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Ecosystem-based management is an increasingly prominent paradigm for the management of living marine resources with a focus on maintaining ecosystem level properties and processes. Although highly migratory marine and anadromous fish species often disproportionately contribute to the structure and function of ecosystems, incorporating these species into ecosystem-based management policies remains difficult because they spend a considerable portion of time outside the boundaries that define a particular management area. In this paper, two case studies are used to examine how the challenges of ecosystem openness, imperfect information, and ecosystem complexity can impede efforts to integrate highly migratory Pacific salmon into ecosystem-based management policies. This analysis highlights three main factors that hinder more effective integration: (1) uncertainties about impacts of human activities and ecological processes that occur in geographically distant jurisdictional areas or at spatial scales larger than the ecosystem-based management area, (2) spatial asymmetries in the distribution of costs and benefits associated with management decisions (i.e., positive or negative externalities), and (3) static management policies that prevent updating management decisions in a timely manner when ecosystem conditions change or new information becomes available. Given these factors, two potential strategies to address migratory challenges are suggested. First, the creation of an international ecosystem synthesis group is recommended to facilitate the collection, analysis, and dissemination of ecological, social, and policy information across national and other jurisdictional boundaries. Second, the expanded use of dynamic in-season management policies is recommended, which allow for rapid updating of management decisions based on evolving information about ecosystem conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To become legitimate fishery stakeholders alongside government and commercial interests, recreational fisheries must operate in accordance with the rules, principles, or standards established for sustainable fisheries. These rules fall within the following fisheries management processes: (i) assessment of stock status relative to target or reference points, (ii) control of either total fishing effort (input control) or total harvest (output control), and (iii) allocation of the harvest amongst stakeholders. Unfortunately, recreational fisheries are rarely subjected to the same standards as commercial fisheries. Aside from personal conservation ethics, there are no incentives for recreational fishers to meet any standards of catch reporting and assessment, limits on total fishery catch, and accounting for allocated catches. In contrast, commercial fisheries are often required to follow strict standards in each of the three management processes. This paper demonstrates how such differences often contribute to a series of “legitimacy gaps” when compared to commercial fisheries that limit the scope of harvest rights attainable by the recreational sector. We use an urban, recreational-commercial fishery for Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) in British Columbia, Canada, as a case study to demonstrate how discrepancies in requirements and responsibilities between the recreational and commercial sectors limit the scope of harvest rights attainable by the recreational sector. Reducing these discrepancies would help justify the changes to the management framework required to increase recreational access. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A hot water extract of the Australian native sarsaparilla Smilax glyciphylla Sm. (Smilaceae) inhibited peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes initiated by Fe2+/ascorbate (IC50, 10μg/mL) and AAPH (IC50, 33μg/mL) in vitro. It also inhibited deoxyribose degradation and quenched chemically generated superoxide anion (IC50, 50μg/mL). Reactivity towards ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulphonate) radical cation was equivalent to 48.4mM TROLOX, the water soluble α-tocopherol analogue. Smilax glyciphylla is a rich source of the dihydrochalcone glycyphyllin. Given the reported level of activity it is unlikely that glycyphyllin would provide direct antioxidant protection in tissues affected by oxidative stress. However, consuming Smilax glyciphylla as a tea may be sufficient to reduce oxidative damage in the gastrointestinal tract. It is also possible that glycyphyllin is metabolised and adsorbed as phloretin, a compound with known anticancer properties. These findings indicate that further studies of the chemopreventative properties of Smilax glyciphylla is warranted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]