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Hyperthermia, one of the oldest forms of cancer treatment involves selective heating of tumor tissues to temperatures ranging between 39 and 45°C. Recent developments based on the thermoradiobiological rationale of hyperthermia indicate it to be a potent radio- and chemosensitizer. This has been further corroborated through positive clinical outcomes in various tumor sites using thermoradiotherapy or thermoradiochemotherapy approaches. Moreover, being devoid of any additional significant toxicity, hyperthermia has been safely used with low or moderate doses of reirradiation for retreatment of previously treated and recurrent tumors, resulting in significant tumor regression. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies also indicate a unique immunomodulating prospect of hyperthermia, especially when combined with radiotherapy. In addition, the technological advances over the last decade both in hardware and software have led to potent and even safer loco-regional hyperthermia treatment delivery, thermal treatment planning, thermal dose monitoring through noninvasive thermometry and online adaptive temperature modulation. The review summarizes the outcomes from various clinical studies (both randomized and nonrandomized) where hyperthermia is used as a thermal sensitizer of radiotherapy and-/or chemotherapy in various solid tumors and presents an overview of the progresses in loco-regional hyperthermia. These recent developments, supported by positive clinical outcomes should merit hyperthermia to be incorporated in the therapeutic armamentarium as a safe and an effective addendum to the existing oncological treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild hyperthermia (39-43°C) combined with re-irradiation improves complete response compared with re-irradiation alone in locoregional recurrent (LRR) breast cancer. Observational studies analyzing a dichotomized hyperthermia thermal dose (TD) parameter showed that higher hyperthermia TD was associated with better tumor response rate compared with a lower TD. Analyzing the TD-effect relationships utilizing a continuous TD parameter would be more powerful, but has not been done so far. We therefore investigated the effect of a continuous TD parameter on locoregional control (LRC) for predicting LRC in patients with LRR breast cancer treated with postoperative re-irradiation and hyperthermia. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the data of 112 women with LRR breast cancer treated in 2010-2017 with postoperative re-irradiation 8x4Gy (n = 34) or 23x2Gy (n = 78), combined with 4-5 weekly hyperthermia sessions guided by invasive thermometry. Among possible parametrizations of CEM43 (cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C), including the TD parameter based on time-temperature exposures, the logarithm of the session with the highest invasively measured dose CEM43T50 (median CEM43) was selected based on Weibull univariate and stepwise regression analyses. The best fitted locoregional control model was further analyzed under a Bayesian paradigm, assuming 3 informative priors (continuous highest CEM43T50, tumor location breast/chest wall and lymph node involvement). Twenty-four patients (21.4%) developed an infield recurrence; the median time to recurrence was 3.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) = 2.7–4.6 years). Median highest session CEM43T50 was 7.2 minutes (equivalent to a median temperature T50 of ∼40.5°C), with an IQR between 2.4–15.9 minutes. Continuous TD parameter analysis showed that a higher TD was significantly associated with an increasing LRC (P = 0.001). Univariate and multivariate Weibull regression analysis showed that over the continuous TD range a twofold increase of TD (equivalent to a ∼0.5°C temperature increase) was associated with a decrease of 47% (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval (CI) 18%-84%) and 28% in hazard ratio for LRR (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% CI 4%-56%), respectively. Bayesian survival regressions lead to a range of comparable decreasing hazard ratios of recurrence when TD increased. These findings were robust under both an optimistic and a skeptic informative prior assumption on the effect of TD. Twofold increase of hyperthermia TD was associated with a significant increase in LRC over the continuous TD range during hyperthermia treatment and postoperative re-irradiation in LRR breast cancer. This result has implications for the importance of achieving excellent dose control during treatment delivery and suggests an Arrhenius-like therapeutic molecular hyperthermia effect in treatment with re-irradiation and hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poster discussion: CL: Breast 2 PD-0293: The benefit of high hyperthermia dose in reirradiation of loco-regional recurrent breast cancer. A. Bakker, J. Van der Zee, G. Van Tienhoven, H.P. Kok, C.R.N. Rasch, H. Crezee. [Extracted from the article]