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This paper presents a mathematical model to determine the optimal schedule of preventive replacement of a component such that the economic and environmental impacts of the component are minimized. For the economic dimension, the model minimizes the operation, failure and replacement costs of the component. From the environmental perspective, the model aims to minimize the environmental impact associated with the use phase and action taken to replace the component. The model is made general and can accommodate any environmental impact category. Due to the complexity of the objective functions of the model, genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to find the optimal solutions. To reduce GA search space, upper and lower bounds of the solutions are determined based on the numerical analysis of the first derivatives of the objective functions of the model. To show the applicability of the model, a case study aiming to minimize total expected cost and global warming potential (GWP) of a bus tire is presented. The results of the case study show that the optimal preventive replacement schedule minimizing total expected cost per km is when the tire reaches 17,700 km and the schedule minimizing total expected GWP per km is when the tire reaches 19,500 km. The schedules result in US$23 and 0.2 kg CO 2 -eq savings in the total expected cost and GWP per tire. The solutions of the multi-objective optimization problem indicate that a 1000 km increase in the optimal schedule minimizing total cost will result in a 0.4% increase in the total expected cost and a 0.002% reduction in the total expected GWP of the tire. The sensitivity analysis presents that 1% reduction in the operation cost and fuel consumption contributes to a 0.91% reduction in the total expected cost and 0.99% reduction in the total expected GWP, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the results of a multi-analytical approach, including optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), aiming to define the mineralogical and petrographic composition of 35 ceramic samples dated in the Early Bronze Age IV (EB IV) from the archaeological site of Khirbat Iskandar (Jordan). OM analyses distinguished six petrographic fabrics and identified numerous inclusions, such as limestone, angular calcite, silica-rich and volcanic rock fragments as well as elongated fragments of bivalve shells. XRPD and SEM-EDX analyses revealed morphological and compositional features, which led to the identification of calcite, quartz, dolomite, hematite, and gehlenite. The concurrent presence of calcite and traces of gehlenite suggested a firing temperature within the range of 750–850 °C. Although numerous studies have been published on EB IV ceramic repertoires in the southern Levant, few of them concern different phases within the period. Khirbat Iskandar is a key-site for EB IV as it provides a multi-phase occupational sequence, possibly stretching the entire length of the period, that makes the site a regional stratigraphic benchmark for the study of a still enigmatic period in southern Levantine archaeology. Therefore, a comparative study of two-phases of ceramics from Area B at the site can further provide a unique contribution to the study of pottery production, consumption, and exchange during the late Early Bronze Age in the southern Levant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]