozyme RM IM at relatively low temperatures (35 °C and 40 °C), which could be used effectively as a promising biocatalyst in lipid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present experimental study, with the help of the T-history method, the thermophysical parameters, and the thermal performance for (0–0.025%) vol. fractions of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in capric acid phase change material based thermal energy storage system has been investigated. Application of the T-history method for the evaluation of thermophysical parameters states that the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity increases for both liquid and solid phase of the mixtures up to the addition of 0–0.02% vol. fraction of multiwall carbon nanotubes in capric acid phase change material. However, the heat of fusion decreases with an increase in MWCNT, and pure capric acid has 51.57% higher heat of fusion compared to 0.02% vol. fraction of MWCNT based capric acid PCM. Also, 0.02% vol. fraction of multiwall carbon nanotubes based capric acid PCM has 31.29% and 14.4% higher liquid and solid thermal conductivity, respectively, compared to pure capric acid. Furthermore, the present work also extends to particle size analysis along with distributions determined by the dynamic light scattering method for various vol. fractions of MWCNT based capric acid phase change material. Comparing the thermal performance analysis, 0.02% vol. fraction MWCNT in capric acid PCM has a 30.97% higher heat transfer rate compared to pure capric acid PCM within the time duration of 3 min. Also, the addition of MWCNT beyond 0.02% vol. fraction in capric acid, increases the particle settlement rate rapidly, which may be concluded that 0.02% vol. fraction of MWCNT in capric acid PCM based thermal energy storage system results in an optimum thermophysical property and thermal performance. Unlabelled Image • Experimental evaluation of thermophysical parameters of MWCNT in capric acid PCM by using T-history method. • Specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity increases for both liquid and solid phase by addition of MWCNT. • Capric acid with 0.02% MWCNT results 9.23% lower heat of fusion compared to pure capric acid PCM. • Particle size analysis has been done by the dynamic light scattering method for various vol. fractions of MWCNT. • Capric acid with 0.02% MWCNT results an optimum thermal performance for TES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BCCAO model induces neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. • BCCAO-induced cognitive deficit is associated with changes in cerebral lipid dynamics. • ARA and DHA levels were reduced in BCCAO group of animals. • Decanoic acid was increased in BCCAO model. • The γ-linolenic and stearic acids can distinguish the BCCAO model from control animals. Vascular dementia (VD) is a major cognitive disorder originated from a blood flow disruption in the brain. This process leads to chronic cerebral ischemia that deeply affects neuronal tissues and lipid homeostasis. The understanding of cerebral lipid dynamics during chronic ischemia can reveal biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of VD. In this study, we used the Desorption Electrospray Ionization – imaging mass spectrometry (DESI–IMS) technique to map lipids in the rat brain tissues after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. The brain imaging enabled the detection of differences in lipids from ischemic and non-ischemic brains. The analysis demonstrated that arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE)-Ala and glycerophosphoethanolamine levels were significantly reduced in the hippocampus and cortex of animals submitted to BCCAO model when compared to control animals. Decanoic acid was increased after 30 days of BCCAO model. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) could discriminate between BCCAO group and the control group, in which γ-linolenic acid (m/z 277) ion and stearic acid (m / z 283) had the highest discrimination potential. Taken together, these findings indicate that lipid dynamics are altered in chronic ischemia-induced by BCCAO in rats and indicate potential biomarkers and pharmacological targets for VD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Acid molecules in the oil phase can act like surfactants and form micelles. • Ions can disturb water-acid and improve acid-surfactant interaction. • Enhanced acid-surfactant interaction keeps acid molecules near the interface. • Ions and acid molecules synergize to orient surfactants parallel to the interface. Low salinity water injection with surfactants is one of the standard approaches in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This method relies on the interaction of surfactants and ions at oil/water interfaces to reduce the interfacial tensions. However, the details of the mechanisms governing the synergistic effects of these components are still debatable. In this study, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have been employed to investigate the challenging interactions of chemicals and saline water at a molecular scale. The model oil phase used in this study was defined as a mixture of toluene and decane. In addition, the synergistic materials are NaCl, sodium dodecyl ethoxy sulfate (AES), and decanoic acid. The results of density profiles, planar distribution maps, and PMF calculations imply that the acid molecules in the oil phase act as surfactants and form micelles. A few water molecules are also transferred to the oil phase to form water-acid micelles at high surfactant concentrations. Consequently, the number of acid components in the interfacial area is decreased; hence, the IFT reduction is alleviated. The results showed that micelle formation was decreased by adding ions to the aqueous phase. RDF profiles indicate that surfactant-acid interaction improves by adding ions to the water phase. The higher surfactant-acid interactions keep the polar hydrocarbon molecules near the interface and prevent them from moving to the hydrocarbon phase. This study also highlights the vital role of surfactant-acid interactions in the arrangements and orientations of surface-active materials. Orientation analysis indicates that salts in water and hydrophobic acids synergize to orient surfactants parallel to the interface. These facts signify that the surfactant-acid interaction is one of the main factors that critically affect the water–oil interfacial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports an optimization of the synthesis of MLM-type (medium, long, medium) structured lipids (SL) through an acidolysis reaction of grape seed oil with capric acid catalyzed by Rhizopus oryzae lipase immobilized. At first, tests were carried out by preparing the biocatalysts using enzyme loadings (0.15 to 1 g of enzymatic powder) for each gram of support. Enzyme loading was used 0.3 g of enzymatic powder, and hydrolytic activity of 1860 ± 23.4 IU/g was reached. Optimized conditions determined by the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) revealed that the acidolysis reaction reached approximately 59 % incorporation degree (%ID) after 24 h, in addition to the fact that the biocatalyst could maintain the incorporation degree in five consecutive cycles. From this high incorporation degree, cell viability assays were performed with murine fibroblast cell lines and human cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines. Concerning the cytotoxicity assays, the concentration of MLM-SL to 1.75 and 2 % v /v were able to induce cell death in 56 % and 64 % of adenocarcinoma cells, respectively. Human cervical adenocarcinoma cells showed greater sensitivity to the induction of cell death when using emulsions with MLM-SL > 1.75 % v /v compared to emulsions with lower content indicating a potential for combating carcinogenic cells. • MLM-type structured lipid was optimized by factorial design • The biocatalyst maintained a conversion rate after 5 cycles. • Enzyme loading does not need to exceed 0.3 g of enzyme. • MLM-SL as a new promisor therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride and decanoic acid was developed. • The DES had high hydrophobicity and was quite suitable for the emulsification microextraction of trace parabens. • Sodium carbonate facilitated the dissolution of parabens and phase separation by enhancing pH and generating CO 2. • The developed method was efficient, sensitive, inexpensive, and eco-friendly. An efficient and ecofriendly effervescence-assisted emulsification microextraction approach based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (EA-EME-DES) was developed for the sensitive chromatographic determination of parabens (i.e., methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butylparaben) in foodstuffs. The DES extractant consisted of methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride (MTAC) and decanoic acid (DecA) (1:3, mol/mol), and had high hydrophobicity, solubility and stability. During the microextraction procedure, sodium carbonate was introduced to facilitate the dissolution of parabens in aqueous solution, DES dispersion and phase separation by enhancing solution pH and generating CO 2 bubbles. The developed method exhibited satisfactory linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9986), detection limits (0.01–0.03 μg/g), quantitation limits (0.04–0.09 μg/g), recoveries (87.8% to 111%, with RSDs of 0.8% to 5%) and negligible matrix effects, hence it had remarkable effectiveness and applicability in determining parabens in complex foodstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • HF microextraction has been successfully validated for untargeted metabolomics. • HF removed background noise from chromatograms and mass spectra. • Extraction and preconcentration of metabolites are possible in a single step. • Metabolite coverage was greater than that of LLE. • HF is a powerful alternative to the gold-standard LLE for untargeted metabolomics. Sample treatment for untargeted metabolomics is still the bottleneck of the analytical procedure, especially for complex samples like food or biofluids. The main pitfalls are the suppression of minor compounds, low metabolite coverage and the impossibility to detect certain families, combined with the requirement of non-selective approaches for untargeted analysis. Herein, we developed a new analytical extraction method for untargeted metabolomics using a non-selective procedure based on three phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction aided by ultrasound (three-phase-UA-HF-LPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a proof of concept, the method has been validated for human milk (HM). The analytical method allows extracting organic nitrogenous compounds from HM, which was not possible using the conventional liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and provided cleaner chromatographic profiles and mass spectra with lower background noise. Moreover, three-phase-UA-HF-LPME enhanced the extraction of a high number of metabolites from 1.65 to 3.27-fold compared to LLE, namely: fatty acids and derivatives (decanoic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, tetradecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, linoleic acid, azelaic acid), lipids and lipid-like molecules (oleamide, monopalmitin), organic acids and derivatives (lactic acid, citric acid), amino acids and peptides (glycine, proline, glutamine). Otherwise, the extraction of carbohydrates and derivatives (urea, phosphoric acid, galactose) decreased the fold changes from 0.15 to 0.25. Results show that our proposed method is attractive owing to its limits of detection from 0.08 to 0.16 mg L−1, recoveries of 99–86 %, enrichment factors up to 123 and fold changes very satisfactory when compared with LLE. The validation by targeted metabolomics as well as the untargeted procedure showed that three-phase-UA-HF-LPME presents better sensitivity, enrichment factors, sample throughput and metabolite coverage than the conventional LLE method considered the gold-standard for untargeted metabolomics. Our results show insights into the possible application of HF for untargeted metabolomics with important analytical advantages in comparison with the LLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin wound dressing materials, which can accelerate wound healing and have the synthetic advantages of simplicity, environmental safety, and resource abundance, are becoming a hot topic of research now. Following such a research trend, we prepared novel decanoic acid functionalized chitosan (CSDA) with good solubility by acylation via a facile one-step method. FTIR, 1H NMR, and UV–Vis results demonstrated that alkyl chains were successfully grafted onto C2 positions of chitosan (CS) skeleton through acylation. XRD patterns implied that the crystallinity of CSDA greatly declined due to the introduction of alkyl moieties, favorable for improving water solubility. Conductometric titration results showed that the degrees of substitution of CSDA, CSDA1, and CSDA2 were 41.42, 26.12, and 23.17%, respectively. MTT assay and hemolysis experiments illustrated that all the CSDA samples tested in this work possessed good hemocompatibility (hemolysis rate < 2%) and excellent cytocompatibility (relative cell viability >75%) toward L929 cells. Moreover, CSDA-soaked gauze dressings and full-thickness excisional wound models were employed to estimate the feasibility of CSDA as wound dressing material, and the results displayed that CSDA with the degree of substitution of 41.42% could enhance the wound healing rate to 100% on day 16. Altogether, CSDA might be potential material used as wound dressing. • Decanoic acid functionalized chitosan (CSDA) was prepared via a one-step method. • CSDA with a substitution degree of 41.42% had better solubility than chitosan (CS). • CSDA possessed excellent hemocompatibility and good cytocompatibility toward L929. • CSDA-loaded gauze used as wound dressing greatly promoted wound healing in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel composite phase change materials with two phase change peaks for thermal energy storage were prepared. • The obtained composite phase change materials exhibited good leakage-proof performance. • The obtained composite phase change materials have good thermal stability and reliability. • The thermal performance of the composite phase change materials for building were investigated. Thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCM) is of great significance for increasing energy efficiency and energy saving. In this paper, a novel capric acid-myristyl alcohol/expanded perlite composite PCM (CPCM) with two phase change peaks were prepared. The capric acid-myristyl alcohol (CM) were synthesized by capric acid (CA) and myristyl alcohol (MA) (W CA and W MA = 9:1). Three kinds of expanded perlites (EP) were employed as support materials in the prepared CPCM. The chemical structure, morphology, thermal properties, leakage and thermal energy storage performance of the CM/EPPCM were investigated. The results indicate that the CM/EPPCM has a good thermal stability and leakage-proof performance. In addition, the thermal characteristics of the CM/EPPCM were investigated using a building model. The experimental results shows that the application of the CM/EPPCM for building envelope can effectively reduce temperature fluctuation and improve the thermal comfort of the building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labrasol® ALF (Labrasol®), is a non-ionic surfactant excipient primarily used as a solubilising agent. It was investigated here as an intestinal permeation enhancer in isolated rat colonic mucosae in Ussing chamber and in rat in situ intestinal instillations. Labrasol® comprises mono-, di- and triglycerides and mono- and di- fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 and free PEG-8, with caprylic (C 8)- and capric acid (C 10) as the main fatty acids. Source components of Labrasol® as well as Labrasol® modified with either C 8 or C 10 as the sole fatty acid components were also tested to determine which element of Labrasol® was responsible for its permeability-enhancing properties. Labrasol® (4, 8 mg/mL) enhanced the transport of the paracellular markers, [14C] mannitol, FITC-dextran 4000, and FITC-insulin across colonic mucosae. The enhancement was non-damaging, transient, and molecular weight-dependent. The PEG ester fraction of Labrasol® also had enhancing properties. When insulin was administered with Labrasol® in instillations, it had a relative bioavailability of 7% in jejunum and 12% in colon. C 8 – and C 10 versions of Labrasol® and the PEG ester fraction also induced similar bioavailability values in jejunal instillations: 6, 5 and 7% respectively. Inhibition of lipases in instillations did not reduce the efficacy of Labrasol®, suggesting that its mechanism as a PE is not simply due to liberated medium chain fatty acids. Labrasol® acts as an efficacious intestinal permeation enhancer and has potential for use in oral formulations of macromolecules and BCS Class III molecules. Labrasol® and its PEG-ester derivative (40 mg/mL) delivered insulin in rat jejunal instillations. The PEG ester was the main part of the substance that provided efficacy. No damage was seen to the intestine after exposure to PEG ester (upper right) and Labrasol® (lower right). Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The synthesis of a number of alkyl esters via esterification reactions is studied. • An innovative split-reflux batch reactive distillation system (sr-BRD) is proposed. • Performance evaluation is made in terms of reaction conversion and product quality. • The sr-BRD operation can significantly improve conversion and product purity. The production of a number of methyl esters such as methyl decanoate (MeDC), methyl salicylate (MeSC), and methyl benzoate (MeBZ) by esterification reactions of several carboxylic acids such as decanoic acid (DeC), salicylic acid (ScA), and benzoic acid (BeZ) with methanol, respectively, through a reactive distillation system (batch or continuous) is cost-intensive and operationally challenging operation. It is difficult to keep the reaction species together in the reaction section due to wide boiling point differences between the reactants. Methanol (in those esterification processes) having the lowest boiling temperature in the reaction mixture can separate easily from carboxylic acid as the distillation progresses, resulting in a severe drop in the reaction conversion ratio of the acid employing batch/continuous distillation system. In order to overcome this type of challenge and to increase the overall reaction conversion, a novel split-reflux conventional batch reactive distillation configuration (sr-BRD) is proposed/studied in detail in this investigation. The optimal performance of BRD/ sr-BRD column is determined in terms of maximum achievable conversion of acids, and highest concentration of the esters produced for each chemical reaction scheme. The results for given separation tasks are compared with those obtained using conventional batch distillation (BRD) process. The optimization results clearly show that the sr-BRD process significantly improves the process efficiency, the conversion ratio of acid, and the product purity of methyl esters compared to that obtained via the BRD process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]