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Nowadays, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) through eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable methods has drawn considerable attention. In this study, the green synthesis of silver NPs using AgNO 3 salt and the peel extract of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) as a reducing agent was modeled and optimized by central composite design (CCD). Accordingly, the process parameters including pH (7–11), time (0–4 h), and the ratio of extract/salt solution (0:100–20:80 v/v) were considered to model the responses including the spectrophotometric wavelength of maximum absorbance (λ max) and the maximum absorbance value at λ max (A max), which represented the size and concentration of Ag NPs, respectively. Additionally, the stabilizing effect of glycerol (ratio of glycerol to salt 0–10 g/g) on the optimum treatment was studied using spectrophotometric and SEM analyses. The results showed that the quadratic and linear models were acceptably fitted to the experimental responses of A max and λ max , respectively. The optimization results demonstrated that the optimal reaction parameters to achieve the maximum A max were pH = 10.92, time = 3.5 h and ratio of extract/salt = 17.94:82.06 (v/v). Furthermore, glycerol could favorably play a stabilizer role in the optimum biosynthesized Ag NPs during the reaction and 14 days of storage at room temperature. The ICP-OES and TEM analyses of the stabilized Ag NPs (with 2.5 g/g glycerol) showed the presence of Ag element as nanospheres with ∼20 nm in size. The Ag NPs had great antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, the bitter orange peel extract and glycerol could be promisingly used as novel reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively, to synthesize nanosilver via an eco-friendly and economical green approach. [Display omitted] • Green synthesis of nanosilver using the bitter orange peel extract was investigated. • Central composite design was used to model and optimize the process parameters. • Glycerol favorably played a stabilizer role in the biosynthesized Ag NPs. • The ICP-OES and TEM analyses showed the presence of 20 nm Ag nanospheres. • These Ag NPs had great antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Algorithm solved the problem of hydrophobic functional food packaging fabrication. • Neither additional chemicals nor extra initial test were used in the present work. • POA, WOA and GOA were applied and compared to find the optimal chitosan NPs. • It can be applied for the previous optimization studies as well as the future ones. • POA optimizes experimental replicate models, represented apple nano coating. In this study the Lagrange interpolation optimization algorithm based on two variables with respect to all experimental replicates (POA), was compared with two other heuristics methods (WOA and GOA). Modification of the apple surface by an edible nano coating solution in food packaging was used as case study. The experiment was performed as a factorial test based on completely randomized design by 100 permutations data sets. Results showed a significant difference between the three optimization methods (POA, WOA and GOA) which indicates the necessity of optimization and also efficiency of the present POA. The optimum result by POA, similar to a rose petal property, could rise 72% in surface contact angle (CA). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the derived surfaces showed almost a uniform spherical nanoparticles morphology. Remarkable advantages of this new approach are no additional material requirement, healthful, easy, inexpensive, fast and affordable technique for surface improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]