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Bangladesh, currently a low middle-income economy aspires to become a high middle income country by 2021. To achieve such aspiration, the country will have to ensure adequate power supply for its fast growing economy. Bangladesh lacks energy resources for power generation. This paper explores some of the power supply scenarios with special focus on power imports and higher use of renewables. Using the technology rich, least cost optimization model 'The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System (TIMES)', the authors developed four possible future power supply scenarios for Bangladesh. These scenarios include an energy security framework (based on the Power System Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 report), a high power import scenario, a scenario with higher use of renewables and a combined high power import - high renewables development scenario. The analysis indicates that the present energy security framework ensures energy security with diversifying fuels used for power generation, however, scenarios with high power imports and a high share of renewables (including the combined scenario) bring down the cost of supplying power along with a reduction in expensive fossil fuel imports while maintaining energy security as fuel sources for power generation still remain diversified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At COP26, India has committed to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. For economy wide net zero, the power system should be first to attain it. This paper explores the role of different technologies, CO2 capture and storage (CCS), nuclear, solar PV and thermal, battery storage, pumped storage, hydro etc. along with energy efficiency in doing so by different target years, 2050 and 2060 and their economic implications. With more intermittent renewables, the issue of balancing hourly demand-supply of both energy and power becomes critical for ensuring the feasibility of a pathway. Hourly availability of different renewable technologies is considered along with hourly variations in electricity demand. Three scenarios are analysed, Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario assumes current policies to continue, and two Net Zero (NZ) scenarios to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and 2060. Solar PV, wind onshore and offshore, battery storage are the dominant technologies in achieving net zero emissions. Solar and wind together contribute 85% and 90% of the total generation capacity in 2050 and 2060, respectively. Dispatchable technologies like Coal plant with CCS and nuclear are also important. Results specify Battery with storage hour specifications (1 h, 2 h etc.), so one can plan storage in details. Decarbonisation has significant additional cost and investment requirement over the Business-As-Usual scenario. Respective additional cumulative investment requirements (2030–60) are about 1.6 trillion USD and 1.4 trillion USD in two NZ scenarios. The required policies and measures are also discussed. • Developing net zero emissions scenarios for the Indian power system. • MESSAGE modelling of the power system, balancing energy and load for 288 time slices. • Solar PV, wind, battery storage are key technologies to achieve net zero emissions. • Net zero emissions impose large increase in investments and electricity supply costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rising population and increasing migration to the cities, it is expected that the urban population will increase and many more metropolitan cities will arise. Urban transport will also increase due to the high growth in population, travel demand and vehicles. In this paper, we look at the growth in vehicles and travel demand up to 2020, assuming business as usual, high GDP growth and low GDP growth scenarios for Mumbai and Delhi assuming a certain population growth. The consequent energy needs and local and global environment implications are studied.The case studies demonstrate that despite similar population and higher per capita GDP, due to the higher share of public bus transport and suburban railway system, the Mumbai transport results in 60% less energy and emissions compared to Delhi. This picture may change in the future with the introduction of metro in Delhi, but basic differences remain even in 2020, perhaps also due to the different urban design.The vehicle stock increases nearly three times in both cities in 23 years due to the increase in population, migration and economic growth. However, the vehicle ownership per 1000 persons only doubles and is far lower in 2020, even compared to the present world average ownership. Emissions, however, do not rise as much due to the introduction of more efficient vehicles and fuels, such as CNG or battery operated vehicles. The high share of public transport also helps. The effects of various policies, such as urban design, suburban railway system, transport management, control practices, etc. are very important. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]