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Research during the last 5 years has made it clear that people who do not take folie acid supplements are at increased risk for functional folate deficiency, which has been proven to cause spina bifida and anencephaly and also has been associated with an increased risk for occlusive cardiovascular disease. The overriding folate policy issue is how to increase dramatically the folate consumption of 75% of the pop ulation who are not now consuming 0.4 mg of folie acid in a supplement. The most expeditious way to increase consumption is through fortification of a food staple. Public health programs are also needed to edu cate people about the vital importance of increased consumption of folie acid vitamin supplements and of foods rich in natural folates. It is urgent that fortifica tion of cereal-grain products be implemented now. The level proposed by FDA would accomplish some preven tion, but much more prevention would occur if the forti fication were 2.5 times that level. Fortification at the higher level would prevent about 1000 spina bifida and anencephaly birth defects each year and perhaps as many as 50,000 premature deaths each year from cor onary disease. Available data have not demonstrated that increasing consumption of folie acid by 0.1 to 0.25 mg of folie acid a day is harmful. If a policy needs to be established on the assumption that people who take vitamin supplements could be harmed, a good policy option is available: require that all folie acid vita min supplements also contain 0.4 mg of vitamin B- 12. J. Nutr. 126: 751S-755S, 1996. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]