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Shiwei Longdanhua Granule (SWLDH) is a classic Tibetan medicine (TM) ranking in the top 20 Chinese patent medicines in prescription rate to treat respiratory diseases like pneumonia, acute and chronic tracheobronchitis, acute exacerbation of COPD and bronchial asthma in solution of inflammation, cough and phlegm obstruction in clinical practice. However, its systematic pharmacological mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. Here, we studied the therapeutic efficacy of SWLDH in treatment of acute respiratory diseases in BALB/c mice by comprehensive analysis of airway inflammation, oxidative stress, mucus hypersecretion, cough hypersensitivities and indicators associated with the development of chronic diseases. Our results show that SWLDH might exhibit its inhibitory effects on pulmonary inflammation by interference with arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism pathways. Oxidative stress that highly related to the degree of tissue injury could be alleviated by enhancing the reductive activities of glutathione redox system, thioredoxin system and the catalytic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) after SWLDH treatment. In addition, SWLDH could significantly abrogate the mucus hypersecretion induced bronchiole obstruction by inactivate the globlet cells and decrease the secretion of gel-forming mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) under pathological condition, demonstrating its mucoactive potency. SWLDH also showed reversed effects on the release of neuropeptides that are responsible for airway sensory hypersensitivity. Simultaneously observed inhibition of calcium influx, reduction in in vivo biosynthesis of acetylcholine and the recovery of the content of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) might collaboratively contribute to cause airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) relexation. These findings indicated that SWLDH might exhibited antitussive potency via suppression of the urge to cough and ASMCs contraction. Moreover, SWLDH might affect airway remodeling. We found SWLDH could retard the elevation of TGF-β1 and α-SMA, which are important indicators for hyperplasia and contraction during the progression of the chronic airway inflammatory diseases like COPD and asthma. [Display omitted] • SWLDH blocked mucus hypersecretion induced bronchiole obstruction by inhibition the secretion of gel-forming mucins. • SWLDH suppressed cough hypersensitivities via blockage neurogenic inflammation and airway smooth muscle cells contraction. • SWLDH retarded the progression of airway remodeling via down-regulating TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression. • SWLDH alleviated oxidative stress by restoration of GSH. • SWLDH resoluted pulmonary inflammation by interference with metabolism of arachidonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances the hypothesis that "traditional" Asian pharmaceutical industries are rapidly growing in size and prominence in contemporary Asia, and identifies a lack of empirical data on the phenomenon. Addressing this gap, the article provides a quantitative outline and analysis of the Sowa Rigpa (Tibetan, Mongolian and Himalayan medicine) pharmaceutical industry in China, India, Mongolia and Bhutan. Using original data gathered through multi-sited ethnographic and textual research between 2014 and 2019, involving 232 industry representatives, policy makers, researchers, pharmacists and physicians, it assembles a bigger picture on this industry's structure, size and dynamics. Revealing a tenfold growth of the Sowa Rigpa pharmaceutical industry in Asia between 2000 and 2017, the study supports its initial hypothesis. In 2017, the industry had a total sales value of 677.5 million USD, and constituted an important economic and public health resource in Tibetan, Mongolian and Himalayan regions of Asia. China generates almost 98 percent of the total sales value, which is explained by significant state intervention on the one hand, and historical and sociocultural reasons on the other. India has the second largest Sowa Rigpa pharmaceutical industry with an annual sales value of about 11 million USD, while sales values in Mongolia and Bhutan are very low, despite Sowa Rigpa's domestic importance for the two nations. The article concludes with a number of broader observations emerging from the presented data, arguing that the Sowa Rigpa pharmaceutical industry has become big enough to exert complex transformative effects on Tibetan, Mongolian and Himalayan medicine more generally. The quantitative and qualitative data presented here provide crucial foundations for further scholarly, regulatory, and professional engagement with contemporary Sowa Rigpa. • Provides the first quantitative overview of Asia's Sowa Rigpa pharmaceutical industry. • Assesses the size, structure and dynamics of this industry in China, India, Mongolia and Bhutan. • Shows how the industry has grown by a factor of 10 since 2000, becoming a major economic and health resource. • Argues that government policies have significantly shaped development trajectories. • Provides baseline data of value to researchers, industry actors and policy-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]