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• Srt-A facilitates S. mutans biofilm creation, anchoring proteins to cell walls, promoting dental plaque adherence. • Boesenbergia rotunda essential oils explored via virtual screening against (SrtA). • MD simulations, ADMET identified compounds with lead potential. • Hemanthidine efficiently inhibit SrtA catalytic function of Streptococcus mutans. • Recent findings could reveal novel treatment strategies against dental cavity. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a bacterium involved in tooth decay, utilizes the enzyme sortase-A (Srt-A) to anchor surface proteins and form biofilms, aiding in its adhesion to tooth surfaces. However, the emergence of resistance to existing inhibitors necessitates the search for novel treatment options. This study employed virtual screening methods to identify potential inhibitors, focusing on compounds derived from the essential oils of Boesenbergia rotunda.Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) identified 18 compounds and out of them, identified top five compounds with the lowest docking scores. Simulations based on molecular dynamics (MD) were then executed for investigating the extent of stability shown by the resulting complexes. Furthermore, the compound's pharmacological properties were evaluated using absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis. Findings unveiled a multitude of compounds, including Nerol, (1E)-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) (phenyl)methylene] hydrazine, and Chloromethyl 2-chlorodecanoate, which demonstrated favorable affinities, appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters, and the ability to form hydrogen bonds with Cys205, thus making them potential inhibitors to disrupt the catalytic activity of SrtA. Notably, Hemanthidine exhibited a high binding affinity of -9.22 kcal/mol, and found better than standard curcumin -5.62 kcal/mol. Moreover, its carbonyl group may play a crucial role in impeding biofilm formation. These promising results provide a basis for further research in developing effective treatments for bacterial infections, specifically targeting tooth decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In endodontic treatment, it is important to remove or inactivate biofilms in the root canal system. We investigated the effects of different concentrations and application times of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the viability of bacteria in ex vivo polymicrobial biofilms of different maturation levels. Polymicrobial biofilms were prepared from dental plaque samples and grown for 1, 2, and 3 weeks under anaerobic conditions on collagen-coated hydroxyapatite discs as an ex vivo biofilm model. The biofilms were then exposed to NaOCl at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% for 1 or 3 minutes. The control group was exposed to sterile distilled water. Viability staining was performed and examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine the percentage of biofilm bacteria killed by NaOCl. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed to visually examine the biofilms. Application of NaOCl at 0.5%–2% for both 1 and 3 min killed significantly more bacteria when compared to the controls (P <.05). Cell viability tended to be lower after the application of NaOCl for 3 minutes than that for 1 minute. Our experiments using an ex vivo model showed that within the range of 0.1%–2% of NaOCl, higher NaOCl concentrations and longer application times were more effective in killing biofilm bacteria, and that mature biofilms were more resistant to NaOCl than younger biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthodontic treatment can preserve, harm or benefit the periodontal condition. During orthodontic treatment, patients may be at a greater risk of developing periodontal disease or conditions. Thus, the treating clinicians should carefully evaluate their patients' periodontal conditions prior to, during, and after the completion of orthodontic treatment. This literature review describes the damage situations and the methods of preventing and repairing them as well as situations in which the orthodontic intervention contributes to the periodontal status. Recommended protocols for periodontal screening, maintenance and follow-up are presented as well. Clinicians should conduct a complete periodontal evaluation prior to initiating orthodontic treatment, help patients develop an effective home care therapy regimen, ensure the absence of periodontal disease and or mucogingival deformities and conditions that may worsen during orthodontic treatment, and determine the appropriate recall maintenance program for the patient. During the active orthodontic phase, patients' periodontal conditions should be carefully monitored, compared to their baseline clinical and radiographic measurements, and treated if necessary. Patients' compliance with the suggested home oral care should be carefully evaluated and reinforced. If necessary, the orthodontic treatment may need to be stopped temporarily until patients' home oral care improves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of dental plaque is well-known for its role in causing various oral infections, such as tooth decay, inflammation of the dental pulp, gum disease, and infections of the oral mucosa like peri-implantitis and denture stomatitis. These infections primarily affect the local area of the mouth, but if not treated, they can potentially lead to life-threatening conditions. Traditional methods of mechanical and chemical antimicrobial treatment have limitations in fully eliminating microorganisms and preventing the formation of biofilms. Additionally, these methods can contribute to the development of drug-resistant microorganisms and disrupt the natural balance of oral bacteria. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a technique that utilizes low-power lasers with specific wavelengths in combination with a photosensitizing agent called photosensitizer to kill microorganisms. By inducing damage through reactive oxygen species (ROS), aPDT offers a new approach to addressing dental plaque and associated microbial biofilms, aiming to improve oral health outcomes. Recently, photosensitizers have been incorporated into dental materials to create photosensitive dental materials. This article aimed to review the use of photosensitive dental materials for aPDT as an innovative antimicrobial option in dentistry, with the goal of enhancing oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of dental plaque is a precursor to various dental infections, including lesions, inflammation around dental implants, and inflammation under dentures. Traditional cleaning methods involving physical removal and chemical agents often fall short of eliminating bacteria and their protective biofilms. These methods can also inadvertently lead to bacteria that resist drugs and upset the mouth's microbial harmony. To counter these issues, a new approach is needed that can target and clear away dental plaque, minimize biofilms and bacteria, and thus support sustained dental health. Enter antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy (aSDT), a supplementary treatment that uses gentle ultrasound waves to trigger a sonosensitizer compound, destroying bacterial cells. This process works by generating heat, mechanical pressure, initiating chemical reactions, and producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), offering a fresh tactic for managing dental plaque and biofilms. The study reviews how aSDT could serve as an innovative dental treatment option to enhance oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral health is related to general health and a person's overall well-being. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between oral health status and bite force among young adults. Maximum bite force (MBF) was measured using Dental Prescale II in conjunction with a pressure-sensitive film and bite force analyzer in 40 young adults aged 20 to 40. Supragingival dental plaque was collected and cultured. Plaque weight, pH, and colony counts were assessed. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Bite force was negatively correlated with the number of missing teeth and the sum of missing and filled teeth. When the filled-to-remaining-teeth ratio (F/R ratio) was less than 8%, the bite force was significantly higher compared to an F/R ratio of 8–25%. Additionally, the amount of total bacteria was positively correlated with total bite force, and the quantity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) along with total bacteria was positively correlated with bite force in the molar region (∗P < 0.05). The molar region predominantly contributed to bite force. Elevated levels of cariogenic bacteria may increase the risk of tooth loss, subsequently leading to reduced bite force. This reduction in bite force can further impact the efficiency of chewing function and, consequently, the quality of life. An F/R ratio above 8% could be easily calculated clinically and could serve as a guide to identify patients, particularly young adults, at risk of reduced bite force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease with dental plaque accumulation. This study aimed to analyze the association between carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and periodontitis risk. In this cross-sectional study, the data of 6470 participants aged ≥30 years with available oral health exam data of periodontal status were collected from NHANES 2009–2014. Participants were divided into no & mild periodontitis group (n = 3309) and moderate & severe periodontitis group (n = 3161). The possible correlation between the carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and the risk of periodontitis was explored via univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied as the effect size. After adjusting for all the confounding factors, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio <10.89 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69–0.97), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63–0.87), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71–0.97) were correlated with reduced risk of periodontitis. In people aged ≥65 years, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30–0.95) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37–0.86) were correlated with reduced risk of periodontitis in comparison with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio ≥18.48 group. The decreased risk of periodontitis was also found in males with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49–0.97) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56–0.95). In people without diabetes, we found that those with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio <10.89 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61–0.93), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.88) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70–0.99) were linked with lower risk of periodontitis. Low carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio was associated with decreased risk of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of ancient human dental calculus (mineralized dental plaque, also known as tartar) is becoming increasingly important in osteoarchaeology, human palaeoecology and environmental archaeology. Microremains of different origin (e.g. starch granules, pollen, phytoliths, feather barbules) as well as biomolecules and chemical compounds retrieved from its mineral matrix may represent an important link between past humans and their physical, biological and social environment, but they are rarely fully linked to the evidence from skeletal remains. This paper critically reviews the lines of evidence retrieved from dental calculus in relation to osteoarchaeological parameters, employing macroscopic, microscopic and biomolecular approaches, assessing synergy potential and limitations. The scope of this paper is also to contribute to the building of a much needed theoretical framework in this emerging subfield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of dental calculus (mineralised dental plaque) has become an increasingly important facet of bioarchaeological research. Although microscopic analysis of microdebris entrapped within dental calculus has revealed important insights into the diet, health, and environment of multiple prehistoric populations, relatively few studies have examined the contributions of this approach to more recent historical periods. In this study, we analyze dental calculus from an English Post-Medieval, middle-class urban skeletal assemblage from Manchester, England using light microscopy. We characterize all types of microremains, observing heavily damaged starch and plant material, high quantities of fungal and yeast spores, the presence of wood particles, plant (cotton) and animal (wool) fibres, as well as limited quantities of microcharcoal and burnt debris. We observe the presence of non-native, imported plant products, including New World maize and potentially tapioca starch. We compare our results to similar studies from earlier time periods to reveal the impacts of the significant economic, social and environmental changes occurring during the Industrial period in England, including changes in food processing, food access, food storage, and air quality. We conclude by outlining important methodological considerations for the future study of Post-Medieval dental calculus and propose potential areas of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm of oral pathogenic microorganisms induced by their multiplication and coaggregation would lead to periodontitis. In biofilms, the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as a protective shield encapsulates the individual bacteria, protecting them against attack. To alleviate periodontal disease, disrupting the EPS of pathogenic bacteria is crucial and challenging. Based on the sufficient capacity of disorganizing EPS of our designed cationic dextrans, we hypothesized that these polymers could be competent in relieving periodontitis. We validated that cationic dextrans could induce the phase transition of EPS in biofilms, especially the Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) , a keystone periodontal pathogen, thus effectively destroying biofilm in vitro. More importantly, satisfactory in vivo treatment was achieved in a rat periodontal disease model. In summary, the study exploited a practical and effective strategy to treat periodontitis with cationic dextrans' powerful biofilm-controlling potential. Periodontal disease is closely related to dental plaque biofilms on the tooth surface. The biofilm forms gel structures and shields the bacteria underneath, thus protecting oral pathogens from traditional anti-bacterial reagents. Due to limited penetration into gel, the efficacy of these reagents in biofilm elimination is restricted. Our designed cationic dextran could wipe out the coverage of gel-like EPS to disperse encapsulated bacteria. Such superior capacity endowed them with satisfactory effect in disrupting biofilm. Notably, in a rat periodontitis model, cationic dextrans dramatically suppressed alveolar bone loss and alleviated periodontal inflammation by controlling dental plaque. Given the increasing global concerns about periodontal disease, it's worth expanding the application of cationic dextrans both scientifically and clinically. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several bacterial species inhabiting the dental plaque biofilms are associated with periodontitis. The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the desiccant agent HYBENX (HBX) as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRPX) versus scaling and root planning (SRP) alone in the treatment of periodontitis. The study sample comprised 25 patients with periodontitis stage Ш (grades A and B). Each maxillary quadrant was randomly allocated to two groups: SRPX group, including 25 quadrants treated with SRP plus HYBENX, and SRP group, including 25 quadrants treated with SRP alone. The following clinical periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline (immediately after treatment, T0), and 1 month (T1), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T6) after treatment: probing pocket depth (PPD), relative attachment level (RAL), plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), gingival height (GH), and bleeding on probing index (BOP). Comparisons within each study group showed that all clinical parameters significantly improved (P < 0.001) at all follow-up intervals. In contrast, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was observed in RAL, PPD, BOP, and GI indices at all follow-up intervals between the SRPX and SRP groups. In contrast, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in GH and PLI between the study groups. Both treatment groups showed improved periodontal parameters. However, applying desiccant gel as an adjunct to SRP was significantly effective in the treatment of stage III periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host responses to oral inflammation include a continuous and substantive response with the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). PMN, referred to as first responders, migrate rapidly from the circulatory system through the connective tissue to mitigate stimuli and localize in the saliva. This study examined the relationship between the well-established clinical indices of gingivitis and dental plaque and the PMN level. This study enrolled adults aged 18–75 years, who provided voluntary informed consent. Oral rinse samples were collected from 159 participants to estimate the PMN levels prior to the full-mouth assessment for gingivitis and dental plaque using the respective clinical indices. The gingival index and dental plaque index scores were in the range of 0.098–2.71 and 0.73–4.78, respectively. Regardless of the age and gender, higher number of PMN was observed with higher gingival index and dental plaque index scores. Our analyses indicated a significant correlation between the oral PMN level and gingival index with a correlation coefficient of 0.66 (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the correlation between the PMN level and dental plaque index was statistically significant with a correlation coefficient of 0.57 (p < 0.0001). Regression analysis identified a significant relationship between the PMN level and clinical indices (p < 0.0005). Increase in the PMN levels with increasing clinical scores (gingival and dental plaque indices) reflect the oral inflammatory burden, irrespective of age or gender. These observations warrant future studies on participants stratified by health status and research directed toward examining the effects of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosyltransferase enzymes (Gtfs) distribute among some streptococcal species in oral cavity and are known as key enzymes contributing to the development of oral biofilm such as dental plaque. In 18 streptococcal species, 45 glucosyltransferase genes (gtf) are detected from genome database. Gtfs catalyze the synthesis of the glucans, which are polymers of glucose, from sucrose and they are main component of oral biofilm. Especially, the Gtfs from Streptococcus mutans are recognized as one of dental caries pathogens since they contribute to the formation of dental plaque and the establishment of S. mutans in the tooth surface. Therefore, Gtfs has been studied particularly by many researchers in the dentistry field to develop the anti- caries vaccine. However, it is not still accomplished. In these days, the phylogenetic and crystal structure analyses of Gtfs were performed and the study of Gtfs will enter new situation from the technique in the past old viewpoint. The findings from those analyses will affect the development of the anti-caries vaccine very much after this. In this review, we summarize the findings of oral streptococcal Gtfs and consider the perspectives of the dental caries prevention which targeted Gtf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease place a significant burden on society, both socially and economically. Recent advances in genomic technologies have linked both diseases to shifts in the oral microbiota – a community of >700 bacterial species that live within the mouth. The development of oral microbiome transplantation draws on the success of fecal microbiome transplantation for the treatment of gut pathologies associated with disease. Many current in vitro oral biofilm models have been developed but do not fully capture the complexity of the oral microbiome which is required for successful OMT. To address this, we developed an in vitro biofilm system that maintained an oral microbiome with 252 species on average over 14 days. Six human plaque samples were grown in 3D printed flow cells on hydroxyapatite discs using artificial saliva medium (ASM). Biofilm composition and growth were monitored by high throughput sequencing and confocal microscopy/SEM, respectively. While a significant drop in bacterial diversity occurred, up to 291 species were maintained in some flow cells over 14 days with 70% viability grown with ASM. This novel in vitro biofilm model represents a marked improvement on existing oral biofilm systems and provides new opportunities to develop oral microbiome transplant therapies. • Human oral biofilms were grown in 3D printed flow cells on hydroxyapatite for 14 days with an average cell viability of 70%. • An average of 252 bacterial species were maintained over 14 days. • A significant reduction in α-diversity ocurred after 14 days although donor specific α-diversity signatures were maintained. • β-diversity significantly differed between plaque removed from participants and 14 day biofilms. • The study produced the highest oral microbial diversity reported using an in vitro flow cell and artificial saliva medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-insoluble α-glucans synthesized from sucrose by glucansucrases from Streptococcus spp. are essential in dental plaque and caries formation. Because limited information is available on the fine structure of these biopolymers, we analyzed the structures of unmodified glucans produced by five recombinant Streptococcus (S.) mutans DSM 20523 and S. salivarius DSM 20560 glucansucrases in detail. A combination of methylation analysis, endo- dextranase and endo -mutanase hydrolyses, and HPSEC-RI was used. Furthermore, crystal-like regions were analyzed by using XRD and 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. Our results showed that the glucan structures were highly diverse: Two glucans with 1,3- and 1,6-linkages were characterized in detail besides an almost exclusively 1,3-linked and a linear 1,6-linked glucan. Furthermore, one glucan contained 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,6-linkages and thus had an unusual, not yet described structure. It was demonstrated that the glucans had a varying structural architecture by using partial enzymatic hydrolyses. Furthermore, crystal-like regions formed by 1,3-glucopyranose units were observed for the two 1,3- and 1,6-linked glucans and the linear 1,3-linked glucan. 1,6-linked regions were mobile and not involved in the crystal-like areas. Altogether, our results broaden the knowledge of the structure of water-insoluble α-glucans from Streptococcus spp. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acidic niche of dental plaque can lead to caries expression over time. In this study, we attempted to design an eco-sustainable oral care formulation, and to determine its effect on caries-related pathogens in the presence and absence of lactic acid. We investigated the inhibitory effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) combined with sodium benzoate (NaB) on the growth of caries-related microorganisms (both bacteria and fungi). SAEW's antimicrobial activity was significantly increased in the presence of lactic acid (4.0 log CFU/mL for Streptococcus mutans , and 5.31 log CFU/mL for Candida albicans). In the presence of lactic acid, 0.1% of NaB completely inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans , while there was no significant inhibitory effect in the absence of lactic acid. The results showed that SAEW combined with NaB had high antimicrobial activity in the acidic environment but low efficacy in the normal niche. Thus, this combination may have fewer negative effects on oral microbiota diversity. This is the first study to investigate the possibility of SAEW as alternatives to alcohol-based oral hygiene products. [Display omitted] • A novel class of oral sanitizer was developed employing slightly acidic electrolyzed water. • The formulation was achieved in good antibacterial action against caries-related pathogens. • This study initially looks into the antimicrobial effect of highly effective antimicrobials in acidogenic oral settings. • Current antimicrobials are highly effective against both oral bacteria and fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental plaque is a complex structure (called a biofilm) that is produced by a community of oral bacteria. As microorganisms accumulate in the oral cavity, bacteria can assemble into biofilms that protect them from antibiotics and disinfectants, which contribute to dental cavities and oral infections that acts as the seed for further infections throughout the body. Therefore, there is great interest in developing dental sealants that can effectively eliminate biofilms formed from an assortment of oral bacteria species. In previous papers, it was shown that both in vivo and in vitro use of organo-selenium dental sealants have the potential to be an effective method for preventing dental caries and plaque formation. However, our previous in vitro study only examined the effect of the organo-selenium sealants on Streptococcus mutans and salivarius. Since that time, this organo-selenium sealant has been changed to improve its curing time. We showed a selenium containing sealant (SeLECT-DefenseTM) can completely eliminate biofilm formation on the sealant at selenium concentrations of 0.25% and higher, by S. salivarius , S. sanguinis , or S. mutans, individually or in combination. This selenium containing sealant can also completely inhibit the same bacteria from growing under the sealant, while control sealant cannot. The selenium containing sealant was tested for stability and it was found to still kill these same bacteria after soaking for the equivalent of one year in PBS (pH 7.4). It was also found that the combination of the three bacteria were also killed by the selenium sealant, thus ruling out potential synergism of the bacteria in forming resistance. The following study showed that this modified selenium dental sealant effectively eliminates species of bacteria both on and under the dental sealant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the oral microbiota among caries-free (CF) with caries-affected (CA) individuals, both at taxonomic and at functional levels. This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A structured search was carried out in MEDLINE/PUBMED, Web of Science, EMBASE, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus and Google Scholar databases up to September, 2023. Observational studies, without any restriction on date of publication and using next-generation targeted or untargeted sequencing methods for identification of microbial communities were included. Qualitative synthesis was performed from all included studies. 54 studies were included (43 cross-sectional; 11 cohort) comprising more than 3486 participants (at least 1666 CF and 1820 CA) whose saliva and/or dental plaque were used as clinical samples. Methodological quality was graded as "fair" for most of the studies. The abundance of 87 bacterial and 44 fungal genera were statistically different among CF and CA individuals. Atopobium spp., Capnocytophaga spp., Lactobacillus spp., Prevotella spp., Scardovia spp., Selenomonas spp. among others were frequently reported as being more abundant in CA individuals. Several functional patterns, such as lipids, carbohydrate, starch, sucrose, amino sugar metabolisms, among others, were identified as being specifically related to CF or to CA conditions. In spite of the variability among the included studies and of the predominance of qualitative synthesis, groups of microorganisms as well as specific functional profiles coded by the assessed microbiota are differently abundant among caries-affected and caries-free individuals. These results need to be interpreted with caution considering the limitations inherent to each assessed primary study. • Microbiome-based studies indicate that caries results from a dysbiosis process. • Composition of oral microbiota differs among individuals with and without caries. • Specific functional patterns played by the oral microbiota were caries-related. • Taxonomic and functional patterns may be used as markers of dental caries disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusobacterium nucleatum is implicated in the formation of subgingival dental plaques. The main therapy of choice is the use of non-surgical periodontal therapy; however, this has been shown to be unable to remove Fusobacterium nucleatum completely informing the need for an alternative therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate in-silico, the mechanism with which bioactive compounds from Chewing stick (Salvadora persica) mediate their action against F. nucleatum. The bioactive compounds 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (PubChem CID: 237332), furan-2-carboxylic acid, 3-methyl-, trimethylsilyl ester (PubChem CID: 587050), and d-Erythro-Pentofuranose, 2-deoxy-1,3,5-tris-O-(trimethylsilyl) (PubChem CID: 525316) from S. persica and target protein N-acetylneuraminate lyase (5ZKA) were retrieved from literature and protein database, prepared and utilised for docking and molecular simulations using standard protocols with metronidazole and co-crystal as controls. In addition, the pharmacokinetic (ADMET) properties and density functional theory (DFT) were also evaluated The docking scores were -6.7 for the control co-crystal, -5.6 for metronidazole, -5.5 for 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, -5.2 for d-Erythro-Pentofuranose, 2-deoxy-1,3,5-tris-O-(trimethylsilyl)- and -5.9 for furan-2-carboxylic acid, 3-methyl-, trimethylsilyl ester. Molecular simulation indicate RMSD and RMSF values suggestive of stable complexes during most of the simulation runs, especially so for 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Furan-2-carboxylic acid-3-methyl- trimethylsilyl ester that returned RMSD values less than 1.8 Å and RMSF values that were generally less than 2.0. Our ADMET prediction indicates that the test ligands had better pharmacokinetic than the standard drug except for furan-2-carboxylic acid and d-Erythro-Pentofuranose, 2-deoxy-1,3,5-tris-O- that showed hepatotoxicity. In addition, our DFT result indicated that the reactivity of the ligands were slightly less than that of metronidazole The ligands show promising drug-like potential that can be exploited further towards an alternative medication for managing F. nucleatum subgingival dental oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries and oral infections result from various causes, and the germs responsible for these diseases show an increase in resistance towards the standard antibiotics used in treatment due to the inappropriate and indiscriminate use of these antibiotics. Research has directed towards making use of natural products to treat these infections. In this paper, a study was conducted to prepare nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite based on pure chemical materials. The prepared particles were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and AFM techniques, tests confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles 80 nm. Active compounds were extracted from the Syrian Inula plant using an ethanol solvent. The active compounds present in the extract were identified using gas chromatography technology. Equipped with a GC-MASS mass spectrometer. The plant extract was loaded onto the prepared hydroxyapatite particles. The main bacterial species causing dental caries were obtained from Aleppo University laboratories. The sensitivity of the tested germs to a group of standard antibiotics and the prepared hydroxyapatite nanoparticles modified with the plant extract were studied. The results proved the effectiveness of the prepared particles against the studied germs. It exceeded the effectiveness of all studied antibiotics. • In this paper, nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite were prepared, then modified by Syrian Inula extracted. • Effectiveness of modified nano hydroxyapatite were studied against bacteria of dental caries, then compared with standard antibiotics. • Results proved the effectiveness of modified nano hydroxyapatite against the studied germs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproducibility and quality of MALDI-TOF MS spectra are critical in the identification process, however, information on the factors affecting the identification scores are scarce. Here, we studied the influence of various factors during the identification process of human oral Capnocytophaga species. The influence of two incubation times, plate-spotting reproducibility of two examiners, extraction technique, storage period of plates, and different laser repetition rates on the quality of MALDI-TOF MS identification of 34 human Capnocytophaga strains (including C. gingivalis, C. granulosa, C. haemolytica, C. leadbetteri, C. ochracea, C. sputigena, and Capnocytophaga genospecies AHN8471) was examined. The identification rate did not show a significant difference (P = 0.05) between the two incubation times, except that C. haemolytica needed a longer incubation time to be recognized at the genus level. The reproducibility of spotting between two examiners was ensured by following the manufacturer's instructions. At the species level, formic acid extraction improved the identification of species with limited representation in the database, such as C. haemolytica and C. granulosa. The storage of plates for one week decreased the identification scores. No significant difference (P = 0.39) was observed between the 60 Hz and 120 Hz laser repetition rates for identifying Capnocytophaga species to the genus or species level. In conclusion, the MALDI TOF MS offers a reliable Capnocytophaga identification after following the universal protocol, while the formic acid extraction is restricted to species with a limited number of strains in the database. • Following the universal protocol of anaerobes ensured the quality of Capnocytophaga identification. • Incubation time and related colony differences did not affect the identification rate. • Formic acid extraction is necessary for C. haemolytica and C. granulosa identification. • Expanding MALDI Biotyper database to cover all Capnocytophaga spp. is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to advancing and disseminating fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences. This review features review articles in the fields of "Extracellular Vesicles," "Propolis," "Odontogenic Tumors," "Periodontitis," "Periodontium," "Flavonoids," "Lactoferrin," "Dental Plaque," "Anatomy," "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells," "Bone Cell Biology," "Dysgeusia," "Dental Caries," and "Dental Pulp Cavity," in addition to the review article by the winners of the "Lion Award" ("Sox9 function in salivary gland development") presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology. These reviews in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired its readers to broaden their knowledge regarding various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental plaque is a complex colorless film of bacteria that develops on the surfaces of teeth. Different mechanisms of microbial adhesion to tooth surfaces exist. Both non-specific and specific types of adherence have been anticipated. The present review evaluated the effect of sugar-rich diet and salivary proteins on oral hygiene and dental plaque development. The oral microbiota is essential for maintaining and reestablishing a healthy oral cavity. Different types of sugars have different effects on the inhibition and formation of dental plaque. The peptides, proteins, and amino acids secreted by parotid glands in the oral cavity facilitate neutralizing the acidity in dental plaque and preventing dental caries. A properly balanced diet is crucial for both a healthy oral cavity and the oral microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial and fungal pathogens forming oral biofilms present significant public health challenges due to the failure of antimicrobial drugs. The ability of biofilms to lower pH levels results in dental plaque, leading to gingivitis and cavities. Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable interest for drug delivery and, thus, as a solution to biofilm-related microbial infections. A novel strategy in this regard involves using pH-responsive polymeric NPs within the acidic microenvironment of oral biofilms. The acidity of the oral biofilm microenvironment is governed by carbohydrate metabolism, accumulation of lactic acid, and extracellular DNA of extracellular polymeric substances by oral biofilm-forming microbial pathogens. This acidity also provides an opportunity to enhance antibacterial activity against biofilm cells using pH-responsive drug delivery approaches. Thus, various polymeric NPs loaded with poorly soluble drugs and responsive to the acidic pH of oral biofilms have been developed. This review focuses on various forms of such polymeric NPs loaded with drugs. The fundamental mechanisms of action of pH-responsive polymeric NPs, their cytological toxicity, and in vivo efficacy testing are thoroughly discussed. [Display omitted] • Oral biofilms reduce pH and form plaque that promotes gingivitis and cavities. • The acidic milieu of oral biofilm provides the potential for drug delivery systems. • An alternative oral biofilm treatment is pH-responsive polymeric nanomaterials. • Different forms of pH-responsive polymeric nanomaterials have all been explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid-induced enamel demineralisation affects many individuals either by exposure to acidic diets, acidic gas pollution (dental erosion) or to dental plaque acids (dental caries). This study aimed to develop in situ X-ray and light imaging methods to determine progression of enamel demineralisation and the dynamic relationship between acid pH and mineral density. Hourly digital microradiograph time-lapse sequences showed the depth of enamel demineralisation in 500 µm thick sections progressed with time from the surface towards the dentine following a power-law function, which was 21% faster than the lateral demineralisation progression after exposure for 85 h to lactic acid (10%, pH 2.2). The minimum greyscale remaining (mineral content) within the induced enamel lesion followed an exponential decay, while the accumulated total greyscale loss with time was linear, which showed a constant anisotropic mineral release within the enamel architecture. This 85 h demineralisation method studied by polarised light microscopy time-lapse sequences showed that once the demineralisation front reached the enamel Hunter-Schreger bands, there was preferential demineralisation along those bands. Mineral density loss was linear with increasing pH acidity between pH 5.2 and pH 4.0 (with 0.4 pH increments) when incubated over a 3-week period exposed to 0.5% lactic acid. At pH 4.0, there was complete mineral loss in the centre of the demineralised area after the 3-week period and the linear function intercepted the x-axis at ~ pH 5.5, near the critical pH for hydroxyapatite (HAp). These observations showed how intrinsic enamel structure and pH affected the progression of demineralisation. Hydroxyapatite crystallites (HAp) in human enamel dissolve when exposed to an acidic environment but little is known about how the intrinsic structures in enamel and pH influence the demineralisation kinetics. We have developed a time-lapse in situ microradiography method to quantify microscopic anisotropic mineral loss dynamics in response to an acid-only caries model. Correlation with polarised light microscopy time-lapse sequences showed that larger structures in enamel also influence demineralisation progression as demineralisation occurred preferentially along the Hunter-Schreger bands (decussating prismatic enamel). The pH-controlled enamel mineral release in a linear manner quantifying the relationship between HAp orientation and acid solubility. These findings should direct the development of improved anti-demineralisation/ remineralisation treatments to retain/ restore the natural intrinsic enamel structure. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyromonas gingivalis , a major pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis, produces several virulence agents in the outer cell membrane, including gingipains and hemagglutinins. These virulence factors enable the bacteria to adhere to periodontal tissue and degrade host proteins to obtain the nutrients needed for dental plaque formation. P. gingivalis TDC60 was recently identified as the most aggressive P. gingivalis strain to dates. In this study, we isolated a known pregnane glycoside, argeloside I, from the aqueous extract of Solenostemma argel leaves. Argeloside I completely hindered the growth of P. gingivalis TDC60 and inhibited the production of hemagglutinins as well as Arg- and Lys-specific gingipains. Our results demonstrate a new function of pregnane glycosides. Argeloside I may be a candidate for reducing the risk associated with P. gingivalis TDC60 and its adhesion factors. Image 1 • Porphyromonas gingivalis TDC60 strain has higher pathogenicity than other strains. • Solenostemma argel leaf extract reduced the growth of TDC60 strain. • Argeloside I was isolated from S. argel leaves. • Argeloside I showed significant inhibitory activity against TDC60 pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of controlled drug delivery systems represents an alternative and promising strategy for the use of antimicrobials in the oral cavity. Microparticles, films and oral tablets based on alginate and gellan gum were developed also as a strategy to overcome the low aqueous solubility of morin. The systems were characterized in terms of morphological characteristics, mucoadhesion and in vitro drug release. Antibiofilm activity was analyzed for acidogenicity, microbial viability and the composition of the extracellular matrix of single-species biofilms. Scanning Electron Microscopy demonstrated that the microparticles were spherical, rough and compact. The film and the tablet presented smooth and continuous surface and in the inner of the tablet was porous. These systems were more mucoadhesive compared to the microparticles. The in vitro morin release profiles in artificial saliva demonstrated that the microparticles controlled the release better (39.6%), followed by the film (41.1%) and the tablet (91.4%) after 20 h of testing. The morin released from the systems reduced the acidogenicity, microbial viability, concentration of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides and dry weight of biofilms, when compared to the control group. The findings of this study showed that the morin has antibiofilm activity against cariogenic microorganisms. • Systems based on alginate or gellan gum controlled the release rate of morin. • Microparticles, films and lyophilized tablets polysaccharide-based were mucoadhesive. • The morphology of the delivery systems influenced the release rate of morin. • The morin released presented antibiofilm activity against cariogenic microorganisms. • The morin released from the systems reduced the extracellular matrix of biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of two toothbrushing techniques on the amount of plaque accumulation and to evaluate how the changes were correlated to the anatomical characteristics of the anterior maxillary arch. Thirty subjects of both genders were included, they were asked not to brush for 12 h. Afterwards, they were asked to manually brush the left side of their maxillary arch with the modified Bass technique and the right side adopting the roll technique. The comparison of photographs taken before and after the manoeuvres, using a plaque disclosing agent, allowed the researchers to measure the changes in plaque accumulation measured using the Quigley and Hein plaque scoring classification. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between such changes and the teeth and arch anatomical characteristics. A mean reduction of 9.6 ± 5.2% considering both arches after brushing was observed. The changes in plaque accumulation were not different between the two techniques. The length of the line obtained joining the contact point between the central incisors and the contact point between the second premolar and the first molar on the left side and the distance between that line and the lateral incisor on the same side positively correlated to the decrease in the plaque scores (P = 0.046 and P = 0.044, respectively). Both tested techniques were effective in plaque removal in the anterior maxillary arches. However, the research for the anatomical factors influencing the amount of efficacy of the toothbrushing manoeuvres was inconclusive. We can hypothesise that the adoption of one adequate technique could be more important than the teeth characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental plaque build-up on the cervical area adjacent to gingival margins is a trigger factor for secondary caries around restored root caries lesions. Dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (NACP) impart anti-caries effect by reducing the bacterial growth and releasing high concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions, respectively. The present study explored the optimization and formulation of dental composite with increased concentration of DMAHDM combined with NACP and its effect on mechanical behavior and antibacterial response. DMAHDM was incorporated into dental composite formulation at 3% and 5% with 20% NACP fillers. Mechanical properties were assessed by flexural strength and elastic modulus. The cationic charge density of the samples was determined using fluorescein staining assay. A human saliva-derived microcosm biofilm model was used to assess antibacterial response via colony-forming units, metabolic activities, lactic acid production, and live/dead assay. Surface roughness was measured after 48 h-biofilm formation. The viability of human saliva microcosm biofilms was DMAHDM concentration-dependent, where all the microbiological assays were substantially reduced in the presence of 5%DMAHDM. The increased DMAHDM concentration mirrors an increased surface charge density of composites by 8–12 folds and reduced the growth of cariogenic species by 2–5 log (p ≤ 0.05). Metabolic activity and lactic acid were reduced by 70–90% and 48–99%, respectively. Increasing DMAHDM concentration up to 5% and its association with NACP fillers did not adversely affect the mechanical properties. A highly potent antibiofilm bioactive composite for root caries restorations having DMAHDM-NACP could be flexibly tailored during formulation without detrimental outcome for mechanical function. The enhanced antibacterial performance of the novel bioactive composite has great potential to suppress the dental plaque build-up that triggers secondary caries around the restored root caries lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AgNPs cross-linked within glass ionomer cement (GIC) matrices generated antibiofilm effects at the nanocomposite surface. • AgNP-containing GICs had higher compressive strengths and equivalent flexural strengths to unmodified GICs. To develop a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) formulation for incorporation into glass ionomer cements (GICs) which minimises biofilm growth on restoration surfaces. GICs, Fuji IX, Ketac Molar, and Riva Selfcure were modified with 6, 10 and 24 μg per GIC capsule of α-lipoic acid-capped AgNPs. Monoculture biofilms of Streptococcus mutans were cultured (72 h) on GIC specimens (n = 3) and biofilm accumulation was quantified using a viability stain with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Compression strength and flexural strength (CS & FS) were measured according to ISO 9917-1:2007 (n = 8, n = 25). GIC colour was measured at 0, 1, and 14 days following AgNP incorporation using a digital spectrophotometer. Silver release from AgNP-modified GIC specimens was monitored at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. AgNP-modified Fuji IX demonstrated the greatest reduction in biofilm accumulation, with 10 μg Ag/capsule inhibiting biofilm formation by 99%. Ketac Molar and Riva Selfcure required 24 μg Ag/capsule to achieve 78% biofilm reduction. AgNP-modified GICs demonstrated significantly higher CS and FS than sintered silver-containing GICs, and possessed equivalent or higher strength values when compared to unmodified GICs. The colour shades of AgNP-modified GICs were more comparable to VITA shades of non-modified GICs than were sintered silver-containing GICs. The silver (≥99.6%) remained within the GIC for at least two weeks following incorporation. AgNP-modified GICs exhibited significant antibiofilm activity and retained mechanical properties equivalent or superior to non-modified GICs. AgNP-modified GICs could reduce bacterial colonisation on and around restorations thereby reducing restoration failure caused by secondary caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the incidence of postoperative pneumonia (PP) and surgical site infection (SSI) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients and clarify the relationship between oral care and postoperative infection.Methods: We conducted a retrospective observation survey based on the medical records of 209 HNC surgery patients managed at a University Hospital in 2016-2018. The incidence of PP and SSI were assessed in patients who underwent operations of the nose and paranasal sinuses to the larynx. Factors associated with PP and SSI in a univariate analysis were included in a multiple logistic regression analysis. A Cox proportional hazards model was used analyze the incidence of PP according to time after surgery. The present study was approved by the ethical review board of our Institute.Results: The rates of PP and SSI in our study population were 20.5% and 23.0%. Operative time (P < 0.01), blood loss (P = 0.004), tracheostomy (P < 0.01), reconstruction (P < 0.01), and preoperative plaque control record (PCR) (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with PP. The PCR depicted the oral hygiene based on the percentage of plaque attached to the tooth neck. A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the incidence of PP was significantly higher in patients with PCR values of ≥50% after preoperative oral care (OR=10.174, 95% CI 2.14-48.32, P = 0.004). Tracheostomy (P < 0.01), reconstruction (P = 0.044), a lower preoperative albumin level (P = 0.019), and a lower preoperative hemoglobin level (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with SSI.Conclusions: The incidence of PP among patients who received oral care was high in those patients with high PCR values, indicating the importance of increasing compliance to preoperative oral care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plaque causes oral diseases and aspiration-pneumonia in the elderly. It is not known whether pellicle-like attached salivary proteins and microbiota on dental materials are identical to those on teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the properties of salivary proteins and microbiota that attach to dental materials. Eight subjects wore removable oral splints with pieces of pure-titanium, cobalt-chromium alloy, silver-palladium-copper-gold-alloy, denture-base-resin, and hydroxyapatite for 24 h. The bacteria that adhered to each material were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing simultaneously. Each material sample was then immersed in pooled saliva, and the attached proteins were collected. Salivary proteins were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/MS, and high molecular weight proteins were identified using peptide mass fingerprinting. Among the dental materials, the α- and β-diversity of adherent flora were similar. The bacterial species that adhered easily to materials were Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 058, Neisseria mucosa, Gemella haemolysans, and Rothia dentocariosa. Regardless of material, the peaks or spots of attached salivary proteins had similar patterns, containing functioning proteins such as anchoring receptors for early colonizers. There were no significant differences in microbiota and protein adherence in hydroxyapatite compared to the dental materials. Therefore, similar microbiota was determined to have formed on the similar pellicle-like proteins. In our study, the characteristics of plaque adhesion on both hydroxyapatite and dental materials were clarified. Based on this study, the creation of new methods of inhibiting plaque adhesion to prevent aspiration-pneumonia and oral infections can be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite a widely recognized bidirectional pathobiologic relationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease, the impact of innovative anti-rheumatic drugs in modulating not only inflammatory and immune articular damage, but also periodontal microenvironment remains debatable. We aimed to evaluate the periodontal status in RA with and without baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, and to better describe association between these entities.Methods: We performed a prospective longitudinal 24-weeks study in 21 active RA initiating baricitinib. Standard assessments included a dual rheumatologic (RA activity, disability, serological, inflammatory profile) and dental evaluation comprising plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment level.Results: More than half of RA presented at baseline with chronic periodontitis, as suggested by high prevalence of sites with dental plaque, abnormal bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment level. Aggressive periodontal disease was reported particularly in disease subsets with excessive inflammatory (serumC reactive protein level) and serologic biomarkers (anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies). Furthermore, significant correlations between dental pathology, disease activity and ACPA levels were also reported (P<0.05). Consistent improvement was noticed in both rheumatoid arthritis characteristics and periodontal status after 24 weeks of baricitinib (P<0.05).Conclusion: RA, particularly severe active ACPA-positive disease, is basically associated with altered periodontal health. JAK blockade through oral baricitinib may be efficient in patients with active RA and potentially able to modulate the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few papers were available on the interproximal cleaning efficiency by manual toothbrushes when used alone. The aim was to investigate the efficiency of commercially available toothbrushes on interproximal cleaning and determine the key properties that would make the differences. Artificial-teeth were coated with manicure type experimental dental plaque covering mainly the interproximal surface and fixed in the jaw model of a dental simulator. A modified scrubbing technique was employed to brush out the plaque conducted by one trained dentist using 26 different toothbrushes from the equal number of separate interproximal conditions. The rate of the plaque removal (%) was calculated by measuring the plaque free areas on the post-brush images. The data analysis using mixed effect modelling showed that stiffness, number of tufts and total length have effect on the rate of the plaque removable from the interproximal surfaces. This study indicated consideration should be given to toothbrush properties to enhance plaque removal from the interproximal surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral cavity is an important reservoir of microorganisms and can be a potential source of infection of the respiratory tract in CF patients. The literature on the oral health does not explicitly determine dental problems in these patients. The aim of the study was to systematically review the studies relating to oral status in CF patients. A systematic review of papers published from 1997 to 2018 regarding oral status in CF children and adults, carried out in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. The search resulted in 143 studies. Thirteen publications were included in the systematic review. 1. Equal or a higher prevalence and more severe enamel defects in permanent dentition in CF patients, compared to healthy people, require a targeted dental care. 2. The presented data show an equal or lesser caries risk in CF patients compared to the control group, but future research should focus on caries prevalence evaluation and assessing the relationship between caries experience and the enamel defects prevalence in CF adults. 3. The available data cannot provide an objective assessment of the possible relationship of periodontal conditions with cystic fibrosis. The literature dealing with these issues is based solely on clinical trials but does not take into account, specialized tests, such as microbial analyses of dental plaque and saliva. 4. There is a need to develop standards of dental care not only for children but also for adults, mainly to reduce the risk of autoinfection in CF patients. • The systematic review of literature regarding oral health status in CF patients. • Most of the available studies concerned patients under 18 years of age. • There is a need to develop oral health clinical guidelines for CF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated a herbal mouthwash containing lemon verbena versus chlorhexidine as a gold standard for treating plaque-induced gingivitis. Sixty individuals diagnosed with generalised gingivitis were recruited from Mashhad Dental School referral patients. Plaque index, gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured at baseline (T 0). Patients were randomly divided into three groups of 20 and given a mouthwash containing either lemon verbena 1%, chlorhexidine 0.2%, or a placebo following scaling and patient health education. Patients were instructed to use the mouthwash twice daily for 30 seconds for 2 weeks. The measured indices were assessed at three time points (baseline, 2 weeks, and 1 month), and changes across groups over time were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. At T 1 and T 2 , GI and BOP were significantly lower in the experimental groups than in the placebo group (P0.001). At T 1 , GI in the lemon verbena group was not significantly different from the chlorhexidine group; this correlation was reported to be significant at T 2 and was lowered further in the chlorhexidine group. At T 1 and T 2 , BOP in the lemon verbena group did not differ significantly from the chlorhexidine group. There was no statistically significant difference in the plaque index between any groups at T 1 (P = 0.149) and T 2 (P = 0.060). Lemon verbena mouthwash, comparable to chlorhexidine, seems to be effective in treating gingivitis with no adverse side effects, making it a viable alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The addition of rare earth elements Cerium as coating to titanium dioxide substrate via micro-arc oxidation was prepared. • Cerium improved the antibacterial properties of implant. • Ce-doped coating can enhance the osteogenesis ability of VOX rats. Peri-implantitis is a highly prevalent disease caused by bacterial plaque that results in inflammation. The disease starts from the soft tissue and gradually spreads to the hard tissue around the implant. If left untreated, it can lead to decreased bone density and loss of the implant. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the antibacterial and biological activity of implants to achieve dual functions. In this study, we prepared a Ce-doped TiO 2 coating on the surface of pure titanium by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) for the prevention of peri -implantitis. We systematically investigated the physicochemical properties, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility of Ce-doped coatings in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that the increase of Ce concentration in the coating could increase the proliferation, adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. Results from in vivo osteogenesis experiments demonstrated that the 2Ce-MAO coating exhibited superior efficacy in promoting implant repair in osteoporotic rats. Furthermore, the results of in vitro and in vivo antibacterial experiments indicated that the Ce-TiO 2 coating exhibits excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that the Ce-TiO 2 coating prepared via MAO may be a promising approach for preventing peri -implantitis and promoting osteogenesis in osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary caries and micro-cracks are the main limiting factors for dentin bond durability. The objectives of this study were to develop a self-healing adhesive containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), and investigate the effects of water-aging for 12 months on self-healing, dentin bonding, and antibacterial properties for the first time. Microcapsules were synthesized with poly (urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) shells containing triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and N,N -dihydroxyethyl- p -toluidine (DHEPT). The adhesive contained 7.5% microcapsules, 10% DMAHDM, and 20% NACP (all mass). Specimens were water-aged at 37 °C for 1 day to 12 months. Dentin bond strength was measured using extracted human teeth. A single-edge-V-notched-beam (SEVNB) method was used to measure fracture toughness K IC and self-healing efficiency. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model was used with human saliva as inoculum. The microcapsules + DMAHDM + NACP group showed no decline in dentin bond strength after water-aging for 12 months, which was significantly higher than that of other groups without DMAHDM (p < 0.05). A self-healing efficiency of 67% recovery in K IC was obtained even after 12 months of water immersion, indicating that the self-healing ability was not lost in water-aging (p > 0.1). The bacteria-killing ability of this adhesive did not decline from 1 day to 12 months (p > 0.1), with biofilm CFU reduction by 3–4 orders of magnitude after the resin was water-aged for 12 months, compared to control resin. This novel adhesive with triple merits of self-healing, antibacterial and remineralization functions showed an excellent long-term durability in water-aging for 12 months. This multifunctional adhesive has the potential for dental applications to heal cracks, inhibit bacteria, provide ions for remineralization, and increase the restoration longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The subgingival microbiome tended to be less complex in presence of T2D and/or P. • The presence of T2D did not influence the relative abundance of subgingival species. • Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439 was more abundant in T2D + P+ vs T2D + P−. The aim of this study was to use high-resolution whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing to characterize the subgingival microbiome of patients with/without type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and with/without periodontitis. Twelve subjects, falling into one of the four study groups based on the presence/absence of poorly controlled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and moderate-severe periodontitis, were selected. For each eligible subject, subgingival plaque samples were collected at 4 sites, all representative of the periodontal condition of the individual (i.e., non-bleeding sulci in subjects without a history of periodontitis, bleeding pockets in patients with moderate-severe periodontitis). The subgingival microbiome was evaluated using high-resolution whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing. The results showed that: (i) the presence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and/or periodontitis were associated with a tendency of the subgingival microbiome to decrease in richness and diversity; (ii) the presence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was not associated with significant differences in the relative abundance of one or more species in patients either with or without periodontitis; (iii) the presence of periodontitis was associated with a significantly higher relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439 in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of the subgingival microbiome was extremely effective in the detection of low-abundant taxon. Our results point out a significantly higher relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439 in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis vs patients without history of periodontitis, which was maintained when the comparison was restricted to type 2 diabetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Periodontal status and GCF cytokines among cigarette-smokers, e-cigarette users and never-smokers were compared. • 46 cigarette-smokers, 44 e-cigarette users and 45 never-smokers were included. • Periodontal status is poorer in cigarette-smokers compared with other groups. • GCF cytokines are higher in cigarette-smokers compared with other groups. There are no studies that have compared the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL] and number of missing teeth [MT]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of proinflammatory cytokines among cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic-cigarettes. The aim was to compare the clinical periodontal status and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokine profile among cigarette-smokers (Group-1), electronic-cigarette users (Group-2) and never-smokers (Group-3). Demographic data including age, gender, duration and reason for smoking and vaping and daily frequency and duration of smoking and vaping was collected using a questionnaire. Clinical (PI, BOP, PD and clinical AL) and radiographic (MBL) periodontal parameters were recorded. The volume of collected GCF was determined and levels of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were investigated. Forty-six cigarette-smokers, 44 electronic-cigarette users and 45 never-smokers were included in groups 1–3, respectively. Mean scores of PI (P < 0.05), PD (P < 0.05) and clinical AL (P < 0.05) were significantly higher among individuals in Group-1 than Group-3. Compared with groups 1 (P < 0.05) and 2 (P < 0.05), BOP was more often manifested among patients in Group-3. Compared with Group-3, MBL was significantly higher in groups 1 (P < 0.01) and 2 (P < 0.01). GCF volume was significantly higher in Group-1 compared with groups 2 and 3. The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and MMP-8 were significantly higher in the GCF samples of individuals in Group-1 (P < 0.05) than groups 2 and 3. Periodontal status is poorer and GCF levels of proinflammatory cytokines are higher in cigarette-smokers compared with electronic-cigarette smokers and never-smokers. However, the probability of increased periodontal inflammation and GCF proinflammatory cytokine levels in electronic-cigarette users than never-smokers cannot be annulled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Summary of inhibitory concentrations and mechanisms of tea polyphenols' (TPs') on main oral pathogens. • Summary of oral-health related clinical applications of TPs. • Comparison of different kinds of TPs in different types of tea. • Proposing possible prospects of future studies and clinical applications. One of the most popular drinks worldwide, tea is rich in polyphenols and is beneficial to our health because it contributes to the prevention of many diseases. In the human oral cavity, there are more than 750 different species of bacteria living together within dental plaque. Some of the bacteria are pathogens that contribute to the development of oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, pulpitis, mucosal disease, or halitosis through their virulence factors and their metabolites. Until now, many studies have reported that tea polyphenols (TPs) have evident inhibitory effects on some oral pathogenic microorganisms by suppressing pivotal steps of their pathogenic processes. The aim of this review is to summarize the effectiveness and mechanisms of TPs in inhibiting microorganisms, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, and to contribute to the global dental public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most common in the world and is associated with various gastrointestinal pathologies, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. The prevalence is associated with socioeconomic conditions, with this infection being more common in developing countries than in developed countries. The presence and permanence of H. pylori in the oral cavity has been reported, but its role is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori in dental plaque of patients with periodontitis. A cross-sectional study was carried out and Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) index was determined. 38 dental plaque samples were taken and total DNA was extracted and qPCR was performed. 60.5% of the samples (n = 23) were positive for the presence of H. pylori by the amplification of the 16S rRNA and vacA genes. In addition, cagA gene was detected in 21.7% (n = 5) of H. pylori -positive. A significant relationship between periodontal status and H. pylori oral infection was found (P ≤ 0.05); patients with initial and moderate periodontitis were the most affected with 39.1% and 30.4%, respectively. Our results suggest that the prevalence of H. pylori in the oral cavity could be related to the progression of periodontal disease. Therefore, oral hygiene and treatment for the elimination of oral H. pylori could stop the progression of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of novel pH-activated nanoparticles (NPs) in vitro and in vivo. The NPs were synthesized from a quaternary ammonium chitosan, i.e., N , N , N -trimethyl chitosan, a liposome, and doxycycline (TMC-Lip-DOX NPs). The cytocompatibility of the NPs was evaluated. The TMC-Lip-DOX NPs achieved superb inhibition of free mixed bacteria and biofilm formation. They also showed excellent biocompatibility with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Animal experiments showed that the NPs strongly inhibited biofilm formation and prevented alveolar bone absorption in vivo. All the results indicate that the TMC-Lip-DOX NPs have good potential for use in the treatment of periodontal and other inflammatory diseases. Highlights • The pH responding of Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan-liposome Nanoparticles could improve the efficacy of a given antibiotic to combat mixed bacterial biofilms. • Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan-liposome Nanoparticles have excellent Cytocompatibility. • The inhibition of gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss by composite nanoparticles treatment is partly mediated by decreased bacterial plaque in root surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of the Bass brushing method on dental plaque and pneumonia in older adults hospitalized with pneumonia after discharge. Background Poor oral hygiene may lead to pneumonia. Complications of pneumonia in older adults can be life-threatening during hospitalization and after discharge. Methods Older adults hospitalized with pneumonia (n = 30) were randomly assigned to intervention (with the Bass brushing method; n = 15) or control (with usual care; n = 15) groups. Dental plaque index and pneumonia as detected on chest x-rays were evaluated prior to the intervention (baseline) and every month for six months after discharge. Results Participants in the intervention group experienced a sustained reduction in dental plaque from the fourth to the sixth months (p =.024; p =.025; p =.000, respectively) that was not found in the control group. There were no group differences in detected pneumonia throughout the follow-up period. Pneumonia as detected on the chest x-rays at baseline (p =.001) and dental plaque index (p =.021) were significant predictors of the risk of pneumonia across groups. Conclusions The Bass brushing method is a simple and effective oral hygiene practice that reduces dental plaque in older adults hospitalized with pneumonia after discharge. Highlights • Oral health and pneumonia are two important health issues in older adults. • Poor oral hygiene, such as dental plaque, may lead to pneumonia. • Results indicated that the Bass brushing method reduced dental plaque. • The dental plaque index may be a useful predictor of pneumonia in older adults previously hospitalized with pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim This study observed the role of defective neutrophil function in aggressive periodontitis through FPR1 gene polymorphism and the level of Il-8 compared with the role of dental plaque presence towards periodontal tissue damage (Clinical Attachment Loss/CAL) in patients in Indonesia. Methods Case-control study was used to detect differences in polymorphism expression of FPR1 gene, the level of Il-8, dental plaque, and Clinical Attachment Loss/CAL from 32 Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) and 29 Non-Aggressive Periodontitis (NAP) samples, selected with consecutive sampling method. Polymorphism was identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, and the level of IL-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid was identified using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The Clinical Attachment Loss was analysed by using William periodontal probe, and the oral environment analysis was performed by using the OHI-S plaque index. Statistical analysis was used to determine the significance of the polymorphism difference of FPR gene, Il-8, Plaque and CAL amongst all subjects and also the control and correlations among these factors. Results The results showed that in the Aggressive Periodontitis (AP), the presence of the polymorphism of c576 T > C > G of FPR1 gene caused as much as 5.04 times higher occurrence of aggressive periodontitis (p = 0.006; OR = 5.040 (1.51–16.74)). The low level of Il-8 (below 0.064 pg/μl), showed as much as 34.5 times higher occurrence of aggressive periodontitis (OR = 34.5 (6.76–176.08)). The oral hygiene of the AP samples were better significantly (p = 0.002), and on the Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) sample was even more (p = 0.02). The polymorphism of c301 G > C of FPR1 gene correlated with the CAL (r = 0.37; p = 0.039). The polymorphism of c576 T > C > G correlated significantly with the Il-8 (r = 0.5; p = 0.0287). The polymorphism of c348 T > C correlated significantly with the dental plaque (r = 0.355; p = 0.049), whereas the dental plaque correlation with CAL was not significant. Conclusion The research conclusion showed that in aggressive periodontitis, genetic and environmental factors were correlated with the cause of periodontal tissue injury, and the role of genetic factors was more prominent on the injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We compared data obtained by qPCR in dental biofilm of ECC- children in different stages of the disease. • L. acidophilus and L. casei group were rarely identified in dental plaque samples. • S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. were more abundant in biofilm of children with dentinal lesions. Abstract Objective Monitoring selected key species related to health or disease may facilitate caries risk assessment and discovery of novel ecological preventive and therapeutic approaches. This study aimed at quantifying Actinomyces naeslundii, Bifidobacterium spp. , Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei group , Streptococcus gordonii, Mitis group and Streptococcus mutans by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in dental biofilm from Brazilian children with different stages of early childhood caries (ECC). Design Seventy-five preschool children were clinically evaluated by ICDAS criteria and divided into groups: caries-free (CF; n = 20), enamel caries lesions (ECL; n = 17) and dentine caries lesions (DCL; n = 38). Plaque samples from all children were collected for detection and quantification of the selected bacteria. Results L. acidophilus and L. casei group were absent in almost all plaque samples. No differences in relative proportions of A. naeslundii, Mitis group and S. gordonii were observed in any stage of caries. However, S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. were present at higher concentrations in the biofilm of children with DCL (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. were strongly associated with biofilm in children with DCL. Conclusion Differences were observed in the proportion of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria with dental caries progression. The data indicate that S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. in dental biofilm may be involved in some progression processes for ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of tenacious dental plaque is of paramount importance; however, early diagnosis can be a challenging task in dental clinics due to the limitations of current approaches, specifically X-ray-based techniques. We have approached this problem by integrating antibacterial properties and X-ray contrast enhancement in a single probe specific to colonies of Streptococcus mutans as the most predominant and carious oral bacteria. We report the synthesis of an inherently therapeutic polymeric silane conjugated hafnium oxide nanoparticles (Hf PS NPs). Using a high-affinity pathogen-selective peptide, the concept of molecularly targeted X-ray imaging of cariogenic pathogen S. mutans was demonstrated. Ex vivo studies using extracted human tooth demonstrated striking X-ray attenuation of NPs vs. tooth. Additionally, Hf PS NPs exhibited significant bactericidal properties against cariogenic pathogen. Electron microscopy revealed that the antibacterial activity occurred via a ‘latch and kill’ mechanism. Mechanistic studies determined that these NPs fragmented bacterial DNA components to exert their antimicrobial effect. Importantly, Hf PS NPs effectively inhibited the growth of a mature biofilm on an ex vivo human tooth model. Finally, the NPs were applied to the rodent model of dental biofilm. Topical administration of the Hf PS NPs for 8 days (1X daily) could effectively attenuate the S. mutans biofilm challenge. This report is the first of its kind to demonstrate that HfO 2 -based NPs can be used for simultaneous diagnosis and antibacterial treatment without requiring an additional drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Periodontal disease is highly prevalent worldwide, and consumption of certain foods, such as fruits, seem to improve the effectiveness of periodontal therapy (PT) due to their antiadhesive, immunomodulatory, and antioxidative properties. We hypothesized that the cranberry functional beverage (CFB) consumed for eight weeks improves gingival inflammation indices via inhibition of dental plaque, and alterations in antioxidant status, and systemic inflammation in patients with gingivitis. In this two-arm randomized controlled study, fifty participants were divided into an experimental group (CFB), administered daily with 750 ml CFB, or a control group administered the same amount of water. All patients underwent nonsurgical PT prior to the intervention. Gingival (GI) and bleeding on probing (BoP) indices of inflammation, plaque (PI) and approximal plaque (API) indices of dental plaque deposition, saliva and serum total antioxidant status (TAS), serum malonylodialdehyde level (MDA), and interleukin 1-beta level (IL-1beta) were measured pre- and postintervention. A risk of caries development was determined by Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus spp. (LAB) counts in supragingival dental plaque. Changes in GI and PI but not BoP and API were significantly more pronounced in the CFB group compared to the control group. Serum or saliva TAS, IL-1beta, and MDA did not differ between groups. The number of SM reduced in CFB, but not in the control group. We demonstrated that the consumption of CFB improves gingival and plaque indices without posing a risk of caries development. Thus CFB can be recommended as a safe adjunct for nonsurgical PT in patients with gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cavity is a gateway to the entire body and protection of this gateway is a major goal in dentistry. Plaque biofilm is a major cause of majority of dental diseases and although various biomaterials have been applied for their cure, limitations pertaining to the material properties prevent achievement of desired outcomes. Nanoparticle applications have become useful tools for various dental applications in endodontics, periodontics, restorative dentistry, orthodontics and oral cancers. Off these, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used in medicine and dentistry due to its antimicrobial properties. AgNPs have been incorporated into biomaterials in order to prevent or reduce biofilm formation. Due to greater surface to volume ratio and small particle size, they possess excellent antimicrobial action without affecting the mechanical properties of the material. This unique property of AgNPs makes these materials as fillers of choice in different biomaterials whereby they play a vital role in improving the properties. This review aims to discuss the influence of addition of AgNPs to various biomaterials used in different dental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental plaque is a complex microbial biofilm community of many species and a major cause of oral infections and infectious endocarditis. Plaque development begins when primary colonizers attach to oral tissues and undergo coaggregation. Primary colonizers facilitate cellular attachment and inter-bacterial interactions through sortase-dependent pili (or fimbriae) extending out from their cell surface. Consequently, the sortase enzyme is viewed as a potential drug target for controlling biofilm formation and avoiding infection. Streptococcus sanguinis is a primary colonizing bacterium whose pili consist of three different pilin subunits that are assembled together by the pilus-specific (C-type) SsaSrtC sortase. Here, we report on the crystal structure determination of the recombinant wild-type and active-site mutant forms of SsaSrtC. Interestingly, the SsaSrtC structure exhibits an open-lid conformation, although a conserved DPX motif is lacking in the lid. Based on molecular docking and structural analysis, we identified the substrate-binding residues essential for pilin recognition and pilus assembly. We also demonstrated that while recombinant SsaSrtC is enzymatically active toward the five-residue LPNTG sorting motif peptide of the pilins, this activity is significantly reduced by the presence of zinc. We further showed that rutin and α-crocin are potential candidate inhibitors of the SsaSrtC sortase via structure-based virtual screening and inhibition assays. The structural knowledge gained from our study will provide the means to develop new approaches that target pilus-mediated attachment, thereby preventing oral biofilm growth and infection. • C-type sortase from S. sanguinis , an early colonizer of dental plaque, was produced, purified, and crystallized. • Crystal structure of SsaSrtC shows an open-lid conformation in the absence of a lid motif. • SsaSrtC activity toward pilin sorting motif involved in pilus assembly was demonstrated but is readily diminished by zinc. • Substrate-binding residues in the active site cleft of SsaSrtC were identified. • Rutin and α-crocin are potential candidate inhibitors of the SsaSrtC sortase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]